Data Collection

Data Collection
Technologies for Road
Technologies for Road
Management
Management
Brown Bag Lunch Presentation Brown Bag Lunch Presentation
4 May 2005 4 May 2005
Christopher R. Bennett Christopher R. Bennett
EASTR EASTR
Introduction
Introduction
Project Objectives
Project Objectives

Give an overview of technologies available to Give an overview of technologies available to

collect data on collect data on
G G Pavements Pavements
G G Bridges Bridges
G G Traffic Volume and Weight Traffic Volume and Weight

Provide information to managers to help Provide information to managers to help

G G Establish an appropriate data collection Establish an appropriate data collection
program program
G G Procure appropriate equipment Procure appropriate equipment
Project Details
Project Details

Funded by TRISP Funded by TRISP

Group Effort Group Effort

G G C.R. Bennett (World Bank) C.R. Bennett (World Bank)
G G H. de H. de Solminihac Solminihac/A. Chamorro (Catholic /A. Chamorro (Catholic
University Chile) University Chile) - - Pavements Pavements
G G G. G. Flintsch Flintsch/C. Chen (Virginia Tech) /C. Chen (Virginia Tech) - - Bridges Bridges
and and Traffic Traffic
G G Conducted Conducted research and user surveys research and user surveys

Outputs: Outputs:
G G Report Report
G G www.road www.road- -management.info management.info
Road Management Data
Road Management Data
Project
Focus
Categories of Data
Categories of Data

Inventory Inventory
G G Physical elements Physical elements
of system of system
G G Do not change Do not change
markedly over markedly over
time time
G G Typically Typically
measured in measured in one one
off off exercise and exercise and
updated updated

Condition Condition
G G Change over time Change over time
G G Require regular Require regular
(or irregular) (or irregular)
monitoring monitoring
What to Collect?
What to Collect?

Foundational question Foundational question

Decision often based on Decision often based on

G G Wish list ( Wish list ( nice to have nice to have ) )
G G Existing or historical data collection Existing or historical data collection
processes processes

Can lead to data collection becoming an end in Can lead to data collection becoming an end in
itself itself

Excessive or inefficient data collection could Excessive or inefficient data collection could
compromise project compromise project
Recommended Approach
Recommended Approach

Collect only the data you need Collect only the data you need

Collect data to the lowest level of detail Collect data to the lowest level of detail
sufficient to make an appropriate decision sufficient to make an appropriate decision

Collect data only when they are needed Collect data only when they are needed

Use pilot studies to test the appropriateness of Use pilot studies to test the appropriateness of
the approach the approach
Information Quality Levels
Information Quality Levels
Performance
Structure Condition
Ride Distress Friction
IQL-5
IQL-4
IQL-3
IQL-2
IQL-1
System Performance
Monitoring
Planning and
Performance Evaluation
Programme Analysis or
Detailed Planning
Project Level or
Detailed Programme
Project Detail or
Research
HIGH LEVEL DATA
LOW LEVEL DATA
Survey Frequency
Survey Frequency

Inventory Data Inventory Data

G G One off exercise One off exercise
G G Updated/verified ~5 years Updated/verified ~5 years

Pavement Condition Data Pavement Condition Data

G G Main roads 1 Main roads 1- -2 years 2 years
G G Minor roads ~2 Minor roads ~2- -5 years 5 years

Bridge Condition Data Bridge Condition Data

G G Regular surveys 1 Regular surveys 1- -2 years 2 years
G G Intensive surveys ~5 years Intensive surveys ~5 years

Traffic Data Traffic Data

G G Permanent count stations (24/7/365) Permanent count stations (24/7/365)
G G Short Short- -term count stations (~ 1 term count stations (~ 1 - - 7 days) 7 days)
Location Referencing
Location Referencing
The Most Important Issue
The Most Important Issue

Unless properly referenced, data will be of Unless properly referenced, data will be of
limited use limited use

Two elements: Two elements:

G G The location The location
G G The address used to identify the location The address used to identify the location

Three components: Three components:

