Carbamazepine

Molecular formula: C15H12N2O Molecular weight: 236.3 CAS Registry No.: 298-46-4

SAMPLE Matrix: blood

Sample preparation: Add two volumes of MeCN to the mouse serum, mix, centrifuge at 1500 g for 5 min, inject a 5 J U L L aliquot of the supernatant.
HPLCVARIABLES

Guard column: Sentry (Waters) Column: 150 X 4.6 Nova-Pak C18 Mobile phase: MeCNiMeOH: 10 mM pH 7.0 phosphate buffer 50:30:110 Column temperature: 40 Flow rate: 0.5 Injection volume: 5 Detector: UV 214
CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 11 OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: carbamazepine-10,ll-epoxide, phenobarbital, phenylethyl malonamide, phenytoin, primidone

KEYWORDS

serum; mouse
REFERENCE
Capparella, M.; Foster, W., Ill; Larrousse, M.; Phillips, D.J.; Pomfret, A.; Tuvim, Y. Characteristics and applications of a new high-performance liquid chromatography guard column. J.Chromatogr.A, 1995, 691, 141-150

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 200 |xL Plasma + 750 ng carbamazepine-10-hydroxide + 200 fxL 1.5 M NaOH + 2 mL ethyl acetate: chloroform 50:50, extract. Remove the organic layer and evaporate it to dryness under a stream of air, reconstitute the residue in 100 |xL mobile phase and 100 |xL hexane, inject a 20 |xL aliquot of the lower aqueous phase.
HPLCVARIABLES

Guard column: 50 X 4 5 jim Lichrospher 100 RP-18 Column: 125 X 4 5 |xm Lichrocart C18 Mobile phase: MeCN: water 30:70 Flow rate: 1 Injection volume: 20 Detector: UV 220
CHROMATOGRAM

Internal standard: carbamazepine-10-hydroxide

OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: carbamazepine-10,ll-epoxide, metabolites KEYWORDS plasma REFERENCE

Lanchote, V.L.; Bonato, RS.; Campos, G.M.; Rodrigues, I. Factors influencing plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,ll-epoxide in epileptic children and adults. Ther.Drug Monit., 1995,27,47-52

SAMPLE Matrix: blood Sample preparation: Filter (0.22 |xm), inject a 5 |xL aliquot of the filtrate. HPLCVARIABLES Column: 250 X 4 5 |xm LiChrospher 100 Diol Mobile phase: MeCN: 50 mM pH 6.9 phosphate buffer 12:88 Flow rate: 0.6 Injection volume: 5 Detector: UV 254 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 9.5 OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: phenobarbital, phenytoin KEYWORDS serum; direct injection REFERENCE
Nimura, N.; Itoh, H.; Kinoshita, T. Diol-bonded silica gel as a restricted access packing forming a binarylayered phase for direct injection of serum for the determination of drugs. J.Chromatogr.A, 1995, 689, 203-210

SAMPLE Matrix: blood Sample preparation: Condition an Extrelut-1 glass SPE cartridge with 5 mL dichloromethane: isopropanol 90:10, dry under nitrogen. 1 mL Serum + 100 JULL EtOH, vortex for 30 s, add to the SPE cartridge, let stand for 10 min, elute with 5 mL dichloromethane: isopropanol 90:10. Evaporate the eluate to dryness under a stream of nitrogen, reconstitute the residue in 100 jxL mobile phase, inject a 20 |xL aliquot. HPLCVARIABLES Column: 250 X 4.6 10 |xm Chiralcel OD + 250 X 4.6 10 [xm Chiralcel ODH Mobile phase: n-Hexane: EtOH 70:30 Column temperature: 40 (2nd column) Flow rate: 0.9 Injection volume: 20 Detector: UV 220 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 21.9 Internal standard: carbamazepine

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: oxcarbazepine Simultaneous: phenobarbital Noninterfering: phenytoin, valproic acid

KEYWORDS

serum; SPE; chiral (for oxcarbazepine metabolites); carbamazepine is IS

REFERENCE
Pichini, S.; Altieri, L; Passa, A.R.; Zuccaro, P.; Pacifici, R. Stereoselective bioanalysis of oxcarbazepine and the enantiomers of its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. J.Liq. Chromatogr., 1995, 18, 1533-1541

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 500 |xL Serum + 6 mL MTBE, vortex for 30 s, shake for 5 min, centrifuge at 800 g for 5 min. Remove the organic layer and evaporate it to dryness under a stream of nitrogen in a warm water bath, reconstitute the residue in 40 JJLL MeOH: water 5:2, inject a 20 |JLL aliquot.
HPLCVARIABLES

Guard column: 4 X 4 5 |xm LiChrospher 100 RP-18 Column: 125 X 4 4 |xm Superspher 60 RP-select B (Merck) Mobile phase: MeCN: 20 mM KH2PO4 20:80 containing 0.05% triethylamine, pH 6.30 Flow rate: 1 Injection volume: 20 Detector: UV 212
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 27.43 Limit of detection: 10 ng/mL Limit of quantitation: 39 ng/mL

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: metabolites, oxcarbazepine

KEYWORDS

serum
REFERENCE
Pienimaki, P.; Fuchs, S.; Isojarvi, J.; Vahakangas, K. Improved detection and determination of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine and their metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. J.Chromatogr.B, 1995, 673, 97-105

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 50 |xL Plasma + 250 |xL 3 (xg/mL methyl p-hydroxybenzoate in MeCN, mix, centrifuge at 10000 rpm for 5 min, inject a 10 |xL aliquot of the supernatant.
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 150 X 16 5 |xm Cosmosil 5C8 (Shimadzu) Mobile phase: MeCN: 5 mM KH2PO4 31:69 Flow rate: 1 Injection volume: 10 Detector: UV 210

CHROMATOGRAM

Internal standard: methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Limit of detection: 500 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: metabolites
KEYWORDS

plasma; rat; pharmacokinetics

REFERENCE
Shinoda, M.; Akita, M.; Hasegawa, M.; Nadai, M.; Hasegawa, T.; Nabeshima, T. Pharmaceutical evaluation of carbamazepine suppositories in rats. Biol.Pharm.BulL, 1995, 18, 1289-1291

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 50 |xL Plasma + 100 |xL MeCN, centrifuge, inject a 5 |xL aliquot of the supernatant.
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 100 X 4.6 3.5 jxm Zorbax SB Mobile phase: MeCN:MeOH: 10 mM pH 7.1 phosphate buffer 7:34:59 Flow rate: 1.5 Injection volume: 5 Detector: UV 220
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 7.4 Limit of detection: <1 jxM

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: metabolites, carbamazepine epoxide, hydroxycarbamazepine, lamotrigine (UV 310), oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin Also analyzed: ibuprofen, naproxen, trimethoprim
KEYWORDS

plasma
REFERENCE
Svensson, J.O. Simple HPLC method for determination of antiepileptic drugs in plasma (Abstract 102). Ther.DrugMonit, 1995, 17, 408

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 2 mL Whole blood or plasma + 2 mL buffer + 5 mL chloroform: isopropanol: n-heptane 60:14:26, shake gently horizontally for 10 min, centrifuge at 2800 g for 10 min. Remove the lower organic layer and evaporate it to dryness under vacuum at 45, reconstitute the residue in 100 jxL mobile phase, centrifuge at 2800 g for 5 min, inject a 50 |xL aliquot of the supernatant. (Buffer was saturated ammonium chloride solution 25% diluted with water, adjusted to pH 9.5 with 25% ammonia solution.)
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 300 X 3.9 4 |xm NovaPack C18 Mobile phase: MeOH:THF:buffer 65:5:30 (Buffer was 0.68 g/L (10 mM (sic)) KH2PO4 adjusted to pH 2.6 with concentrated orthophosphoric acid.) (At the end of each session wash the column with water for 1 h and MeOH for 1 h, re-equilibrate for 30 min.)

