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6, NOVEMBER 1998

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Vector Control of a Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Using ACAC Matrix Converter

Sa d Bouchiker, G erard-Andr e Capolino, Senior Member, IEEE, and Michel Poloujadoff, Fellow, IEEE
Abstract This paper uses a recently proposed dqo transformation to analyze a permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) driven by a nine-switch matrix converter. The matrix transformation used leads to a new equivalent circuit where its parameters are independent of the frequency of the other side to which the circuit is referred. From this equivalent circuit, a set of command algorithms is deduced in order to control in an independent way the ux and torque of the machine. It is shown that the control of the gain and the displacement power factor at either set of terminals is dependent only on the choice of the phase angle in the matrix transformation. In order to verify the validity of the proposed algorithms, a full PMSM drive has been simulated with the assumption of perfect switch behavior for the matrix converter. Index Terms Matrix converter, synchronous machine, vector control.

Fig. 1. General topology of the matrix converter.

I. INTRODUCTION THREE-PHASE direct converter, with its numerous merits such as sinusoidal input-current power factor adjustment capability and instantaneous power ow change, has recently received increasing interest [1][16] ever since its appearance in 1976. Power electronics designers are looking into ways of replacing the conventional rectiers and inverters, and this will lead into compacting the acac conversion since direct conversion technique does not require inductive or capacitive elements and also permits accurate control of the phase and waveform of input currents [1][4]. To perform these tasks, a high number of bidirectional fully controlled switches are required, and this will lead to complex circuit since single power semiconductors with these characteristics do not exist. Various methods to control the matrix converter have been proposed [1][9], [14], [16], and most of them are programmable and work in open loop as, for example, the indirect frequency conversion [7], [8] based on the conventional rectier and inverter. The signals for the control of the rectier and inverter are generated separately, and the signals for the control of the acac converter are built back from the combination of the two. Another method is based on a direct frequency conversion as a coordinate transformation [3]. The patterns for acac conversion are generated directly, and sinusoidal input- and output-current waveforms with unity
Manuscript received October 16, 1996; revised February 11, 1998. Recommended by Associate Editor, D. Torrey. S. Bouchiker is with Electroship Consultant, Marseille, France. G.-A. Capolino is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France. M. Poloujadoff is with the University Paris VI, Paris, France. Publisher Item Identier S 0885-8993(98)06488-6.

input displacement power factor are obtained. However, this method needs signicant amount of additional calculations to increase the gain by injecting a third harmonic of the input and the output frequency into the desired output-phase voltages. In this paper, a feedback control method based on using the input and output voltages [14] to generate the switching functions needed to drive a permanent magnet synchronous motor is proposed. By transforming the matrix converter in dqo rotating reference frames as proposed in [16], the equations of the input or output are greatly simplied, and the important parameters that permit the control of the input displacement power factor and gain are deduced. By using the dqo transformation, the rotationary circuits are now transformed to stationary ones and the time-varying nature of the switching system is eliminated. Previous work [9] that uses a different topology and a different matrix transformation has shown that the total reactance seen from the secondary terminals still depends on the frequency of the primary circuit of the matrix converter. With the proposed approach, it will be shown that by using another topology and a different matrix transformation, the total reactance seen either at the primary or the secondary does not depend on the frequency of the other side and that the gain and reactive compensation depend only on the choice of the phase angle control in the transformation matrices. This new method will simplify greatly the control algorithms using terms that do not depend on the frequencies at both the input and output terminals of the nine-switch matrix converter. II. MATRIX CONVERTER TRANSFER FUNCTION The theory of the switching function and the transfer matrix is given as an overview since it has been developed in [14]. Nevertheless, as the nal transfer function implies, line voltages at the input and output terminals, the development of new formulas has been necessary. The simplied three-phase

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Fig. 5. Single-phase equivalent circuit of the matrix converter.

Fig. 2. Simple switching function and isolated switch of a matrix converter.

Because one and only one switch in each output phase must be conducting at any moment, the following relations are satised: (1) The use of switching functions to derive dependent quantities and internal converter stresses is very simple. Let us consider an isolated switch in a converter matrix connected to , the th of a set of -dened voltages, and to , the th of a , a set of -dened currents. Its switching function is train of unit-value pulses separated by zero-value intervals as previously described. If the dened voltage sources are (called the expressed as the -element column vector dened voltage vector) and all the switching functions are matrix , then the dependent outputexpressed as the voltage vector, consisting of all the voltages impressed on the dened current sources, can be expressed as

Fig. 3. Average value of a switching function.

