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    16.21 Techniques of Structural Analysis and Design Spring 2005 Unit #9 Calculus of Variations

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    Gopal Kondagunta
    This document discusses the calculus of variations and techniques for analyzing structures and mechanical systems. It introduces the concept of the first variation of a function and defines it as δu. It then derives the Euler-Lagrange equations, which provide the conditions for a functional to attain an extremum. These equations are analogous to differential calculus and allow determining the configuration that minimizes a given functional.

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    16.21 Techniques of Structural Analysis and Design Spring 2005 Unit #9 Calculus of Variations

    Uploaded by

    Gopal Kondagunta
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    This document discusses the calculus of variations and techniques for analyzing structures and mechanical systems. It introduces the concept of the first variation of a function and defines it as δu. It then derives the Euler-Lagrange equations, which provide the conditions for a functional to attain an extremum. These equations are analogous to differential calculus and allow determining the configuration that minimizes a given functional.

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    This document discusses the calculus of variations and techniques for analyzing structures and mechanical systems. It introduces the concept of the first variation of a function and defines it as δu. It then derives the Euler-Lagrange equations, which provide the conditions for a functional to attain an extremum. These equations are analogous to differential calculus and allow determining the configuration that minimizes a given functional.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views6 pages

    16.21 Techniques of Structural Analysis and Design Spring 2005 Unit #9 Calculus of Variations

    Uploaded by

    Gopal Kondagunta
    This document discusses the calculus of variations and techniques for analyzing structures and mechanical systems. It introduces the concept of the first variation of a function and defines it as δu. It then derives the Euler-Lagrange equations, which provide the conditions for a functional to attain an extremum. These equations are analogous to differential calculus and allow determining the configuration that minimizes a given functional.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    16.

    21 Techniques of Structural Analysis and


    Design
    Spring 2005
    Unit #9 Calculus of Variations

    Ra ul Radovitzky March 28, 2005


    Let u be the actual conguration of a structure or mechanical system. u satises the displacement boundary conditions: u = u on Su . Dene: u = u + v, where:
    : scalar
    v : arbitrary function such that v = 0 on Su
    We are going to dene v as u, the rst variation of u: u = v Schematically:
    u1 u(b) u(a) u2

    (1)

    v a b

    As a rst property of the rst variation :


    du du dv = + dx dx dx
    dv so we can identify dx with the rst variation of the derivative of u: du dv = dx dx But: dv dv d (u) = = dx dx dx We conclude that: du d = (u) dx dx

    Consider a function of the following form: F = F (x, u(x), u (x)) It depends on an independent variable x, another function of x (u(x)) and its derivative (u (x)). Consider the change in F , when u (therefore u ) changes: F = F (x, u + u, u + u ) F (x, u, u ) = F (x, u + v, u + v ) F (x, u, u ) expanding in Taylor series: F F 1 2F 1 2F 2 v + v + ( v ) + (v )(v ) + F 2 u u 2! u 2! uu F F = v + v + h.o.t. u u First total variation of F: F F = lim 0 F (x, u + v, u + v ) F (x, u, u ) = lim 0 F v + F v F F u = v + v = lim u 0 u u F F F = u + u u u F = F + 2

    Note that: dF (x, u + v, u + v )


    d =0 since: F (x, u + v, u + v ) F (x, u + v, u + v ) dF (x, u + v, u + v ) = v+ v d u u evaluated at = 0 dF (x, u + v, u + v ) F (x, u, u ) F (x, u, u ) v+ v
    =
    d u u =0 F = Note analogy with dierential calculus. (aF1 + bF2 ) = aF1 + bF2 linearity (F1 F2 ) = F1 F2 + F1 F2 etc The conclusions for F (x, u, u ) can be generalized to functions of several ui : independent variables xi and functions ui , x j
    ui
    F xi , ui , xj We will be making intensive use of these properties of the variational operator :
    du
    d d dv (u) = (v ) = =
    dx
    dx
    dx
    dx
    udx = vdx = vdx = udx Concept of a functional
    b I (u) =
    a

    F (x, u(x), u (x))dx

    First variation of a functional: I = F (x, u(x), u (x))dx = F (x, u(x), u (x)) dx F F I = u + u dx u u Extremum of a functional u0 is the minumum of a functional if: I (u) I (u0 )u A necessary condition for a functional to attain an extremum at u0 is: I (u0 ) = 0, or dI (u0 + v, u0 + v ) =0 d =0

    Note analogy with dierential calculus. Also dierence since here we require dF = 0 at = 0. d b F F I = u + u dx u u a Integrate by parts the second term to get rid of u . b F d F d F I = u + u u dx u dx u dx u a b F F d F b = udx + u u dx u u a a Require u to satisfy homogeneous displacement boundary conditions: u(b) = u(a) = 0 Then: b F d F I = udx = 0, u dx u a 4

    u that satisfy the appropriate dierentiability conditions and the homoge neous essential boundary conditions. Then: F d F =0 u dx u These are the EulerLagrange equations corresponding to the variational problem of nding an extremum of the functional I . Natural and essential boundary conditions A weaker condition on u also allows to obtain the Euler equations, we just need: F
    b u
    = 0 u a which is satised if: u(a) = 0 and u(b) = 0 as before u(b) = 0 and
    F
    (a) u F (a) u F (b) u

    =0

    = 0 and u(b) = 0 = 0 and


    F (b) u

    =0


    = 0, or u = u0 on Su Essential boundary conditions: u
    Su F Natural boundary conditions: u = 0 on S . Example: Derive Eulers equation corresponding to the total po tential energy functional = U + V of an elastic bar of length L, Youngs modulus E, area of cross section A xed at one end and subject to a load P at the other end. L EA
    du
    2 (u) = dx P u(L) 2 dx 0 Compute the rst variation:
    EA du
    du
    2 = dx P u(L) 2 dx dx

    Integrate by parts d du d du = EA u EA u dx P u(L) dx dx dx dx L du d du L = u EA dx + EA u P u(L) dx dx dx 0 0 Setting = 0, u / u(0) = 0: d du EA =0 dx dx du P = EA dx L

    Extension to more dimensions


    F F ui,j dV I = ui + ui,j V ui F F F ui + ui ui dV = xj ui,j xj ui,j V ui Using divergence theorem: F F F ui nj dS I = ui dV + xj ui,j V ui S ui,j Extremum of functional I is obtained when I = 0, or when: F F = 0 , and ui xj ui,j ui = 0 on Su F nj onS Su = St ui,j The boxed expressions constitute the EulerLagrange equations correspond ing to the variational problem of nding an extremum of the functional I . 6
    I= F (xi , ui , ui,j )dV
    V

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