Column temperature: 30 Flow rate: 0.8 Injection volume: 50 Detector: UV 283 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 3.67 Limit of detection: <120 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: acebutolol, acenocoumarol, acepromazine, aceprometazine, acetaminophen, aconitine, ajmaline, albuterol, alimemazine, alminoprofen, alpidem, alprazolam, alprenolol, amisulpride, amitriptyline, amodiaquine, amoxapine, aspirin, astemizole, atenolol, benazepril, benperidol, benzocaine, benzoylecgonine, bepridil, betaxolol, bisoprolol, brompheniramine, bumadizone, bupivacaine, buprenorphine, buspirone, caffeine, carbinoxamine, carpipramine, celiprolol, cetirizine, chlorambucil, chlordiazepoxide, chk>rmezanone, chlorophenacinone, chloroquine, chlorpheniramine, chlorpromazine, chlorpropamide, cibenzoline, cicletanine, clemastine, clobazam, clomipramine, clonazepam, clonidine, clorazepate, clozapine, cocaine, codeine, colchicine, cyamemazine, cyclizine, cycloguanil, cyproheptadine, cytarabine, dacarbazine, daunorubicin, debrisoquine, demexiptiline, desipramine, dextromethorphan, dextromoramide, dextropropoxyphene, diazepam, diazoxide, diclofenac, diltiazem, diphenhydramine, dipyridamole, disopyramide, dosulepine, doxepin, doxylamine, droperidol, ephedrine, estazolam, etodolac, fenfluramine, fenoprofen, fentiazac, flecainide, floctafenine, flumazenil, flunitrazepam, fiuoxetine, fluphenazine, flurbiprofen, fluvoxamine, glibenclamide, glibornuride, glipizide, glutethimide, haloperidol, histapyrrodine, hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyzine, ibuprofen, imipramine, indomethacin, iproniazid, ketamine, ketoprofen, labetalol, levomepromazine, lidocaine, lidoflazine, lisinopril, loperamide, loprazolam, loratadine, lorazepam, loxapine, maprotiline, medazepam, medifoxamine, mefenamic acid, mefenidramine, mefloquine, melphalan, meperidine, mephenesin, mephentermine, mepivacaine, metapramine, metformin, methadone, methaqualone, methocarbamol, methotrexate, metipranolol, metoclopramide, metoprolol, mexiletine, mianserine, midazolam, minoxidil, moclobemide, moperone, morphine, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, naproxen, nialamide, nicardipine, nifedipine, niflumic acid, nimodipine, nitrazepam, nitrendipine, nizatidine, nomifensine, nortriptyline, opipramol, oxazepam, oxprenolol, penbutolol, penfluridol, pentazocine, phencyclidine, phenobarbital, phenol, phenylbutazone, pimozide, pindolol, pipamperone, piroxicam, prazepam, prazosin, prilocaine, proguanil, promethazine, propafenone, propranolol, protriptyline, pyrimethamine, quinidine, quinine, quinupramine, ramipril, ranitidine, reserpine, ritodrine, secobarbital, sulfinpyrazole, sulindac, sulpride, sultopride, suriclone, temazepam, tenoxicam, terbutaline, terfenadine, tetracaine, tetrazepam, thiopental, thioproperazine, thioridazine, tianeptine, tiapride, tiaprofenic acid, ticlopidine, timolol, tioclomarol, tofisopam, tolbutamide, toloxatone, trazodone, triazolam, trifluoperazine, trifluperidol, trimipramine, triprolidine, tropatenine, verapamil, viloxazine, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, warfarin, yohimbine, zolpidem, zopiclone, zorubicine Interfering: bromazepam, carbamazepine, carteolol, dihydralazine, nadolol, nalbuphine, omeprazole, procainamide, procarbazine, sotalol, strychnine KEYWORDS whole blood; plasma REFERENCE
Tracqui, A.; Kintz, R; Mangin, P. Systematic toxicological analysis using HPLC/DAD. J.Forensic ScL, 1995, 40, 254-262

SAMPLE Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 500 |JLL Serum + 600 |xL allobarbital in 75 mM pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, add 200 units (3-glucuronidase, heat at 37 for 30 min, add 1 mL of this solution

to an Extrelut-1 SPE cartridge, let stand for 10 min, elute with 2.5 mL MTBE. Evaporate the eluate to dryness under a stream of nitrogen, reconstitute the residue in 50 |xL MeOH-.water 50:50, inject a 10 |xL aliquot onto columns A and B in series with mobile phase A. After 12 min elute column A with mobile phase B, continue to elute column B with mobile phase A. Carbamazepine diol, carbamazepine epoxide, phenytoin, and carbamazepine elute from column A and the enantiomers of 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin and mephobarbital, phenobarbital, zonisamide, and allobarbital elute from column B. Re-equilibrate columns A and B with mobile phase A for 5 min before the next injection. HPLCVARIABLES Column: A 250 X 4 4 ^m Superspher RP-18e (E. Merck); B 250 X 4 4 ^m Superspher RP18e (E. Merck) Mobile phase: AMeOH: 11.2 mM p-cyclodextrin in 20 mM KH2PO4 5:95; B MeCN: 20 mM KH2PO4 16:84 Flow rate: 0.8 Injection volume: 10 Detector: UV 210 (A); UV 210 (B)
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 24 (column A) Internal standard: allobarbital Limit of detection: 2.2 ng/mL
OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: metabolites, carbamazepine diol, carbamazepine epoxide, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)5-phenylhydantoin, mephobarbital, phenobarbital, phenytoin, zonisamide KEYWORDS serum; column-switching; SPE; chiral REFERENCE
Eto, S.; Noda, H.; Noda, A. Simultaneous determination of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites, including chiral compounds, via (3-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes by a column-switching chromatographic technique. J.Chromatogr.B, 1994, 658, 385-390

SAMPLE Matrix: blood Sample preparation: Inject sample onto column A with mobile phase A and elute for 3 min. Backflush contents of column A onto column B with mobile phase B for 6 min and elute column B with mobile phase B and monitor eluant. HPLCVARIABLES Column: A 10 X 3 BioTrap Acid C18 (ChromTech); B 10 X 3 CT-sil C18 guard column + 150 X 4.6 5 jxm CT-sil C18 (ChromTech) Mobile phase: A 82 mM pH 6.0 phosphate buffer; B MeCN: 82 mM pH 6.0 phosphate buffer 50:50 Flow rate: A 0.55; B 1 Injection volume: 50 Detector: UV 254
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 13 Limit of quantitation: 2050 ng/mL

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Simultaneous: phenytoin

KEYWORDS

plasma; column-switching; direct injection

REFERENCE
Hermansson, J.; Grahn, A. Determination of drugs by direct injection of plasma into a biocompatible extraction column based on a protein-entrapped hydrophobic phase. J.ChromatognA, 1994, 660, 119-129

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: Condition an Extrashot-Silica (diatomaceous earth) SPE cartridge (Kusano Scientific) with 200 |xL EtOH and 200 |xL dichloromethane, force out the remaining solvent with 500 |xL air. Add 5 jxL serum to the surface of the cartridge and pass 130 |xL dichloromethane gently through the cartridge into the 100 |xL sample loop.
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 125 X 4 5 jxrn LiChrosorb Si60 Mobile phase: n-Hexane: dichloromethane: EtOH: acetic acid 82.8:15:2:0.2 Flow rate: 1 Injection volume: 100 Detector: UV 240
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 14.7 Limit of quantitation: 1 fxg/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: phenobarbital, phenytoin
KEYWORDS

serum; normal phase; SPE

REFERENCE
Kouno, Y; Ishikura, C; Homma, M.; Oka, K. Simple and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of three antiepileptics in therapeutic drug monitoring. J.Chromatogr., 1993, 622, 47-52

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 400 |xL Serum + 50 fxL 100 |xg/mL IS in water, mix, add 400 JJLL 1.5 M NaOH, add 100 mg NaCl, add 4 mL ethyl acetate: chloroform 50:50, shake for 15 min, centrifuge. Remove the organic layer and evaporate it to dryness, reconstitute the residue in 200 |xL hexane and 200 |xL mobile phase, mix, inject a 20 fxL aliquot of the mobile phase layer.
HPLCVARIABLES

Guard column: 10 X 4 5 fim Spherisorb ODS-2 Column: 250 X 4 5 [xm Spherisorb ODS-2 Mobile phase: MeCN: water 30:70 Flow rate: 1.1 Injection volume: 20 Detector: UV 210
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 10.9

Internal standard: l,3-dimethyl-7-benzylxanthine (8.2) (synthesized from theophylline, bromobenzene, and potassium carbonate in boiling benzene) Limit of detection: 80 ng/mL Limit of quantitation: 270 ng/mL
OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: metabolites, carbamazepine epoxide, phenytoin

KEYWORDS

serum
REFERENCE
Martens, J.; Banditt, P. Validation of the analysis of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide metabolite by high-performance liquid chromatography from plasma: comparison with gas chromatography and the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique. J.Chromatogr., 1993, 620, 169-173

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 100 jxL Serum + 200 JJLL 20 |xg/mL butalbital in MeCN, vortex, centrifuge 5 min, inject supernatant
HPLC VARIABLES

Column: 125 X 4 LiChroSpher RP-8 5 jxm Mobile phase: MeCN: water: 100 mM pH 7.0 phosphate buffer 20:75:5 Column temperature: 45 Flow rate: 2 Injection volume: 50 Detector: UV 212
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 9.4 Internal standard: butalbital (3.8)