(2) is the -element dened current vector, then Similarly, if the set of -input currents can be dened as the -element vector

Fig. 4. Simplied matrix converter topology.

(3) nine-switch matrix converter topology is shown in Fig. 1 in which the voltage source that supplies the inductive load must never be shorted and the output phases that carry the current owing in the load must not be left open. The switching , is function for a switch dened as (Fig. 2) when switch when switch is on is off. denotes a transpose and is the The superscript instantaneous input-phase to output-phase transfer matrix of and are the input and the three-phase matrix converter. output-voltage vectors, and and represent the input- and output-current vectors. Alternatively, from (2) the output-line voltages can be expressed as shown in (4), given at the bottom of the page. The switching frequency must be much higher than the frequencies of the input voltages and output currents, which are assumed to be continuous low-frequency functions, and then the high-frequency components of the transfer matrix

(4)

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can be neglected. The local-averaged value of a switching (Fig. 3) is the duty cycle of the switch , and function . The low-frequency equivalents of (1) are it is denoted as

(5) represents the ON time of the switch has the in the period , and it can be noted that when becomes smaller and smaller. The new limit output-line voltages can be expressed as shown in (6), given at the bottom of the page. Since (7) then the output-line voltages and the input-line currents can be expressed as

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 6. Simplied equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of the PMSM drive. (a) Equivalent circuit referred to the primary side, (b) voltage and current 0 and lagging displacement power factor, and (c) phasor diagram for i voltage and current phasor diagram for i = 0 and unity displacement power factor.

(8) and

control can be reduced by eliminating one line voltage, since , and two zero voltages, since . The improvement of the control functions permits to realize lower switching frequency. III. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT A. Topology

(9) Fig. 4 shows the matrix converter with its switching functions for each pair of switches that performs the frequency transformation. The different cycles can be expressed as

We have chosen as an example for the application of the theory a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) because of its numerous advantages over other machines that are used for ac servo drives (absence of magnetizing current in the stator and its higher torque-to-inertia ratio and power equations of the PMSM in the rotor density). The stator reference frame are derived with the following assumptions when neither saturation nor eddy currents and hysteresis losses are present: (11) (12) where (13)

(10) Reference [11] shows how these modulation functions are derived from reference input- and output-line voltages. A simple geometric representation in complex plane of the modulation process is shown in [14], and the resulting outputline-voltage space vector can be constructed out of six input, , , , ) and three line voltage vectors ( , , ). The control functions that zero-voltage vectors ( , use all the three line-to-line voltages are formulated, and the

and (14) where and and and and and , axis voltages; , axis stator currents; , axis inductances; , axis stator ux linkages; stator resistance and frequency.

(6)

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Fig. 7. Block diagram of the PMSM drive.

is the ux linkage due to the rotor magnet linking the stator. The electromagnetic torque is (15) The equation of the rotor dynamics is (16) is the number of pole pairs, is the load torque, is the damping coefcient, is the rotor speed, and is the moment of inertia. During the steady-state operation, the matrix converter frequency is related to the rotor speed as follows: (17) To adapt the equations of the PMSM to the topology of the variable-frequency converter, (11) and (12) are reorganized in and from (13) the following manner by substituting and (14): (18) (19) with

with

and

where is the inverse Park transform. and Then, a single phase of the input-voltage vector can be represented in steady the output-current vector state by an equivalent circuit (Fig. 5). On the secondary , its side, the PMSM is reduced to the induced voltage , and its leakage reactance . On armature resistance the primary side, the voltage supply is represented by the , the resistance , and the electromagnetic force (emf) . The main circuit of the matrix converter uses reactance nine bidirectional switches that are capable of conducting current in both directions to connect the three-phase source denote the input source to the three-phase load. , , and voltages after the input ac lters , , and denote the input denote the output voltages viewed currents. , , and denote the output from the neutral point , and , , and currents. , , and represent the resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the lter used to eliminate the switching ripples. B. Circuit Equations

From this new representation, the equations of the three-phase voltages of the machine are given by the following:

All circuit elements are linear and time invariant, and the nine switches and source voltages are ideal. Now, the switched linear time-varying system can be changed to an equivalent linear time-invariant system by the dqo transformation in two rotating reference frames. The equations of the source at the primary side of the matrix converter can be written as