G G Identification of a known point ( Identification of a known point (eg eg km stone) km stone)
G G Direction ( Direction (ie ie increasing/decreasing) increasing/decreasing)
G G Distance measurement ( Distance measurement (ie ie displacement/ displacement/
offset) offset)
One Location
One Location
-
-
Many
Many
Addresses
Addresses
0 1 2
0.9 km 1.0 km
0.4 km
R R
0.5 km
km point: 1.3
km post: 1.4
ref post: 1 + 0.4
ref post: 2 - 0.6
ref point: RR239 + 0.8
Addresses
Location
RR239
Linear Referencing
Linear Referencing

Most common Most common

Different methods Different methods

G G Kilometre point ( Kilometre point (e.g., e.g., 9.29) 9.29)
G G Kilometre post ( Kilometre post (e.g., e.g., 9.29 with equations) 9.29 with equations)
G G Reference point ( Reference point (e.g., e.g., xx + 0.29) xx + 0.29)
G G Reference post ( Reference post (e.g., e.g., xx + 0.29) xx + 0.29)
Spatial Referencing
Spatial Referencing

Latitude/Longitude Latitude/Longitude

Usually measured with GPS Usually measured with GPS

G G Accuracy typically 95% +/ Accuracy typically 95% +/- - 10 m 10 m

Improved through differential correction or Improved through differential correction or

post post- -processing processing
G G Survey issues will typically give accuracy +/ Survey issues will typically give accuracy +/- -
1 m 1 m

Recorded in WGS84 datum and so usually Recorded in WGS84 datum and so usually
needs to be converted to local co needs to be converted to local co- -ordinate ordinate
system system
Example of Projection Problem
Example of Projection Problem
GPS Topological Corrections
GPS Topological Corrections
Pavement Data Collection
Pavement Data Collection
Pavement Data Framework
Pavement Data Framework
Measurement Equipment
Measurement Equipment
Types
Types
Multi
Multi
-
-
function Systems
function Systems

Measure multiple attributes in a single pass Measure multiple attributes in a single pass

Most cost effective and reduces location Most cost effective and reduces location
referencing issues referencing issues

Two groups: Two groups:

G G Portable systems: installed in any vehicle Portable systems: installed in any vehicle
G G Dedicated systems: custom instrumented Dedicated systems: custom instrumented
vehicle vehicle

Portable usually cheaper and more sustainable Portable usually cheaper and more sustainable
but sophisticated measurements require but sophisticated measurements require
dedicated vehicle dedicated vehicle
Location Referencing
Location Referencing

Digital DMI (< $1 k) Digital DMI (< $1 k)

GPS (< $1 GPS (< $1 10 k) 10 k)

GPS with Inertial System (< $2 GPS with Inertial System (< $2 - - 15 k) 15 k)
Video Logging
Video Logging
Geometry
Geometry

Combine GPS and precision gyroscopes/ Combine GPS and precision gyroscopes/
inclinometers (> $50k) inclinometers (> $50k)

Precise 3 Precise 3- -D measurements including cross D measurements including cross- -fall fall
Roughness
Roughness

Bumpiness Bumpiness of road of road

Usually related to Usually related to

servicability servicability but also but also
reflects structural reflects structural
deterioration deterioration

Affects VOC, safety, Affects VOC, safety,

comfort, speed comfort, speed

Most commonly expressed Most commonly expressed

as IRI as IRI

IRI simulates response of IRI simulates response of

Quarter Quarter- -car car to road profile to road profile
Types of Equipment
Types of Equipment
Roughness Measurements
Roughness Measurements
Class I
Class III
Variability Between Class I
Variability Between Class I
Instruments
Instruments
0
10
20
30
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
Section 5
13 measurements > 220 in/mi
IRI (in/mi)
Number of Measurements
2.5 TRT {m/Rm) 3.5
Comparison of Footprints
Comparison of Footprints
Texture
Texture