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Simultaneous: phenobarbital, phenytoin

KEYWORDS

serum
REFERENCE
Hannak, D.; Haux, R; Scharbert, R; Kattermann, R. Liquid chromatographic analysis of phenobarbital, phenytoin, and theophylline. Wien.Klin.Wochenschr.SuppL, 1992, 191, 27-31

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: Inject 10 |xL serum onto column A with mobile phase A, after 2 min backflush contents of column A onto column B with mobile phase B, monitor the effluent from column B.
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: A jxBondapak phenyl Guard Pak; B 150 X 3.9 jxBondapak phenyl Mobile phase: A 5 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate in water; B MeOH: water 30:70 containing 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate Flow rate: 2

Injection volume: 10 Detector: UV 214

CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 9 OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: metabolites, carbamazepine epoxide

KEYWORDS

serum; column-switching; cow

REFERENCE
Bentrop, D.; Warren, F.V., Jr.; Schmitz, S.; Bidlingmeyer, B.A. Analysis of carbamazepine in serum by liquid chromatography with direct sample injection and surfactant-containing eluents. J.Chromatogr., 1990, 535, 293-304

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 250 |xL Plasma + 2 |xg 10-methoxycarbamazepine + 25 |xL 1 M NaOH + 1.2 mL dichloromethane, mix for 15 min, centrifuge. Remove the organic layer and evaporate it to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at 40, reconstitute the residue in 20 (xL MeCN, inject a 10 \xL aliquot.
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 250 X 4.9 10 |xm LiChrosorb RP8 Mobile phase: MeCN: water 32:68 Flow rate: 1.8 Injection volume: 10 Detector: UV 215
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 7.0 Internal standard: 10-methoxycarbamazepine (9.3)

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, primidone Noninterfering: clobazam, clonazepam, diazepam, ethosuximide, phenytoin, valproic acid
KEYWORDS

plasma
REFERENCE
Elyas, A.A.; Goldberg, V.D.; Patsalos, RN. Simple and rapid micro-analytical high-performance liquid chromatographic technique for the assay of oxcarbazepine and its primary active metabolite 10hydroxycarbazepine. J.Chromatogr., 1990, 528, 473-479

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: Inject 20 |xL serum onto column A with mobile phase A and elute to waste, after 1.5 min backflush the contents of column A onto column B with mobile phase B, after 1 min remove column A from the circuit, elute column B with mobile phase B, monitor the effluent from column B. Re-equilibrate column A with mobile phase A.

HPLCVARIABLES Column: A 30 X 4.6 IRSP silica (for preparation see Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 2445); B 150 X 4.6 5 |xm Nucleosil C18 Mobile phase: A 14 mM NaH2PO4 containing 6 mM Na2HPO4; B MeCN: MeOH: 14 mM NaH2PO4 containing 6 mM Na2HPO4 15:20:65 Flow rate: 0.8 Injection volume: 20 Detector: UV 230 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 30 Limit of detection: 100 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone KEYWORDS serum; column-switching REFERENCE
Haginaka, J.; Wakai, J.; Yasuda, H.; Kimura, Y. Determination of anticonvulsant drugs and methyl xanthine derivatives in serum by liquid chromatography with direct injection: column-switching method using a new internal-surface reversed-phase silica support as a precolumn. J.Chromatogr., 1990, 529, 455-461

SAMPLE Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 500 |xL Plasma + 500 |xL 1 M pH 5.0 sodium acetate buffer + 50 IxL 50 |xg/mL cyheptamide in MeOH, vortex for 15 s, add 4 mL dichloromethane: ethyl acetate 2:1, shake for 5 min, repeat extraction. Combine the organic layers and evaporate them to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at 40. Reconstitute the residue in 200 |xL mobile phase, inject a 20 jxL aliquot. HPLCVARIABLES Column: 250 X 4.6 5 jxm Spherisorb Octyl C8 Mobile phase: MeOH:MeCN:THF: 10 mM pH 6.5 ammonium phosphate buffer 16:11:7: 66 Column temperature: 40 Flow rate: 1.5 Injection volume: 20 Detector: UV 215 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 8.3 Internal standard: cyheptamide (12.6) Limit of detection: 200 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Simultaneous: metabolites, carbamazepine-10,ll-epoxide, carbamazepinediol, felbamate, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, phenytoin Also analyzed: ethosuximide, ethotoin, lorazepam, phenobarbital, phenylethylmalonamide, primidone KEYWORDS plasma

REFERENCE
Remmel, R.P.; Miller, S.A.; Graves, N.M. Simultaneous assay of felbamate plus carbamazepine, phenytoin, and their metabolites by liquid chromatography with mobile phase optimization. Ther.Drug MoniL, 1990, 12, 90-96

SAMPLE Matrix: blood Sample preparation: Prepare an SPE cartridge by plugging the end of a 1 mL disposable pipette tip with glass wool and adding about 100 mg Chromosorb P/NAW. Add 50 |xL plasma then 50 JULL 10 \xg/mL tolylphenobarbital in 200 mM HCl to the SPE cartridge, let stand for 2 min, elute with 1 mL chloroform: isopropanol 6:1. Evaporate the eluate to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at 30, reconstitute the residue in 100 |xL mobile phase, inject a 15 |xL aliquot. HPLCVARIABLES Column: 150 X 4.6 5 |xm Supelcosil-LC-8 Mobile phase: MeCN-.water 20:80 Flow rate: 3.3 Injection volume: 15 Detector: UV 208 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 11.37 Internal standard: tolylphenobarbital (7.57) Limit of detection: 50-100 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: amobarbital, barbital, butabarbital, caffeine, carbamazepinediol, carbamazepine epoxide, chloramphenicol, ethosuximide, glutethimide, mephenytoin, methaqualone, methyprylon, nirvanol, pentobarbital, phenacemide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, secobarbital, theophylline Noninterfering: acetaminophen, N-acetylprocainamide, amikacin, amitriptyline, clonazepam, cyclosporine, desipramine, diazepam, digoxin, disopyramide, gentamicin, p-hydroxyphenobarbital, imipramine, lidocaine, methotrexate, netilmicin, nortriptyline, procainamide, quinidine, salicylic acid, sulfamethoxazole, tobramycin, trimethoprim, valproic acid, vancomycin KEYWORDS SPE REFERENCE
Svinarov, D.A.; Dotchev, D.C. Simultaneous liquid-chromatographic determination of some bronchodilators, anticonvulsants, chloramphenicol, and hypnotic agents, with Chromosorb P columns used for sample preparation. Clin.Chem., 1989, 35, 1615-1618

SAMPLE Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 100 JJLL Serum + 100 |xL buffer + 1 . 5 mL IS in 5% isopropanol in chloroform, vortex for 30 s, centrifuge. Remove the organic layer and evaporate it to dryness under a stream of air at room temperature, reconstitute the residue in 100 |xL mobile phase, inject a 6-10 |xL aliquot. (Buffer was 13.6 g KH2PO4 in 90 mL water, pH adjusted to 6.8 with about 3 mL 10 M NaOH, made up to 100 mL.) HPLCVARIABLES Guard column: 20 X 4.6 Supelguard LC-I (Supelco) Column: 250 X 4.6 5 |xm Supelcosil LC-I (Supelco)

Mobile phase: MeOH: MeCN:buffer 17.5:17.5:65 (Buffer was 2.72 g KH2PO4 in 1.9 L water, pH adjusted to 6.3 with about 2 mL 1 M NaOH, made up to 2 L.) Flow rate: 2 Injection volume: 6-10 Detector: UV 204
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 6.68 Internal standard: 5-ethyl-5-p-tolybarbituric acid (tolybarb) (4.80)

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: acetaminophen, amobarbital, barbital, caffeine, chloramphenicol, ethosuximide, mephobarbital, methsuximide, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, secobarbital, theophylline, thiopental Simultaneous: acetanilide, N-acetylcysteine, N-acetylprocainamide, ampicillin, aspirin, butabarbital, butalbital, chlorpropamide, cimetidine, codeine, cyheptamide, diazoxide, diflunisal, diphylline, disopyramide, ethchlorvynol, gentisic acid, glutethimide, heptabarbital, hexobarbital, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, mephenytoin, methaqualone, methsuximide, methyl salicylate, methyprylon, morphine, naproxen, nirvanol, oxphenylbutazone, phenacetin, phensuximide, phenylbutazone, procainamide, salicylamide, salicylic acid, sulfamethoxazole, sulindac, tolmetin, trimethoprim, vancomycin Noninterfering: amikacin, gentamicin, meprobamate, netilmicin, quinidine, tetracycline, tobramycin, valproic acid
KEYWORDS

serum
REFERENCE
Meatherall, R.; Ford, D. Isocratic liquid chromatographic determination of theophylline, acetaminophen, chloramphenicol, caffeine, anticonvulsants, and barbiturates in serum. Ther.Drug Monit., 1988, 10, 101-115

