Title

Introduction Objective: to observe different types of cells and to identify their special organelles Hypothesis: different type of cells possesses at least one special organelle that differentiates it from the other type of cells

-defined reasons for making the hypothesis.

ethod used will produce information relevant to your hypothesis.

Materials and Methods reader could duplicate your experiment.

Results

sent tables and figures neatly so they are easily read.

a short paragraph pointing out important results but do not interpret the data. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Faculty of Science - Department of Biomedical Science UDDD1104 Cell Biology Year 1 Trimester 1 & 2 & 3 6

Discussion hypothesis was supported or proven false by the results, or else state that the results were inconclusive.

l meaning of your results.

e execution of the experiment.

Conclusion

Literature Cited terature Cited section.

Acknowledgment

Experiment 3 Title: Cell structure II Objectives: To examine different types of plant cells and to identify their special organelles Introduction: Just as there is diversity of form in life, so there is in the form and function of cells that make up living organisms. Single cells such as Euglena, Chlamydomonas or other unicellular organisms can be freeliving, capable of carrying on an independent existence. Some cells live as part of a loosely organized colony of cells that move from place to place. Cells vary in size, shape and functions whatever its form or function. The cell is recognized as the basic unit of living matter, containing all those properties and processes that are collectively called life. The living plant contains many kinds of cells, each specialized for or adapted to a certain function. Though the plants are considered to be living organisms, they contain many non-living cells; and though they maybe chlorophyll-bearing, many of them lack chlorophyll. The purpose of this study is to examine different types of plant cells. Materials: Microscope Filter paper Navashins solution or FAA Eosin Moss Ripe tomato Slides and cover slip Iodine solution Saline solution (concentrated) Elodea Potato Carrot

Methods: I. Elodea 1. Mount an entire leaf of Elodea on a slide and observe it under the low power microscope. Note the thorn-like spur cells projecting from the leaf margin. 2. Choose a place about half way from the midrib to the margin of the leaf, using high-power if necessary, try to determine by focusing up and down the number of layers of cells in the leaf. i) How many layers of cells do you find? ii) Examine the margin of the leaf. How thick is the leaf at the margin? iii) Returning to former position, study a single cell of this leaf under high power. Note the light coloured lines and the transparent cell walls. Each light coloured line actually is the combined walls of 2 adjacent cells cemented together by the middle lamella, which consists largely of calcium pectate. 3. Study carefully the contents of a single cell. The organized, living material enclosed by the cell wall is the protoplast and the living substance itself is protoplasm. i) Can you locate the spherical or oval gray granular nucleus? ii) Look carefully, for it may be hidden by other parts of the cell. Look for the cytoplasm, a gray or colourless fluid and materials located just inside the cell wall. Do you find the green chloroplasts? iii) The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Inside the nucleus are the granular chromatin, one or more spherical nucleoli, and the jelly-like nuclear sap. Try to locate and identify these parts. iv) The central part of the cell is occupied by the vacuole, a cavity in the cytoplasm which is filled with cell sap, water in which sugars, salts, and other substances are dissolved. The vacuolar membrane or tonoplast separates the vacuole from the cytoplasm and a similar membrane, the plasma membrane, lies between the cytoplasm and the cell wall. These cell membranes are difficult to distinguish in the living cell. 4. Study carefully one of the spur cells found at the margin of the leaf. i) How does the number of chloroplast in this cell compare with the number in the regular leaf cell? ii) What cell part or parts can you find here which you could not find in the regular leaf cell? iii) Draw the details of the cell structure in the spur cell. Note: if you cannot find the different part of the cell in the leaf mounted in water, lift the cover glass, drain off the water, and add a drop of iodine solution. Replace the cover glass and observe again. Or remove the water from under the cover glass with a piece of filter paper, and then add a drop of Navashins solution or a drop of F.A.A. under the cover glass. Any of these solutions will kill the protoplasts and stop all movement, but a number of cell structures will be much more easily observed after the treatment. II. Moss 1. Mount a small leaf of the moss in water and examine its cells under low power, then high power. i) How many layers of the cells do you find? ii) Can you see the chloroplast? iii) What is the green colour of the chloroplast caused by?

III. Other types of plastids In many plant cells, there are plastids which do not contain chlorophyll. Such plastids may be colourless (leucoplasts) or they may contain pigments other than chlorophyll (chromoplasts). Under certain conditions, one type of plastid may be changed into another type. a. Leucoplasts 1. Scrape off some material from the potato and mount it in dilute iodine solution. i. What do you observe? ii. Dilute the iodine solution further and scrape off more material and mount. Can you see the structure of the starch grains? Draw. iii. Observe these grains mounted in water. They should be colourless. Such colourless plastids are leucoplasts.

b. Chromoplasts 1. Make a temporary mount of a bit of pulp from a ripe tomato or a very thin section of carrot. 2. Observe under the microscope. 3. Look for coloured bodies, the shape and number of which will vary from one plant to another. Draw a cell showing the chromoplasts..