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Mexico Notes (IB History)

Radical priests Hidalgo and Morelos began Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain in the early 1800s, which was later completed by Agustin de Iturbide in 1821. After independence, Mexico's economy struggled due to the end of Spanish trade monopolies, a large foreign debt, and unstable political system divided between Liberal and Conservative factions. Liberals favored a federalist system modeled on the US while Conservatives advocated for a stronger central government with the Catholic Church maintaining influence. This division led to political instability in the early decades after independence as the two sides vied for power.

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138 views2 pages

Mexico Notes (IB History)

Radical priests Hidalgo and Morelos began Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain in the early 1800s, which was later completed by Agustin de Iturbide in 1821. After independence, Mexico's economy struggled due to the end of Spanish trade monopolies, a large foreign debt, and unstable political system divided between Liberal and Conservative factions. Liberals favored a federalist system modeled on the US while Conservatives advocated for a stronger central government with the Catholic Church maintaining influence. This division led to political instability in the early decades after independence as the two sides vied for power.

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Andy C. Xiong H.O.A. Pd.

4 Decolonization And the Search For National Identities Mexico (Outline Notes)
Radical priests Hidalgo and Morelos began the struggle for Mexican independence. Agustin de Iturbide completed the struggle for Mexican independence. (He headed a coalition of creole and peninsular conservative who were scared of being governed by the Spanish constitution of 1812.) Hidalgo had a short-term impact on the social, economic, and political patterns of Mexican development. Illicit holding of hacienda grew stronger. Laborers and tenants suffered from debt servitude, miserable wages, oppressive rents, and excessive religious fees. A. The Mexican Economy End of Spanish commercial monopoly brought a large increase in foreign trade. New government inherited a bankrupt treasury and had to support a swollen bureaucracy and officer class ready to revolt against any government that suggested a cut in their pay. Exodus of Spanish merchants and their capital. Bands of robbers made travel on the roads unsafe. 1824-1825: English bankers made loans of about 32 million pesos to Mexico. Mexicans only received a little over 11 million pesos because bankers went bankrupt. 1843: Mexicos foreign debt increased to 54 million pesos from unpaid interest and principal. Threatened Mexicos independence and territorial integrity. Britain was participating a lot in foreign investments, making partial recovery of the mining sectors of Mexico. However, production remained on a low level. Banco de Avio (1830) provided governmental assistance to industry. Made an effort to revive and modernize the Mexican industry. 1843: Banco de Avio closed doors due to lack of funds. The Mexican economy continued to be based on mining and agriculture. Principal exports: precious metals, silver, and agricultural products (tobacco, coffee, vanilla, cochineal, and henequen [plant fiber used for ropes & twine]) B. Politics: Liberals Versus Conservatives September 27, 1821: liberator Iturbide rode into Mexico City. Led by two insurgent generals Vicente Guerrero & Guadalupe Victoria. Iturbide fell by 1823 and made way for the establishment of a republic. Republicans were divided into: Liberals (federalists) Conservatives (centralists) Constitution of 1824 represented a compromise between liberal and conservative interests. Created 19 states that possessed taxing power. National legislature made bicameral: upper house (Senate) & lower house (Chamber of Deputies) Conservative tinge: Catholicism was made the official language (albeit the church lost its monopoly on education.) Guadalupe Victoria was elected first president under the new constitution. Brought upon the conservative Lucas Alaman, but in 1825, he was forced out of the government. Part of Conservative Party by the British.

Andy C. Xiong H.O.A. Pd. 4


There was a form of rivalry that reflected the Anglo-American competition for economic and political influence in Mexico. These two groups were: York Rite Masonic lodge Founded by American minister Joel Roberts Poinsett. Favored liberals & federalists, who regarded the U.S. as a model for their own reform program. Scottish Rite lodge Sponsored by British charge daffaires Henry Ward. Appealed to Conservative Party (which represented old landed and mining aristocracy, the clerical and military hierarchy, monopolistic merchants, and some manufacturers.) Spokesman was Lucas Alaman. Liberal Party represented a creole and mestizo middle class, who were determined to end political and economic power in the upper class. Jose Maria Luis Mora presented liberal position with great force and lucidity. Divided into moderados (wanted to proceed slowly and sometimes joined the conservatives) and puros (advocated sweeping antifeudal, andticlerical reforms). 1833: puro President Valentin Gomez Farias pushed through Congress a series of radical reforms: Abolition of the special privileges and immunities of the army and church; abolition of tithes (1/10 of income towards the church for support), reduction of the army, & creation of a civilian militia.

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