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: Add 20 jxL 30 u>g/mL cyheptamide in MeOH to a tube and evaporate the MeOH, add 1 mL plasma, add 2 mL buffer, add 20 mL chloroform: t-butyl alcohol 95:5, shake horizontally at 180 cycles/min, centrifuge at 750 g for 5 min. Remove the organic layer and evaporate it to dryness under reduced pressure at 65, reconstitute the residue in 50 |JLL mobile phase, vortex, inject a 10 |xL aliquot. (Buffer was 50 mL 200 mM Na2HPO4.7H2O + 6.3 mL 400 mM NaOH, pH 11.2.)
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 200 X 2.1 5 |xm ODS C18 (Hewlett-Packard) Mobile phase: MeOH: water 45:55 Column temperature: 36 Flow rate: 0.5 Injection volume: 10 Detector: UV 212
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 5.78 Internal standard: cyheptamide (8.92) Limit of quantitation: 25 ng/mL
OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: metabolites, carbamazepine diol, carbamazepine epoxide Noninterfering: clonazepam, phenobarbital, phenytoin

KEYWORDS

plasma; microbore
REFERENCE
Riad, L.E.; Sawchuk, R.J. Simultaneous determination of carbamazepine and its epoxide and transdiol metabolites in plasma by microbore liquid chromatography. Clin.Chem., 1988, 34, 1863-1866

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 100 |xL Plasma + 200 fxL 1 M HCl saturated with ammonium sulfate, vortex for 20 s, add 60 |xL 10 |xg/mL 4-methylprimidone in MeCN, vortex for 20 s, centrifuge at 2700 g for 5 min, inject a 5-10 |xL aliquot of the MeCN layer.
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 250 X 4 5 |xm LiChrosorb RP-18 Mobile phase: MeOH:THF:50 mM pH 5.9 phosphate buffer 44:1:55 Column temperature: 50 Flow rate: 1.1 Injection volume: 5-10 Detector: UV 210
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 10 Internal standard: 4-methylprimidone (5) Limit of detection: 50 ng/mL

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid Simultaneous: metabolites, acetaminophen, caffeine, ehloramphenicol, diazepam, ethosuximide, ethylphenylmalonamide, glutethimide, lidocaine, methylphenobarbital, pentobarbital, salicylic acid, theophylline
KEYWORDS

plasma
REFERENCE
Kushida, K.; Ishizaki, T. Concurrent determination of valproic acid with other antiepileptic drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography. J.Chromatogr., 1985, 338, 131-139

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 50 |xL Serum + 50 |xL 10 |xg/mL IS in MeCN, vortex for 10 s, centrifuge at 3000 g for 1 min, remove the supernatant and place it in another tube, centrifuge for 1 min, inject a 20 |JLL aliquot of the supernatant.
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 100 X 8 5 |xm Nova Pak C18 Radial pak Mobile phase: MeCN:MeOH:acetone:buffer 8:21:10:61 adjusted to pH 7.95 0.02 with NaOH (Buffer was 1.36 g/L KH2PO4.) Flow rate: 2.8 Injection volume: 20 Detector: UV 200
CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 6.44

Internal standard: tolybarb (5-ethyl-5-(p-methylphenyl)barbituric acid) (4.89) Limit of detection: 500 ng/mL
OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: metabolites, ethosuximide, primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin Simultaneous: acetaminophen, N-acetylprocainamide, aspirin, ampicillin, caffeine, cephapirin, chloramphenicol, digoxin, disopyramide, hexobarbital, indomethacin, lidocaine, mephobarbital, methsuximide, nafcillin, pentobarbital, phenylethylmalonamide, procainamide, quinidine, salicylic acid, secobarbital, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, terbutaline, tetracycline, theobromine, theophylline Noninterfering: acetazolamide, amikacin, cephalosporin C, gentamicin, propranolol, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, tobramycin, valproic acid, verapamil
KEYWORDS

serum
REFERENCE
Ou, C-N.; Rognerud, CL. Simultaneous measurement of ethosuximide, primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and their bioactive metabolites by liquid chromatography. Clin.Chem., 1984, 30, 1667-1670

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 500 |xL Serum + 50 uX. 7 |xg/mL IS in water + 1 mL buffer, vortex for 10 s, add 5 mL n-hexane: ether: n-propanol 49:49:2, shake gently for 20 min, centrifuge at 1000 g for 5 min, repeat the extraction. Combine the organic layers and evaporate them to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at 50, reconstitute the residue in 300 |JLL mobile phase, inject a 50-100 |xL aliquot. (Buffer was 10 mM sodium acetate: 10 mM acetic acid 88.5:11.5, pH 5.5.)
HPLCVARIABLES Column: 250 X 4.6 5 jim Partisil 5 ODS-3 Mobile phase: MeCN.buffer 28:72 (Buffer was 300 JULL 1 M KH2PO4 and 50 jxL 900 mM phosphoric acid in 1.8 L water, pH 4.4.)

Column temperature: 50 Flow rate: 2.8 Injection volume: 50-100 Detector: UV 195
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 7.8 Internal standard: 5-(4-methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin(11.5)

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: ethosuximide, secobarbital Simultaneous: mephobarbital, paramethadione, phenobarbital, primidone Noninterfering: chlorazepate, clonazepam, diazepam, thioridazine, valproic acid Interfering: phenytoin
KEYWORDS

serum
REFERENCE
Levine, H.L.; Cohen, M.E.; Duffner, P.K.; Kustas, K.A.; Shen, D.D. An improved high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for secobarbital in serum. J.Pharm.ScL, 1982, 71, 1281-1283

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 400 |xL Serum or plasma + 400 |xL 10 jxg/mL IS in acetone, vortex for 10 s, centrifuge at 4500-5000 g for 1 min, remove the supernatant to another tube, centrifuge for 30 s, inject a 5-7.5 |xL aliquot.
HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 300 X 3.9 ixBondapak C18 Mobile phase: MeCN:MeOH:buffer 17:28:55, final pH 6.8-7.0 (Buffer was 400 jxL 1 M KH2PO4 in 1 L water, pH adjusted to 6.0 with 900 mM phosphoric acid.) Column temperature: 30 Flow rate: 0.7 Injection volume: 5-7.5 Detector: UV 195
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 18.6 Internal standard: tolybarb (5-ethyl-5-(p-methylphenyl)barbituric acid) (13.8)

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: N-desmethylmethsuximide, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone Simultaneous: acetaminophen, butalbital, caffeine, hexobarbital, methsuximide, phenacetin, phenylethylmalonamide, salicylic acid
KEY WORDS

serum; plasma
REFERENCE
Szabo, G.K.; Browne, T.R. Improved isocratic liquid-chromatographic simultaneous measurement of phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, and N-desmethylmethsuximide in serum. Clin.Chem., 1982, 28, 100-104

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 500 |xL Plasma + 100 JAL heptabarbital in MeOH + 500 |xL 400 mM pH 7.0 sodium phosphate buffer H - 10 mL ethyl acetate, extract. Evaporate the extract to dryness at 50, reconstitute the residue in 20 |xL MeOH, inject a 3 u,L aliquot.
HPLCVARIABLES

Guard column: 50 X 2.1 Whatman Co:Pell ODS Column: 125 X 4.5 5 jxm SAS Hypersil Mobile phase: MeCN: buffer 20:80 (Buffer was 5 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide adjusted to pH 7.5 with phosphoric acid.) Flow rate: 1.6 Injection volume: 3 Detector: UV 200
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 16.4 Internal standard: heptabarbital (9.8) Limit of quantitation: 3.8 fxM
OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: ethosuximide, primidone, pheneturide, phenobarbital, phenytoin

Simultaneous: amobarbital, barbital, butabarbital, cyclobarbital, ethotoin, ethylphenacemide, glutethimide, methsuximide, pentobarbital, phenylethylmalonamide, sulfamethoxazole, sulthiame Interfering: secobarbital
KEYWORDS

plasma; horse
REFERENCE
Christofides, J.A.; Fry, D.E. Measurement of anticonvulsants in serum by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography. Clin.Chem., 1980, 26, 499-501

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood Sample preparation: 200 fxL Serum or plasma + 200 |xL 20 |xg/mL IS in MeOH.water 10:90 + 75 |xL glacial acetic acid, vortex for 30 s, add 5 mL chloroform, shake for 5 min, centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 min. Remove the organic layer and evaporate it to dryness under a stream of nitrogen, reconstitute the residue in 200 |JLL mobile phase, inject a 40 IxL aliquot.
HPLCVARIABLES

