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C++ Reference Sheet

The document provides examples of basic C++ programs that demonstrate data types and variables, input/output, basic operations, logical operators and conditional execution, loops, functions, reference and value parameters, scope and scope rules, global variables and constants, and arrays. It also provides questions about these concepts and their applications.

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Arun
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197 views4 pages

C++ Reference Sheet

The document provides examples of basic C++ programs that demonstrate data types and variables, input/output, basic operations, logical operators and conditional execution, loops, functions, reference and value parameters, scope and scope rules, global variables and constants, and arrays. It also provides questions about these concepts and their applications.

Uploaded by

Arun
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Simple Examples

Basic C++ Program


// // #include <iostream.h> Author: Bert G. Wachsmuth Version: Oct. 2000

int main(void) { cout << Hello, this is my first C++ program << endl; return 0; }

Data Types and Variable names


// // #include <iostream.h> Author: Bert G. Wachsmuth Version: Oct. 2000

int main(void) { double x = 3.5; int i = 10; char c = B; // the following three lines works fine: x = x + 2*x; // x has the new value 10.5 double y = x + i; // y has the value 13.5 double z = 12345610E32; // z has large range // the following two lines is not okay: int j = x + i; // can not store double as an int int k = 1234567890123456790; // range of k is not large enough return 0; }

Input/Output
#include <iostream.h> int main(void) { double x = 0.0; // its good practice to initialize all variables by assigning a value cout << Please enter a number: ; cin >> x; cout << You entered << x << , whose square is << x*x << endl; return 0; }

Basic Operations
int x = 10; int y = 20; int z = (x + y) * (x - y) / (2 * y) % y; // has value 2

Computational Shortcuts
int x = 10; x++; // x has value 11 x -= 10; // x has value 1; x *= 5; // x has value 5;

Logical Operators and Tests and Conditional Execution


Assuming i is some integer, what is the difference between:
if ( (i % 2) == 0) cout << i is an even number << endl; cout << i is an odd number << endl; if ( (i % 2) == 0) cout << i is an even number << endl; else cout << i is an odd number << endl; if (i < cout else if cout else if cout else cout 0) << i is negative << endl; ( (i % 2) == 0) << i is even and not negative << endl; ( (i % 2) == 1) << i is odd and not negative << endl; << You have found a new type of integer << endl;

What is the output of:


double x = double y = if ( ((x % cout << else cout << 3; 10; 2) == 0) && !(y < x)) This << endl; That << endl;

Which of the following tests could crash? Why or why not?


if ( (x cout if ( (x cout != 0) && (1/x > 2)) << Reciprocal of x is bigger than 2 << endl; > 0) || (sqrt(x) < 9)) << x is between 0 and 3 << endl;

Loops
How often do the following loops execute:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i+=3) cout << How often: << i << endl; int i = 0; while (i < 10) { cout << i << endl; i += 4; }

What is the final value of sum:


int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) sum += i;

What are the three ingredients for every loop?

Functions
How do you use each of the functions defined below:
void fun1(void) { /* does something */ } void fun2(int i) { /* does something */ } double fun3(int i, double x) { /* does something */ }

Define a function that computes the area of a rectangle. It should not contain any cin or cout statements. Define a function that asks the user to enter a double number and returns that number.

Reference and Value Parameters


What is the value of x and y at the end of the main function:
void f1(double x, double y) { x = y; y = 2; } void f2(double& x, double y) { x = -1; y = -2; } int main(void) { double x = 10; double y = 10; f1(x, y); f2(y, x); cout << x = << x << , y = << y << endl; return 0; }

If f1 and f2 are defined as above, which of the following calls are invalid:
f1(10, 20); f2(30, 40); double x = 10; f1(x, x); f2(x, x); f2(10, x); f2(x, 10);

Scope and Scope Rules


Which lines in the following code are invalid, and whats the output if you were to ignore those errors:
#include <iostream.h> double x = 10; void { x y } void { x f1(double y) = 20; = 30; f2(double x) = 40;

y =50; } void f3(double& z) { z = 60; x = 70; } int main(void) { double y = 2; f1(x+y); f2(y); f3(x - y); f3(x); cout << x = << x << , y = << y << endl; return 0; }

Global Variables and Global Constants


#include <iostream.h> const double PI = 3.1415; double surface(double radius) { return 2*PI*radius; } double area(double radius) { return PI*radius*radius; }

Arrays
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Define an array A of 10 doubles. Define an array A of 10 doubles and set all of them to 1.0; Assume A is an array of N integers. Find the sum of the first and last entries and assign it to the third element. Write some code segment that prints out an array of doubles of size N Write some code segment that multiplies each element of an array by 2, storing it back in the array.

Arrays as Input Parameters


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Write a function that prints out an array of doubles of size N. Write a function that multiplies an array by a number. What are the possible function headers for such a function? Write a function that finds the sum of two arrays. What are the possible function headers for such a function? Write a function that adds up all elements in an array. What are the possible function headers for such a function. Write one function each to find (a) the maximum, (b) the minimum, and (c) the max and min of elements in an array. What are the possible function headers? Write a function that returns the location of the maximum value in an array. What are the possible function headers? Use that function in a main method.

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