(20)

(21)

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TABLE I CONTROL SIGNALS g1 g6 OF THE NINE SWITCHES

If represents the angle between the source emf and the axis at the input of the converter, then

where

is a time function dened as

(22) If the motor emf coincides with the axis at the output of the converter, (18) and (19) of the PMSM at the secondary can be rewritten as (23) where

(29) is very well The frequency changing capability of and represent known from previous works [1], [3]. the maximum amplitude of the input and output voltages of is the gain control, and are the the converter. and represent the phase angle frequency control, and denotes the modulation function of the nine control. switches, and if the dqo transformation is applied to both voltages and currents, the following equations are obtained:

(30) (24) The dqo rotating reference frames at the input and the output of the converter are not identical, but both sides can have a common reference frame using the voltage and current equations. Then, (2) and (3) that describe the phase voltages and phase currents are rewritten as (31) (25) with (26) This transformation illustrates that the multiplication of a set of three balanced sinusoidal quantities by a second similar set yields a third set of balanced quantities, whose frequency can change by varying the frequency of the second set. Practical converter switches, however, operate in the ON/OFF mode, yielding pulsed switching patterns, and, consequently, the converter switching functions have the following forms: with is deduced from (31) by replacing by . If (25) and (30) are reported into (21), the input voltages are written as (32) where

(27) (28) is the output-to-input-voltage ratio which is equal to (33) .

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) Fig. 8. Startup from standstill to a speed of 100 rd/s with vector control at constant load torque (Tr (b) electromagnetic torque (nm), (c) id current (A), and (d) iq current (A).

5 nm). (a) Reference and rotor speed (rd/s),

and ( and are the phase angle control of the transfer function matrix). We can see from (33) does not contain parameters that are dependent on that the secondary frequency. It can be shown that if the circuit would is referred to the secondary side, the elements of depend only on the secondary frequency. C. Control Functions has the same effect as the turn ratio in a In (33), , the imtransformer, the emf is proportional to , and is equal to zero. pedances are proportional to displaces the PMSM emf with respect to the axis reference. The input current is tied directly to the phase voltage when is equal to zero, and it is independent of load characteristics. So, in a balanced operation, the input current remains in phase with the phase voltage as long as is maintained equal to zero. equals zero means that the secondary reactance does not inuence the total input reactance, and the choice of the determines the reactive power at the input of the pair contains sinusoidal functions of matrix converter. When or , the control method is called either unrestricted frequency changers (UFC) [7]. As a result, lowfrequency harmonics exist in both output voltage and input

current, and the input displacement power factor is restricted to the positive or negative value of the output displacement power factor, whereas this control method uses a modulation function which is composed of two matrices and in contains sinusoidal functions of that which reactive power and contains sinusoidal produce that produce reactive power. functions of Equations (32) and (33) show that the reactive power may be and , and by choosing a positive directly controlled by or negative phase angle , it is possible to shift the input current with respect to the input voltage, therefore altering the input displacement power factor. So, the input displacement power factor is totally controllable by proper adjustment of the phase angle , regardless of the load characteristic. It is also possible to alter the input displacement power factor by the phase angle , but some limitation to the available voltage transfer ratio results. The voltage transfer ratio is proportional , therefore, for small values of the voltage transfer to ratio reduction is in the order of few percents. In conclusion, the system is completely dened by two important parameters which are the angle which controls the input displacement power factor and the angle which changes the transfer ratio of the matrix converter.

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) Fig. 9. Startup from standstill to a speed of 200 rd/s in eld-weakening mode at constant load torque (Tr (rd/s), (b) electromagnetic torque (nm), (c) id current (A), and (d) iq current (A).

5 nm). (a) Reference and rotor speed

D. Equivalent Circuit During the steady-state operation, speed, currents, voltages, and uxes are constant and the previous equivalent circuit can be simplied with the fact that the origin phase shift of the reference frame can be set to any arbitrary value. Then, (32) can be written as

with a current in phase lag or lead depending on the choice of the angle , and, therefore, the displacement power factor at the input can be set to any value. E. Displacement Power Factor For the sake of simplication, let us consider the case where , then is in phase with when the imaginary part is equal to zero which means that the following equation has to be satised: (37) . with , this means that is approxIf we consider that , then has to be set to imately equal to in order to obtain a unity displacement power factor at the input [Fig. 6(c)]. In this case, the input current is given approximately by the following equation: (38)

(34) where is expressed in polar form as (35) with (36) The equivalent circuit of the system referred to the primary side of the matrix converter can be represented as the vector diagram given by (34), where is the primary current (Fig. 6). From the circuit phasor, it can be seen that the system works

stands for the equivalent reactance presented by the where and may be converter at the input terminals. The angles set to any desired value, and the system can work either as a

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

!ref = 200 rd/s,

Fig. 10.