Guard column: 30 X 2.1 Permaphase ETH (DuPont) Column: 250 X 4.6 CLC 1 C8 (DuPont) Mobile phase: MeCN: buffer 35:65 (Buffer was 20 mM KH2PO4 and 1 mM K2HPO4 adjusted to pH 5.6.) Column temperature: 25 Flow rate: 2 Injection volume: 40 Detector: UV 220
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 5.9 Internal standard: alphenal (5-allyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid) (4.4) Limit of quantitation: 200 ng/mL
OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: ethosuximide, phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbital Simultaneous: amobarbital, barbital, chlordiazepoxide, codeine, cortisol, ethotoin, glutethimide, hexobarbital, mephenytoin, mephobarbital, metharbital, methsuximide, nitrazepam, pentobarbital, phenacetin, secobarbital Noninterfering: acetaminophen, acetazolamide, amphetamine, bilirubin, caffeine, diazepam, dimenhydrinate, meperidine, meprobamate, methamphetamine, methaqualone, methylphenidate, nicotine, propoxyphene, theophylline, valproate Interfering: phensuximide
KEYWORDS

serum; plasma
REFERENCE
Rydzewski, R.S.; Gadsden, R.H.; Phelps, CA. Simultaneous rapid HPLC determination of anticonvulsant drugs in plasma and correlation with EMIT. Ann.Clin.Lab.ScL, 1980, 10, 89-94

SAMPLE

Matrix: blood, CSF Sample preparation: 200 |xL Serum, plasma, or CSF + 300 uX. reagent. Flush column A to waste with 500 JXL 500 mM ammonium sulfate, inject sample onto column A, flush

column A to waste with 500 |xL 500 mM ammonium sulfate, elute the contents of column A onto column B with mobile phase, monitor the effluent from column B. (Reagent was 8.05 M guanidine hydrochloride and 1.02 M ammonium sulfate in water.) HPLCVARIABLES Column: A 30 X 2.1 40 |xm preparative grade C18 (Analytichem); B 250 X 4.6 10 |xm Partisil C8 Mobile phase: Gradient. A was 50 mM pH 4.5 KH2PO4. B was MeCN: isopropanol 80:20. A:B 90:10 for 1 min, to 30:70 over 15 min, maintain at 30:70 for 4 min. Column temperature: 50 Flow rate: 1.5 Detector: UV 280 for 5 min then UV 254 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 11.66 Internal standard: heptanophenone (19.2) OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: acetazolamide, ampicillin, bromazepam, caffeine, chloramphenicol, chlorothiazide, diazepam, droperidol, ethionamide, furosemide, isoniazid, methadone, penicillin G, phenobarbital, phenytoin, prazepam, propoxyphene, pyrazinamide, rifampin, trimeprazine, trimethoprim KEYWORDS serum; plasma; column-switching REFERENCE
Seifart, H.I.; Kruger, RB.; Parkin, D.P.; van Jaarsveld, P.P.; Donald, RR. Therapeutic monitoring of antituberculosis drugs by direct in-line extraction on a high-performance liquid chromatography system. J.Chromatogr., 1993, 619, 285-290

SAMPLE Matrix: blood, CSF, gastric fluid, urine Sample preparation: 200 |xL Serum, urine, CSF, or gastric fluid + 300 |xL reagent. Flush column A to waste with 500 |JLL 500 mM ammonium sulfate, inject sample onto column A, flush column A to waste with 500 jxL 500 mM ammonium sulfate, backflush the contents of column A onto column B with mobile phase, monitor the effluent from column B. (Reagent was 8.05 M guanidine hydrochloride and 1.02 M ammonium sulfate in water.) HPLCVARIABLES Column: A 40 |jim preparative grade C18 (Analytichem); B 75 X 2.1 pellicular C18 (Whatman) + 250 X 4.6 5 jxm C8 end-capped (Whatman) Mobile phase: Gradient. A was 50 mM pH 4.5 KH2PO4. B was MeCN: isopropanol 80:20. A:B 90:10 for 1 min, to 30:70 over 20 min. Column temperature: 50 Flow rate: 1.5 Detector: UV 220 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 11.7 Internal standard: heptanophenone (19)

OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: acetaminophen, allobarbital, azinphos, barbital, brallobarbitone, bromazepam, butethal, caffeine, carbaryl, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, chlordiazepoxide, chlorothiazide, chlorvinphos, clothiapine, cocaine, coomassie blue, desipramine, diazepam, diphenhydramine, dipipanone, ethylbromphos, flufenamic acid, formothion, griseofulvin, indomethacin, lidocaine, lorazepam, malathion, medazepam, midazolam, oxazepam, paraoxon, penicillin G, pentobarbital, prazepam, propoxyphene, prothiophos, quinine, salicylic acid, secobarbital, strychnine, sulfamethoxazole, theophylline, thiopental, thioridazine, trimethoprim KEYWORDS serum; column-switching REFERENCE
Kruger, RB.; Albrecht, C.RDe V.; Jaarsveld, RR Use of guanidine hydrochloride and ammonium sulfate in comprehensive in-line sorption enrichment of xenobiotics in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography J.Chromatogr., 1993, 612, 191-198

SAMPLE Matrix: blood, dialysate Sample preparation: Dialyze 400 u,L plasma against 175 |xL acceptor solution through a Cuprophane membrane (15 kDa cut-off) at 37 for 10 min, inject 500 |xL acceptor solution (including the portion used for dialysis) onto column A at 0.71 mL/min, elute the contents of column A onto column B with mobile phase, remove column A from circuit and condition it with 1 mL acceptor solution, elute column B with mobile phase and monitor the effluent. Flush acceptor channel with 5 mL acceptor solution and plasma channel with 8 mL acceptor solution containing 25 |xg/mL Triton X-100. (Acceptor solution contained 5.9 g NaCl, 4.1g sodium acetate, 0.3 g KCl, and 1.65 g sodium citrate in 1 L water, adjusted to pH 7.4 with citric acid.) HPLCVARIABLES Column: A 5 X 1.6 Hypersil ODS-2; B 100 X 3 5 \xm Spherisorb ODS-2 Mobile phase: MeCN: THF: 20 mM pH 6.0 phosphate buffer 22:6.5:71.5 Column temperature: 37 Flow rate: 0.6 Detector: UV 240 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 4 Limit of detection: 100 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: phenobarbital, phenytoin KEYWORDS plasma; column-switching; dialysis REFERENCE
Johansen, K.; Krogh, M.; Andresen, A.T.; Christophersen, A.S.; Lehne, G.; Rasmussen, K.E. Automated analysis of free and total concentrations of three antiepileptic drugs in plasma with on-line dialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. J.Chromatogr.B, 1995, 669, 281-288

SAMPLE Matrix: blood, gastric contents, tissue, urine Sample preparation: 1 mL Blood, urine, or gastric contents or 1 g tissue homogenate + 500 (JLL buffer + 8 mL n-hexane: ethyl acetate 70:30, mix on a rotary mixer for 10 min,

centrifuge at 3000 g for 8 min. Remove the organic layer and evaporate it to dryness under a stream of nitrogen, reconstitute the residue in 100 |xL 12.5 mM NaOH in MeOH-.water 50:50, inject a 50 |xL aliquot. (Buffer was 13.8 g potassium carbonate in 100 mL water, pH adjusted to 9.5 with concentrated HCl.) HPLCVARIABLES Guard column: 4 X 4 30 |xm LiChrocart Aluspher RP-select B (Merck) Column: 125 X 4 5 |xm Aluspher RP-select B (Merck) Mobile phase: Gradient. A was 12.5 mM NaOH in MeOH. B was 12.5 mM NaOH in water. A:B 10:90 for 5 min, to 90:10 over 15 min, maintain at 90:10 for 5 min, return to initial conditions over 1 min, re-equilibrate for 5 min. Flow rate: 1 Injection volume: 50 Detector: UV 230; UV 254 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 12.5 OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: alprenolol, amitriptyline, bromazepam, chlordiazepoxide, chlorpromazine, clonazepam, desipramine, diazepam, flunitrazepam, haloperidol, nitrendipine, nordiazepam, nortriptyline, pindolol, zolpidem Also analyzed: acebutolol, acetaminophen, alprazolam, amphetamine, atenolol, betaxolol, brotizolam, caffeine, camazepam, captopril, chloroquine, clobazam, clomipramine, clothiapine, clotiazepam, cloxazolam, cocaine, codeine, diclofenac, dihydralazine, dihydrocodeine, dihydroergotamine, diphenhydramine, domperidone, doxepin, droperidol, ergotamine, ethyl loflazepate, fenethylline, fluoxetine, flupentixol, flurazepam, furosemide, gliclazide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroxyzine, ibuprofen, imipramine, ketazolam, loprazolam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, maprotiline, medazepam, mepyramine, methadone, methaqualone, methyldopa, methylphenidate, metoclopramide, metoprolol, mexiletine, mianserin, midazolam, minoxidil, morphine, nadolol, nitrazepam, oxprenolol, papaverine, pentazocine, phenprocoumon, phenylbutazone, pipamperone, piritramide, practolol, prazepam, prazosin, promazine, promethazine, propoxyphene, propranolol, prothipendyl, quinine, sotalol, sulpride, thioridazine, trazodone, triazolam, trimipramine, tripelennamine, tyramine, verapamil, yohimbine REFERENCE
Lambert, W.E.; Meyer, E.; De Leenheer, A.P. Systematic toxicological analysis of basic drugs by gradient elution of an alumina-based HPLC packing material under alkaline conditions. J.Anal. Toxicol., 1995, 19, 73-78

