Mathematical Modeling Lecture

Predator-prey model

an example of the mathematical modeling

Predator-prey models are argubly the building blocks of the bio- and ecosystems as biomasses are grown out of their resource masses. Species compete, evolve and disperse simply for the purpose of seeking resources to sustain their struggle for their very existence. Depending on their specific settings of applications, they can take the forms of resourceconsumer, plant-herbivore, parasite-host, tumor cells (virus)-immune system, susceptibleinfectious interactions, etc. They deal with the general loss-win interactions and hence may have applications outside of ecosystems. When seemingly competitive interactions are carefully examined, they are often in fact some forms of predator-prey interaction in disguise.

Consider two populations whose sizes at a reference time t are denoted by x(t), y(t), respectively. The functions x and y might denote population numbers or concentrations (number per area) or some other scaled measure of the populations sizes, but are taken to be continuous functions

dx = xf ( x, y ) dt
dy = yg ( x, y ) dt

Reference time : t Population(Prey) : x(t) Population(Predators) : y(t) respective per capita growth rates

Consider two populations whose sizes at a reference time t are denoted by x(t), y(t), respectively. The functions x and y might denote population numbers or concentrations (number per area) or some other scaled measure of the populations sizes, but are taken to be continuous functions

dx = xf ( x, y ) dt dy = yg ( x, y ) dt

df ( x, y ) dg ( x, y ) <0 >0 dy dx

(Prey)

(Predator)

This general model is often called Kolmogorov's predator-prey model (Freedman 1980, Brauer and CastilloChavez 2000).

In 1926, the famous Italian mathematician Vito Volterra proposed a differential equation model to explain the observed increase in predator fish (and corresponding decrease in prey fish) in the Adriatic Sea during World War I. At the same time in the United States, the equations studied by Volterra were derived independently by Alfred Lotka (1925) to describe a hypothetical chemical reaction in which the chemical concentrations oscillate. The Lotka-Volterra model is the simplest model of predator-prey interactions. It is based on linear per capita growth rates, which are written as

f ( x, y ) = b py g ( x, y ) = rx d

dx = (b py ) x dt dy = (rx d ) y dx

the growth rate of species x the impact of predation on x the death (or emigration) rate of species y the net rate of growth (or immigration) of the predator population

This system is referred to as the Lotka-Volterra model: it represents one of the earliest models in mathematical ecology.

This system is referred to as the Lotka-Volterra model: it represents one of the earliest models in mathematical ecology.

dx = (b py ) x dt dy = (rx d ) y dx

=B5*($B$1-$D$1*C5)

=C5*(-$B$2+$D$2*B5)

b (the growth rate of species x) : 0.04 p (the impact of predation on x) : 0.0004 d (the death (or emigration) rate of species y) : 0.08 r (the net rate of growth (or immigration) of the predator population) : 0.0001

This system is referred to as the Lotka-Volterra model: it represents one of the earliest models in mathematical ecology.

dx = (b py ) x dt dy = (rx d ) y dx
b (the growth rate of species x) : 0.04 p (the impact of predation on x) : 0.0004 d (the death (or emigration) rate of species y) : 0.08 r (the net rate of growth (or immigration) of the predator population) : 0.0001

Bifurcation theory is the mathematical study of changes in the qualitative or topological structure of a given family. Examples of such families are the integral curves of a family of vector fields or, the solutions of a family of differential equations. Most commonly applied to the mathematical study of dynamical systems, a bifurcation occurs when a small smooth change made to the parameter values (the bifurcation parameters) of a system causes a sudden 'qualitative' or topological change in its behaviour. Bifurcations occur in both continuous systems (described by ODEs, DDEs or PDEs), and discrete systems (described by maps). :

dx = (b py ) x dt dy = (rx d ) y dx
b (the growth rate of species x) : 0.04 p (the impact of predation on x) : 0.0004 d (the death (or emigration) rate of species y) : 0.08 r (the net rate of growth (or immigration) of the predator population) : 0.0001 27th-month : Hunting predators (138 67)

Fixed : 67

In particular, fixed points can be created or destroyed, or their stability can change. These qualitative chnages in the dynamics are called bifurcations and the parameter values at which they occur are called bifurcation points.

b.p. point

dx = (b py ) x dt dy = (rx d ) y dx
b (the growth rate of species x) : 0.04 p (the impact of predation on x) : 0.0004 d (the death (or emigration) rate of species y) : 0.08 r (the net rate of growth (or immigration) of the predator population) : 0.0001 27th-month : Hunting predators (138 67)

An equilibrium (or equilibrium point) of a dynamical system generated by an autonomous system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is a solution that does not change with time. For example, each motionless pendulum position in Fig.1 corresponds to an equilibrium of the corresponding equations of motion, one is stable, the other one is not. Geometrically, equilibria are points in the system's phase space.

dx = (b py ) x dt dy = (rx d ) y dx

C = b ln( y (t )) py (t ) rx(t ) + d ln( x(t )) z = b ln( y ) py rx + d ln( x )

http://math1.skku.ac.kr/home/pub/399/

z = ln( y ) y x + ln (x )

The model above has been derived independently in the following fields:

dx = (b py ) x dt
(susceptible)

dy = (rx d ) y dx
(infective)

x x x

Y Y Y

Epidemics (Kermak and McKendrick 1927, 1932, 1933) b=0

(chemical radicals)

(chemical radicals)

Combustion theory (Semenov 1935) H2O2 combustion

(populace)

(predatory institution)

Economics (Galbraith 2006)

Kermack-McKendrick Model

General Predator-Prey Model

Lotka-Volterra Model

Jacob-Monod Model

Biochemical Process

Predation with Time De Reproduction Equation lays: Chaos in Ricker's

Malthus's model

Chaotic dynamics

Dynamics of Ricker's population.

1. F. Brauer and C. Castillo-Chavez, Mathematical Models in Population Biology and Epidemiology, Springer-Verlag, 2. H. I. Freedman, Deterministic Mathematical Models in Population Ecology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1980. 3. J.K. Galbraith, The Predator State, Mother Jones, May/June 2006. 4. J. Gleick, Chaos: The Making of a New Science, Viking Press, New York, 1987. 398. Heidelberg, 2000.

5. C. S. Holling, The characteristics of simple type of predation and parasitism, Canadian Entomologist 91 (1959), 3856. F.C. Hoppensteadt, J.M. Hyman, Periodic solutions of a logistics difference equation, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 7. O. Kermack, A.G. McKendrick, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 115(1927)700-721, 138(1932)55-83, 141(1933)94-122. 9. M. Kot, Elements of Mathematical Ecology, Cambridge University Press, 2001 58(1977)73-81.

8. N. Keyfitz, W. Flieger, Populations: Fact and Methods of Demography, W.H.Freeman, San Francisco, 1971. 10. A.J. Lotka, Elements of physical biology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1925.

11. R. M. May, Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems, Princeton U. Press, NJ, 1974. 12. N.N. Semenov, Chemical Kinetics and Chain Reactions, Clarendon, Oxford, 1935. 13. H. Smith, P. Waltman, The Mathematical Theory of Chemostats, Cambridge U. Press, 1997. Lincei 2(1926)31~113

14. V. Volterra, Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d'individui in specie animali conviventi. Mem. R. Accad. Naz. dei