Measurements focus Measurements focus

on on microtexture microtexture and and
macrotexture macrotexture

High speed High speed

measurements use measurements use
lasers lasers

Expressed as the Expressed as the

MPD or SMTD MPD or SMTD
Texture Measurements
Texture Measurements
Macrotexture
Microtexture
Skid Resistance
Skid Resistance

Primarily function of surface texture Primarily function of surface texture

Tire contact with texture creates Tire contact with texture creates grip grip under under
wet conditions wet conditions

Speed has impact Speed has impact

G G < 70 km/h: < 70 km/h: microtexture microtexture dominates dominates
G G > 70 km/h: > 70 km/h: macrotexture macrotexture important important

Measured indirectly by operating wet tire on Measured indirectly by operating wet tire on
pavement pavement

Often expressed as IFI Often expressed as IFI

Skid Resistance
Skid Resistance
Measurements
Measurements
Dynamic
Static
Structural Capacity
Structural Capacity

Destructive Destructive
techniques techniques
G G Coring Coring
G G DCP DCP

Non Non- -destructive destructive

techniques techniques
G G Deflection Deflection
measurements measurements
Deflectometers
Deflectometers
Trailer FWD
Vehicle FWD Portable
Benkelman Beam
Benkelman Beam
Ground Penetrating Radar
Ground Penetrating Radar
Surface Distresses
Surface Distresses

Performed manually or with automated Performed manually or with automated

equipment equipment

Includes: Includes:
G G Cracking Cracking
G G Surface Defects Surface Defects
G G Deformations Deformations

Great variation in measures used between Great variation in measures used between
countries countries
Distress Measurements
Distress Measurements
Video Distress Analysis
Video Distress Analysis
Current Situation
Current Situation

Video
Video
Distress
Distress

A number of successful commercial systems A number of successful commercial systems

Some degree of human intervention required Some degree of human intervention required

Systems usually expensive (> $200 k) and Systems usually expensive (> $200 k) and
require dedicated vehicles with supplemental require dedicated vehicles with supplemental
lighting lighting

Technology Technology evolving evolving

Rut Depths
Rut Depths

Measured using Measured using

discrete sensors discrete sensors
(ultrasonic/laser) or (ultrasonic/laser) or
line line

Data analyzed to Data analyzed to

simulate rut depth simulate rut depth
under a straight edge under a straight edge

Systematic under Systematic under- -

recording with recording with
discrete sensors discrete sensors
Selecting Equipment
Selecting Equipment

Used multi Used multi- -criteria analysis based on survey criteria analysis based on survey
and literature review and literature review
Cost/Performance Matrix
Cost/Performance Matrix
Traffic Data
Traffic Data
Types of Traffic Equipment
Types of Traffic Equipment

Generally two Generally two

components components
G G Sensor Sensor
G G Data Logger Data Logger

Different Different
technologies for technologies for
different different
purposes purposes
Classifications
Classifications

Based on number Based on number

of axles and axle of axles and axle
spacings spacings or length or length

Different countries Different countries

have different have different
systems systems

Important to be Important to be
able to set up for able to set up for
local vehicle fleet local vehicle fleet
Data Produced by Different
Data Produced by Different
Sensors
Sensors
Examples of Sensors
Examples of Sensors
Inductance
Loop
Video Detection
Manual Counters
Manual Counters
Vehicle Weighing Equipment
Vehicle Weighing Equipment
Static Plate
Capacitance
Pad
WIM Classifications
WIM Classifications

Type I Type I high accuracy data collection systems high accuracy data collection systems
(typically bending plate scale type WIM); (typically bending plate scale type WIM);

Type II Type II lower cost data collection systems lower cost data collection systems
(typically piezoelectric scale type WIM); (typically piezoelectric scale type WIM);

Type III Type III systems for use in a sorting systems for use in a sorting
application at weigh station entrance ramps application at weigh station entrance ramps
(bending plate or deep pit load cell type WIM) at (bending plate or deep pit load cell type WIM) at
speeds from 15 to 50 mph; speeds from 15 to 50 mph;

Type IV Type IV low low- -speed WIM speed WIM

Suitability Rankings
Suitability Rankings