SAMPLE Matrix: blood, saliva, urine Sample preparation: Serum. 100 |xL Serum + 200 |xL MeCN, vortex for 10 s, centrifuge at 1500 g for 5 min, inject a 2 fxL aliquot of the supernatant. Saliva. 250 |JLL Saliva + 50 jxL MeCN, centrifuge at 1500 g for 5 min, inject a 2 u-L aliquot of the supernatant. Urine. Condition a Sep-Pak SPE cartridge with 5 mL MeCN then 20 mL water. Add 2 mL urine to the cartridge, wash with 20 mL water, elute with 500 (xL MeCN, inject 2 |xL of the eluent. HPLCVARIABLES Guard column: 20 X 2 3 jim ODS-Hypersil Column: 250 X 2 3 ^m ODS-Hypersil Mobile phase: MeCN: MeOH: 10 mM pH 7.0 phosphate buffer 50:30:110 Column temperature: 40 Flow rate: 0.2

Injection volume: 2 Detector: UV 200 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 13.1 Limit of quantitation: 780 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Simultaneous: carbamazepine-10,ll-epoxide, clonazepam, dihydrodihydroxycarbamazepine, hexobarbital, p-hydroxyphenobarbital, 5-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, 5(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, nitrazepam, phenobarbital, phenylethylmaleimide, phenytoin, primidone Noninterfering: chlordiazepoxide, cyheptamide, diazepam, lorazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, temazepam KEYWORDS serum; SPE REFERENCE
Liu, H.; Delgado, M.; Forman, L.J.; Eggers, CM.; Montoya, J.L. Simultaneous determination ofcarbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone and their principal metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. J.Chromatogr., 1993, 616, 105-115

SAMPLE Matrix: blood, tissue Sample preparation: Tissue. Homogenize 20-200 mg brain tissue with 1 mL 1.5 |xg/mL IS in 1% ammonium acetate + 1% sodium azide buffer:MeCN 99:1, flush apparatus with 1 mL extraction buffer, add 1 mL acetone, shake for 5 min, centrifuge for 10 min. Add sample to an Extrelut-3 SPE cartridge (Kieselguhr), add 1 mL extraction buffer, wait for 10 min, elute with 15 mL extraction solvent. Evaporate the eluate, take up residue in 50 |JLL MeOH, add 50 ILJLL water, inject a 10-25 |JLL aliquot. Serum. 100 JLJLL Serum + 1 mL 1.5 jig/mL IS in 1% ammonium acetate + 1% sodium azide buffer:MeCN 99:1, mix, add 1 mL extraction buffer, mix, add 1 mL acetone, shake for 5 min, centrifuge for 10 min. Add sample to an Extrelut-3 SPE cartridge (Kieselguhr), add 1 mL extraction buffer, wait for 10 min, elute with 15 mL extraction solvent. Evaporate the eluate, take up residue in 50 |xL MeOH, add 50 |xL water, inject a 10-25 |xL aliquot. (Extraction buffer was 20 g NaH2PO4.2H2O + 4.5 g Na2HPO4.2H2O + 1.5 g NaN3 in 1 L water, pH 6. Extraction solvent was dichloromethane: isopropanol 97:3.) HPLCVARIABLES Column: 200 X 2.1 5 jjim Hypersil ODS Mobile phase: Gradient. A was MeCN: 50 mM (NH4)H2PO4 (pH 4.4) 10:90. B was MeCN: 50 mM (NH4)H2PO4 (pH 4.4) 60:40. A:B from 85:15 to 55:45 over 9.5 min, keep at 55: 45 for 0.5 min, return to 85:15 over 0.5 min. Column temperature: 65 Flow rate: 0.3 Injection volume: 10-25 Detector: UV 207 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 10.63 Internal standard: 5-ethyl-5-(p-tolyl)barbituric acid (9.07) Limit of quantitation: 150 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Simultaneous: carbamazepine-10,ll-epoxide, N-desmethylmethsuximide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone

KEYWORDS

serum; SPE; brain

REFERENCE
Juergens, U.; Rambeck, B. Sensitive analysis of antiepileptic drugs in very small portions of human brain by microbore HPLC. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1987, 10, 1847-1863

SAMPLE

Matrix: dialysate Sample preparation: Inject a 25 JJLL aliquot of dialysate containing 1 |xg/mL IS.
HPLCVARIABLES

Guard column: 30 X 2.1 5 |xm Spheri-5 ODS Column: 220 X 2.1 5 |xm Spheri-5 ODS Mobile phase: MeCN-.buffer 27:73 (After 8 min increase flow to 0.5 mL/min over 2 min, maintain at 0.5 mL/min for 12 min, return to 0.2 mL/min over 3 min. Buffer was 50 mM KH2PO4 adjusted to pH 6.5 with 5 M NaOH.) Flow rate: 0.2 Injection volume: 25 Detector: UV 212
CHROMATOGRAM

Internal standard: 2-methyl-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide Limit of detection: 2.5 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: metabolites
KEYWORDS

pharmacokinetics; narrow bore; rat

REFERENCE
Van Belle, K.; Sarre, S.; Ebinger, G.; Michotte, Y. Brain, liver and blood distribution kinetics of carbamazepine and its metabolic interaction with clomipramine in rats: A quantitative microdialysis study. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther., 1995, 272, 1217-1222

SAMPLE

Matrix: dialysate Sample preparation: Inject a 10 |xL aliquot of the dialysate.

HPLCVARIABLES

Column: 100 X 4.6 3jjim Econosphere C18 Mobile phase: MeOH: MeCN: water 17:23:60 Column temperature: 40 Flow rate: 0.6 Injection volume: 10 Detector: UV 210
CHROMATOGRAM

Retention time: 7.55 Limit of quantitation: 20 ng/mL

OTHER SUBSTANCES

Extracted: metabolites, carbamazepine-10,ll-epoxide, carbamazepine-10,ll-trans-diol

KEYWORDS brain REFERENCE

Scheyer, R.D.; During, M.J.; Cramer, J.A.; Toftness, B.R.; Hochholzer, J.M.; Mattson, R.H. Simultaneous HPLC analysis of carbamazepine and carbamazepine epoxide in human brain microdialysate. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1994, 17, 1567-1576

SAMPLE Matrix: formulations Sample preparation: 100 |xL Solution + 100 |xL IS solution, make up to 10 mL with mobile phase, inject an aliquot. HPLCVARIABLES Column: 250 X 4.6 Spherisorb ODS-II Mobile phase: MeOH: water 60:40 Flow rate: 1 Detector: UV 212 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 4.3 Internal standard: carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (6.6) KEYWORDS suspensions; saline; 5% dextrose REFERENCE
Clark-Schmidt, A.L.; Garnett, W.R.; Lowe, D.R.; Karnes, H.T. Loss of carbamazepine suspension through nasogastric feeding tubes. AmJ.Hosp.Pharm., 1990, 47, 2034-2037

SAMPLE Matrix: formulations Sample preparation: Finely powder tablets, weigh out amount equivalent to 30 mg guanabenz acetate, add 190 mL MeCN, sonicate for a few minutes, make up to 200 mL with MeCN, filter. Remove a 14-59 mL aliquot and add it to 9 mL 1 mg/mL carbamazepine in MeCN, make up to 100 mL with MeCN, inject a 20 |xL aliquot. HPLCVARIABLES Column: 250 X 4.6 10 |xm octadecylsilane (Perkin-Elmer) Mobile phase: MeCN: buffer 35:65 (Buffer was 4 mM KH2PO4 adjusted to pH 3.25 with phosphoric acid.) Flow rate: 2.5 Injection volume: 20 Detector: UV 265 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 3 Internal standard: carbamazepine OTHER SUBSTANCES Simultaneous: guanabenz, mefruside KEYWORDS tablets; carbamazepine is IS