Phase current of the PMSM at startup with a constant load torque (Tr 5 Nm). (a) Rated speed !ref = 100 rd/s, (b) eld-weakening mode (c) low-speed operation !ref = 20 rd/s, and (d) very low-speed operation !ref = 2 rd/s.

capacitive load or as a reactive load. has a great inuence on the gain and therefore on the transfer of power, and it is is the greatest, and this occurs when maximum when is equal to zero. the angle IV. SIMULATION A. Description The machine, speed, position feedback speed, voltage controllers, and matrix converter constitute the PMSM drive as shown in Fig. 7. The error between the reference and actual speeds is operated upon by the speed controller to generate the torque reference. In the constant airgap ux mode of operation, the torque reference is divided by the motor torque constant . From to give the reference quadrature axis current (23) and (24), the dq reference output voltages are derived to go through the Park transformation in order to generate stator reference output voltages. The source the , , input reference voltages are measured, and then from both input and output reference voltages, the switching functions for each pair of switches are generated. These functions are sampled and passed through a zero-order holder block that
OF THE

DRIVE

translates them into time functions needed to drive each switch of the matrix converter. Both position and speed feedback can be obtained from a resolver/signal processor combination. When the reference speed is greater than the rated speed, the PMSM operates in ux-weakening mode and the airgap ux is weakened by applying a direct axis current in opposition to the rotor magnet ux. The torque-speed prole of the drive is as shown in the block named FW with the output unity up to rated speed and decreases hyperbolically with speed between the rated and the maximum speeds to ensure constant output power. The rst step in organizing the matrix converter control logic requirements is to consider that the respective outputvoltage waveforms are identical to the ones obtained with standard three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverters. Therefore, the matrix converter can be viewed as a standard six-switch inverter supplied sequentially from input voltages , , , , , and . The exact correspondence between input voltages and groups of switches, comprising the six-switch equivalent inverter, is shown in Table I. This table establishes the relationship between the gating signals ( to ) of the equivalent six-switch converter and the real nine-switch ( ) circuit as a function of the input voltages.

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) Fig. 11. Steady-state input and output characteristics for rated speed input-line current (A) (unltered), and (d) output-line current (A).

= 100 rd/s. (a) Input-line voltage (V), (b) input-line current (A) (ltered), (c)
speed is also examined (Fig. 9), and the machine then operates in the constant-power mode. Since the PMSM is entirely controlled by the stator, the airgap ux is weakened by the introduction of a negative current which creates a ux in opposition to the ux due to the magnets. The system, as shown in Fig. 9, responds without an overshoot and a greater time response (65 ms) than in the rated speed response. An other simulation has been performed in order to compare the starting currents of the PMSM at different reference speeds (Fig. 10). For all the presented cases, the load torque has been set to the same constant value (5 Nm) and the torque limitation has remained constant (15 Nm). For the previous cases with speed references of 100 rd/s [Fig. 10(a)] and 200 rd/s [Fig. 10(b)], the starting period with torque limitation is very short with a transient for the stator current of two periods and a maximum peak current of 40 A. For a lowspeed reference of 20 rd/s [Fig. 10(c)], the torque limitation has not been reached and the maximum peak current remains lower than 15 A. In this case, the regular shape of the current can be observed with a one and a half period during 0.16-s simulation. A very low-speed reference of 2 rd/s has been simulated [Fig. 10(d)] with the same conditions as for low-speed reference. This last simulation permits to see a

B. Vector Control Transients Digital computer simulations of the drive system are presented in this section. The state-space models of the PMSM, speed controller, and switching logic of the voltage controllers are included in the simulation with the semiconductor devices considered as simple switches. To study the speed control system presented, a startup from standstill to a speed of 100 rd/s has been simulated. The parameters of the PI controller , , and s, are chosen to be a time constant associated to the PI controller that denes the bandwidth. The PI parameters are calculated to be J/ and for a critical damping. The simulation results in Fig. 8 show the performances of the controller with a speed response without an overshoot and with a fast time response (25 ms) for a maximum torque limited at 15 Nm. At startup, the electromagnetic torque reaches the limit value and then stabilizes to a value of 5 Nm at steady state which corresponds to half the rated torque. The response of the two stator currents shows the decoupling introduced by the vector control command to the machine ( around a constant value) component. with the torque shape depending only on the The case of startup with a speed reference greater than rated

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) Fig. 12. Steady-state input and output characteristics for rated speed input-line current (A) (unltered), and (d) output-line current (A).