REFERENCE
Vio, L.; Mamolo, M.G.; Furlan, G. Quantitative high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of guanabenz and mephruside in pharmaceutical formulations. Farmaco.[Prat]., 1988, 43, 27-36

SAMPLE Matrix: solutions HPLCVARIABLES Column: 250 X 4.6 5 |xm Supelcosil LC-DP (A) or 250 X 4 5 |xm LiChrospher 100 RP-8 (B) Mobile phase: MeCN:0.025% phosphoric acid:buffer 25:10:5 (A) or 60:25:15 (B) (Buffer was 9 mL concentrated phosphoric acid and 10 mL triethylamine in 900 mL water, adjust pH to 3.4 with dilute phosphoric acid, make up to 1 L.) Flow rate: 0.6 Injection volume: 25 Detector: UV 229 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 6.15 (A), 5.49 (B) OTHER SUBSTANCES Also analyzed: acebutolol, acepromazine, acetaminophen, acetazolamide, acetophenazine, albuterol, alprazolam, amitriptyline, amobarbital, amoxapine, antipyrine, atenolol, atropine, azatadine, baclofen, benzocaine, bromocriptine, brompheniramine, brotizolam, bupivacaine, buspirone, butabarbital, butalbital, caffeine, cetirizine, chlorcyclizine, chlordiazepoxide, chlormezanone, chloroquine, chlorpheniramine, chlorpromazine, chlorpropamide, chlorprothixene, chlorthalidone, chlorzoxazone, cimetidine, cisapride, clomipramine, clonazepam, clonidine, clozapine, cocaine, codeine, colchicine, cyclizine, cyclobenzaprine, dantrolene, desipramine, diazepam, diclofenac, diflunisal, diltiazem, diphenhydramine, diphenidol, diphenoxylate, dipyridamole, disopyramide, dobutamine, doxapram, doxepin, droperidol, encainide, ethidium bromide, ethopropazine, fenoprofen, fentanyl, flavoxate, fluoxetine, fluphenazine, flurazepam, flurbiprofen, fluvoxamine, furosemide, glutethimide, glyburide, guaifenesin, haloperidol, homatropine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyzine, ibuprofen, imipramine, indomethacin, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, ketorolac, labetalol, Ievorphanol, lidocaine, loratadine, lorazepam, lovastatin, loxapine, mazindol, mefenamic acid, meperidine, mephenytoin, mepivacaine, mesoridazine, metaproterenol, methadone, methdilazine, methocarbamol, methotrexate, methotrimeprazine, methoxamine, methyldopa, methylphenidate, metoclopramide, metolazone, metoprolol, metronidazole, midazolam, moclobemide, morphine, nadolol, nalbuphine, naloxone, naphazoline, naproxen, nifedipine, nizatidine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymetazoline, paroxetine, pemoline, pentazocine, pentobarbital, pentoxifylline, perphenazine, pheniramine, phenobarbital, phenol, phenolphthalein, phentolamine, phenylbutazone, phenyltoloxamine, phenytoin, pimozide, pindolol, piroxicam, pramoxine, prazepam, prazosin, probenecid, procainamide, procaine, prochlorperazine, procyclidine, promazine, promethazine, propafenone, propantheline, propiomazine, propofol, propranolol, protriptyline, quazepam, quinidine, quinine, racemethorphan, ranitidine, remoxipride, risperidone, salicylic acid, scopolamine, secobarbital, sertraline, sotalol, spironolactone, sulfinpyrazone, sulindac, temazepam, terbutaline, terfenadine, tetracaine, theophylline, thiethylperazine, thiopental, thioridazine, thiothixene, timolol, tocainide, tolbutamide, tolmetin, trazodone, triamterene, triazolam, trifluoperazine, triflupromazine, trimeprazine, trimethoprim, trimipramine, verapamil, warfarin, xylometazoline, yohimbine, zopiclone KEYWORDS details of plasma extraction

REFERENCE
Koves, E.M. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection in forensic toxicology. J.ChromatogrA, 1995, 692, 103-119

SAMPLE Matrix: solutions HPLCVARIABLES Guard column: 30 X 3.2 7 \xm SI 100 ODS (not commercially available) Column: 150 X 3.2 7 jutm SI 100 ODS (not commercially available) Mobile phase: MeCN: buffer 31.2:68.8 (Buffer was 6.66 g KH2PO4 and 4.8 g 85% phosphoric acid in 1 L water, pH 2.3.) Flow rate: 0.5-1 Detector: UV 208; UV 233 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 4.2 Internal standard: 5-(4-methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (7.3) OTHER SUBSTANCES Also analyzed: aspirin, chlordiazepoxide, chlorprothixene, clonazepam, caffeine, diazepam, doxylamine, ethosuximide, furosemide, haloperidol, hydrochlorothiazide, methocarbamol, methotrimeprazine, nicotine, oxazepam, procaine, promazine, propafenone, propranolol, salicylamide, temazepam, tetracaine, thiopental, triamterene, verapamil, zolpidem, zopiclone REFERENCE
Below, E.; Burrmann, M. Application of HPLC equipment with rapid scan detection to the identification of drugs in toxicological analysis. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1994, 17, 4131-4144

SAMPLE Matrix: solutions HPLC VARIABLES Column: 250 X 4.6 Zorbax RX Mobile phase: Gradient. A was 10 mL concentrated orthophosphoric acid and 7 mL triethylamine in 1 L water. B was 10 mL concentrated orthophosphoric acid and 7 mL triethylamine in 200 mL water, make up to 1 L with MeCN. A:B from 100:0 to 0:100 over 30 min, maintain at 0:100 for 5 min. Column temperature: 30 Flow rate: 2 Detector: UV 210 OTHER SUBSTANCES Also analyzed: acepromazine, acetaminophen, acetophenazine, albuterol, aminophylline, amitriptyline, amobarbital, amoxapine, amphetamine, amylocaine, antipyrine, aprobarbital, aspirin, atenolol, atropine, avermectin, barbital, benzocaine, benzoic acid, benzotropine, benzphetamine, berberine, bibucaine, bromazepan, brompheniramine, buprenorphine, buspirone, butabarbital, butacaine, butethal, caffeine, carbromal, chloramphenicol, chlordiazepoxide, chloroquine, chlorothiazide, chloroxylenol, chlorphenesin, chlorpheniramine, chlorpromazine, chlorpropamide, chlortetracycline, cimetidine, cinchonidine, cinchonine, clenbuterol, clonazepam, clonixin, clorazepate, cocaine, codeine, colchicine, cortisone, coumarin, cyclazocine, cyclobenzaprine, cyclothiazide, cyheptamide, cymarin, danazol, danthron, dapsone, debrisoquine, desipramine, dexamethasone, dextromethorphan, dextropropoxyphene, diamorphine, diazepam, diclofenac, diethylpropion, diethylstilbestrol, diflunisal, digitoxin, digoxin, diltiazem, diphenhydramine, diphenoxylate, di-

prenorphine, dipyrone, disulfiram, dopamine, doxapram, doxepin, dronabinol, ephedrine, epinephrine, epinine, estradiol, estriol, estrone, ethacrynic acid, ethosuximide, etonitazene, etorphine, eugenol, famotidine, fenbendazole, fencamfamine, fenoprofen, fenproporex, fentanyl, flubendazole, flufenamic acid, flunitrazepam, 5-fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, fluphenazine, furosemide, gentisic acid, gitoxigenin, glipizide, glunixin, glutethimide, glybenclamide, guaiacol, halazepam, haloperidol, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydrocortisone, hydromorphone, hydroxyquinoline, ibogaine, ibuprofen, iminostilbene, imiprainine, indomethacin, isocarbostyril, isocarboxazid, isoniazid, isoproterenol, isoxsuprine, ivermectin, ketamine, ketoprofen, kynurenic acid, levorphanol, lidocaine, lorazepam, lormetazepam, loxapine, mazindol, mebendazole, meclizine, meclofenamic acid, medazepam, mefenamic acid, megestrol, mepacrine, meperidine, mephentermine, mephenytoin, mephesin, mephobarbital, mepivacaine, mescaline, mesoridazine, methadone, methamphetamine, methapyrilene, methaqualone, methazolamide, methocarbamol, methoxamine, methsuximide, methyl salicylate, methyldopa, methyldopamine, methylphenidate, methylprednisolone, methyltestosterone, methyprylon, metoprolol, mibolerone, morphine, nadolol, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, naphazoline, naproxen, nefopam, niacinamide, nicotine, nicotinic acid, nifedipine, niflumic acid, nitrazepam, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, noscapine, nylidrin, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymorphone, oxyphenbutazone, oxytetracycline, papaverine, pargyline, pemoline, pentazocine, pentobarbital, persantine, phenacetin, phenazocine, phenazopyridine, phencyclidine, phendimetrazine, phenelzine, pheniramine, phenobarbital, phenothiazine, phensuximide, phentermine, phenylbutazone, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, piperocaine, prazepam, prednisolone, primidone, probenecid, progesterone, propiomazine, propranolol, propylparaben, pseudoephedrine, puromycin, pyrilamine, pyrithyldione, quazepam, quinaldic acid, quinidine, quinine, ranitidine, recinnamine, reserpine, resorcinol, saccharin, albuterol, salicylamide, salicylic acid, scopolamine, scopoletin, secobarbital, strychnine, sulfacetamide, sufadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfaethidole, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxizole, sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, sulfasoxizole, sulindac, tamoxifen, temazepam, testosterone, tetracaine, tetracycline, tetramisole, thebaine, theobromine, theophylline, thiabendazole, thiamine, thiamylal, thiobarbituric acid, thioridazine, thiosalicylic acid, thiothixene, thymol, tolazamide, tolazoline, tobutamide, tolmetin, tranylcypromine, triamcinolone, tribenzylamine, trichloromethiazide, trifluoperazine, trihexyphenidyl, trimethoprim, tripelennamine, triproilidine, tropacocaine, tyramine, verapamil, vincamine, warfarin, yohimbine, zoxazolamine REFERENCE
Hill, D. W.; Kind, A. J. Reversed-phase solvent gradient HPLC retention indexes of drugs. J.Anal.ToxicoL, 1994, 18, 233-242

SAMPLE Matrix: solutions HPLC VARIABLES Column: 250 X 4.6 Econosil C8 Mobile phase: MeCN-.buffer 30:70 (Buffer was 20 mM KH2PO4 and 14 mM triethylamine adjusted to pH 3.0 with phosphoric acid.) Injection volume: 20 Detector: UV 210 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 7.3 Limit of quantitation: < 1000 ng/mL OTHER SUBSTANCES Simultaneous: amitriptyline, amoxapine, imipramine, nortriptyline Also analyzed: cyclobenzaprine, desipramine, doxepin, maprotiline, protriptyline

KEYWORDS UV spectra given REFERENCE

Ryan, T.W. Identification and quantification of tricyclic antidepressants by UV-photodiode array detection with multicomponent analysis. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1993, 16, 1545-1560

SAMPLE Matrix: urine Sample preparation: Buffer urine to 4.9 by mixing with an equal volume of pH 4.9 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer. Inject a 40 |xL aliquot onto column A with mobile phase A, after 3 min backflush the contents of column A onto column B with mobile phase B and start the gradient. At the end of the run re-equilibrate for 10 min. HPLCVARIABLES Column: A 20 X 4 5 ^m Hypersil octadecylsilica ODS; B 200 X 4.6 5 |xm Shiseido SG-120 polymer-based C18 Mobile phase: A water; B Gradient. MeCN:buffer from 7:93 to 15:85 over 3.5 min, to 50:50 over 8.5 min, maintain at 50:50 for 11 min (Buffer was 6.9 g NaH2PO4-H2O in 1 L water, pH adjusted to 3.1 with phosphoric acid.) Flow rate: 1 Injection volume: 40 Detector: UV 230 CHROMATOGRAM Retention time: 16.2 OTHER SUBSTANCES Extracted: acetazolamide, amiloride, bendroflumethiazide, benzthiazide, bumetanide, caffeine, chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, clopamide, dichlorfenamide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, metyrapone, probenecid, spironolactone, triamterene, trichlormethiazide KEYWORDS column-switching; optimum detection wavelengths vary for each drug REFERENCE
Saarinen, M.; Siren, H.; Riekkola, M.-L. A column switching technique for the screening of diuretics in urine by high performance liquid chromatography. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1993, 16, 4063-4078

4
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performance liquid chromatography, the standard TDx assay, the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, and a new patient-side immunoassay cartridge system. Ther.Drug Monit, 1994, 16, 608-612 Romanyshyn, L.A.; Wichmann, J.K.; Kucharczyk, N.; Shumaker, R.C.; Ward, D.; Sofia, R.D. Simultaneous determination of felbamate, primidone, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, two carbamazepine metabolites, phenytoin, and one phenytoin metabolite in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ther.Drug Monit., 1994,16, 90-99 [plasma; extracted metabolites, felbamate, phenobarbital, primidone; column temp 40-50; LOQ 195-391 ng/mL; simultaneous acetaminophen, aspirin, brompheniramine, caffeine, chlorpheniramine, dextromethorphan, dimethadione, ethosuximide, ethotoin, ibuprofen, iministilbene, mephenytoin, mephobarbital, metharbital, methsuximide, paramethadione, phenacemide, phensuximide, phenylpropanolamine, theophylline, trimethadione; noninterfering clonazepam; valproic acid] Smigol, V.; Svec, R; Frechet, J.M.J. Novel uniformly sized polymeric stationary phase with hydrophilized large pores for direct injection HPLC determination of drugs in biological fluids. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1994, 17, 891-911 [direct injection; cow; plasma; also aspirin, caffeine, lidocaine, phenytoin, salicylic acid, theobromine, theophylline] Spigset, O.; Carleborg, L.; Mjorndal, T.; Norstrom, A.; Sundgren, M. Carbamazepine interference in a high-performance liquid chromatography analysis for perphenazine. Ther.Drug Monit., 1994, 16, 332-333 [interfering perphenazine; serum] Sudo, Y.; Akiba, M.; Sakaki, T.; Takahata, Y. Glycerylalkylsilylated silica gels for direct injection analysis of drugs in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J.Liq.Chromatogr, 1994, 17, 17431754 [direct injection; serum; extracted phenobarbital, phenytoin] Betlach, C.J.; Gonzalez, M.A.; McKiernan, B.C.; Neff-Davis, C; Bodor, N. Oral phrmacokinetics of carbamazepine in dogs from commercial tablets and a cyclodextrin complex. J.Pharm.Sci., 1993, 82, 1058-1060 [dog; plasma; SPE; tolybarb (IS); LOQ 330 ng/mL; pharmacokinetics] Bonato, P.S.; Lanchote, V.L. A rapid procedure for the purification of biological samples to be analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. J.Liq.Chromatogr, 1993, 16, 2299-2308 [also albendazole, clonazepam, desalkylflurazepam, mebendazole; methaqualone (IS)] Liu, H.; Delgado, M.; Iannaccone, S.T.; Forman, L.J.; Eggers, CM. Determination of total and free carbamazepine and the principal metabolites in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. Ther.Drug Monit., 1993, 15, 317-327 Miller, R.B.; Vranderick, M. A validated HPLC method for the determination of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,ll-epoxide in human plasma. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1993, 16, 12491261 [plasma; extracted metabolites; lorazepam (IS); non-interfering acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, ethosuximide, ibuprofen, nicotine, phenytoin, theophylline, valproic acid] Vatassery, G.T.; Holden, L.A.; Dysken, M.W. Resolution of the interference from carbamazepine and diphenhydramine during reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol. J.Anal.Toxicol, 1993, 17, 304-306 Bonato, P.S.; Lanchote, V.L.; de Carvalho, D.; Ache, P. Measurement of carbamazepine and its main biotransformation products in plasma by HPLC. J.Anal.Toxicol., 1992, 16, 88-92 He, J.; Shibukawa, A.; Nakagawa, T. Direct injection analysis of carbamazepine and its active 10,11epoxide metabolite in plasma by use of a semipermeable surface (SPS) silica column in LC. J.Pharm.Biomed.Anal, 1992, 10, 289-294 Schmitz, S.; Warren, F.V.; Bidlingmeyer, B.A. Analysis of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide in serum by direct sample injection using surfactant containing eluents and column switching. J.Pharm.Biomed.Anal, 1991, 9, 985-994 Schramm, W; Annesley, T.M.; Siegel, G.J.; Sackellares, J.C.; Smith, R.H. Measurement of phenytoin and carbamazepine in an ultrafiltrate of saliva. Ther.Drug Monit., 1991, 13, 452-460 Tsaprounis, CK.; Kajbaf, M.; Gorrod, J. W. Simultaneous determination of carbamazepine and its major metabolites in human plasma and urine by HPLC J.Clin.Pharm.Ther, 1991, 16, 257-262 Moor, M.J.; Rashed, M.S.; Kalhorn, T.F.; Levy, R.H.; Howald, WN. Application of thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the simultaneous quantification of tracer concentrations of isotopically labelled carbamazepine epoxide and steady-state levels of carbamazepine and carbamazepine epoxide. J.Chromatogr., 1989, 474, 223-230

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