= 200 rd/s. (a) Input-line voltage (V), (b) Input-line current (A) (ltered), (c)
the output current has the same shape as for the 100 rd/s speed reference, but with a peak magnitude around 13 A. V. CONCLUSION

magnication of the current oscillations at 5-kHz switching frequency.

C. Steady-State Investigation The steady-state performances of the matrix converter have been examined from the inputoutput characteristic point of view. In this way, the input-phase voltage, line current after and before the lter, and the output current have been simulated. This lter is a low-pass second-order structure with , mH, and F which corresponds with a cutoff frequency of 3.6 kHz. For a machine of a rated output power of 1 kW, the capacitor gives a leading power factor because of the addition of 450 VAR as an input balance. For a speed reference of 100 rd/s (Fig. 11), the ltered inputline current [Fig. 11(b)] leads the line voltage [Fig. 11(a)] while the unltered line current [Fig. 11(c)] is in phase with this voltage. The peak input current is around 6 A while the peak output current [Fig. 11(d)] is around 11 A. For a speed reference of 200 rd/s (Fig. 12), the ltered input-line current [Fig. 12(b)] has more oscillations than in the former case while

The matrix converter has been completely analyzed throughout this paper in a closed-loop system driving a PMSM. By transforming both the primary and the secondary of the converter to dqo rotating reference frames, the system has been simplied and the important parameters that control the input displacement power factor and the gain are deduced. In fact, two phase angles ( , ) of the switching functions determine the reactive power at the unltered input and the gain of the converter. This new method of control for the matrix converter permits obtaining results at the output similar to the conventional rectier-inverter converter, whereas at the input, with this simple control method, the system proposed shows numerous merits such as sinusoidal input current and power factor adjustment plus reverse power-ow capability. From the output point of view, the proposed control method is similar to a classical vector-controlled drive with decoupling capabilities.

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APPENDIX MOTOR PARAMETERS kW, mH, kg m , Wb. V, mH, Nm/rd/s, , mH, , and mH,

REFERENCES
[1] M. Venturini, A new sine wave in, sine wave out, conversion technique eliminates reactive elements, in Proc. Powercon 7, San Diego, CA, 1980, pp. E3E15. [2] A. Alesina and M. Venturini, Solid state power conversion: A Fourier analysis approach to generalized transformer synthesis, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. CAS-28, no. 4, pp. 319330, 1981. , Intrinsic amplitude limits and optimum design of 9 switch direct [3] PWM acac converters, in Proc. IEEE PESC Conf., Kyoto, Japan, 1988, pp. 12841291. [4] D. G. Holmes and T. A. Lipo, Implementation of a controlled rectier using acac matrix converter theory, in Proc. IEEE-PESC Conf., Milwaukee, WI, 1989, pp. 353359. [5] J. Oyama et al., Novel control strategy for matrix converter, in Proc. IEEE-PESC Conf., Milwaukee, WI, 1989, pp. 360367. [6] G. Roy and G. E. April, Cycloconverter operation under a new scalar control algorithm, in Proc. IEEE-PESC Conf., Milwaukee, WI, 1989, pp. 368375. [7] P. D. Ziogas et al., Analysis and design of forced commutated cycloconverter structures with improved transfer characteristics, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. IE-33, no. 3, pp. 271280, 1986. , Some improved forced commutated cycloconverter structures, [8] IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-21, pp. 12421254, 1985. [9] M. Kazerani and B. T. Ooi, Feasibility of both vector control and displacement factor correction by voltage source type acac matrix converter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 524530, 1995. [10] S. Bouchiker and G. A. Capolino, ATP simulation of a exible acac and dcac converter using the matrix converter control system, in Proc. First Europ. Conf. Power Systems Transients (EPST93), Lisbon, Portugal, 1993, pp. 119124. [11] S. Bouchiker, G. A. Capolino, and M. Poloujadoff, A control method for generalized converter using instantaneous values of input line-toline voltages, in Proc. IEEE IECON94, Bologna, Italy, Sept. 1994, pp. 388393. , A control method for generalized converter using instantaneous [12] phase voltages, in Proc. European Power Electronics Conf. (EPE95), Sevilla, Spain, Sept. 1995, pp. 3.7043.709. [13] P. Tenti, L. Malesani, and L. Rosseto, Optimum control of -input -output matrix converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 707713, 1992. [14] L. Huber and D. Borojevic, Space vector modulated three-phase to three-phase matrix converter with input power factor correction, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 12341246, 1995. [15] S. Bouchiker, Contribution to a design of control laws for a matrix converter, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Paris VI, 1996 (in French). [16] W. H. Kwon and G. H. Cho, Analysis of static and dynamic characteristics of practical step-up nine-switch matrix converter, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 139146, 1993.

G erard-Andr e Capolino (A77M83SM89) was born in Marseille, France. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Ecole Sup erieure dIng enieurs de Marseille, Marseille, in 1974, the M.S. degree from the Ecole Sup erieure dElectricit e, Paris, France, in 1975, the Ph.D. degree from the University Aix-Marseille I, France, in 1978, and the D.Sc. degree from the National Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble (INPG), Grenoble, France, in 1987. In 1978, he joined the University of Yaound e, Cameroon, West Africa, as an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering. From 1981 to 1993, he was a Professor at the University of Dijon and Mediterranean Institute of Technology, Marseille, where he was Founder and Director of the Modeling and Control Systems Laboratory. From 1983 to 1985, he was a Visiting Professor at the University of Tunis, Tunisia. From 1987 to 1989, he was also the Scientic Advisor of the French company Technicatome. In 1994, he joined the University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France, as a Full Professor, Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering, and Director of the Power Systems and Power Electronics Laboratory. In 1995, he was a Fellow of the European Community (E.C.) as a Professor at Polytechnic University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. He has published more than 150 papers in scientic journals and conference proceedings since 1975. He has been the advisor of 12 Ph.D. and numerous M.S. students. In 1990, he founded the European Community Group for teaching electromagnetic transients and coauthored the book Simulation & CAD for electrical machines, power electronics, and drives. Dr. Capolino is the Chairman of the French chapter of the IEEE Power Electronics Society. He is the Cofounder of the IEEE International Symposium for Diagnostics of Electrical Machines Power Electronics and Drives (SDEMPED), which he chaired for the rst time in 1997. He is a Member of steering committee for several international conferences, both in Europe and the United States. His research interests are electrical machines, power electronics, drives, diagnostic techniques in power systems, and CAD of control systems.

Michel Poloujadoff (M65SM77F82) received the Dipl ome dIng enieur degree from the Ecole Sup erieure dElectricit e, Paris, France, the M.S. degree from Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and the D.Sc. degree from the University of Paris, Paris. He was a Professor of Electrical Power Engineering at the National Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble (INPG), Grenoble, France, for 25 years and is now with the University Paris VI, Paris. His research activities cover several subjects in electrical power engineering. Dr. Poloujadoff received the Doctor Honoris Causa degrees from Liege University, Belgium, University of Budapest, Hungary, and University of Bucarest, Romania. He is a Laur eat of the Acad emie des Sciences, Paris, a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences, and a Membre Emerite of the SEE (French Institute of Electrical Engineers). He is the recipient of the 1991 IEEE-PES Nikola Tesla Award and 1994 IEEE Lamme Medal.

Sa d Bouchiker was born in Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), Manchester, U.K., in 1979 and 1981, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University Paris VI, Paris, France, in 1996. From 1982 to 1989, he was an Electrical Engineer with the Algerian Navigation Company (CNAN) and a Lecturer at the Military School of Engineering, Algiers, Algeria, the Electrical Engineering Institute of TiziOuzou, Tizi-Ouzou, and the Naval Institute of Bousmal, Bousmal, Algeria. From 1990 to 1996, he was a Research Assistant and a Lecturer at the Mediterranean Institute of Technology, Marseille, France. Since 1996, he has been working as a Consultant for several naval companies in Marseille. His teaching and research interests are in the areas of power electronics, electric machines, power systems, and control systems.