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1.
Fungi; Animalia; Plantae; Protoctista;
[4]
2. Effect Promote cell elongation Promote root formation in cuttings and calluses Promote fruit ripening Inhibit lateral bud development Promote the breaking of dormancy in seeds [5]
Auxins
Gibberellins
3.
(a)
(i)
Productivity rises; As more carbon dioxide available for photosynthesis; Ref. to increase less from 700 to 900 ppm CO2 as some other factor could be limiting; 2 Stays the same from 900 to 1100; As another factor becomes limiting; Ref. to the drop at 1300 caused by photorespiration / excess CO2; Maximum increase = 3 units, percentage increase = 25%; Maximum increase = 12 units, percentage increase = 48%; Maximum increase = 20 units, percentage increase = 74%; 3
(ii)
(b)
(i) (ii) (iii)
(c)
Increased light intensity increases productivity / photosynthesis; Light provides greater energy input / more reducing power for light-independent reactions / eq; 2 CO2 is raw material for photosynthesis; Provides inorganic C for organic compounds; Combines with RUBP / is reduced; Forms carbohydrates / named compounds; Atmospheric levels are low / only 300 ppm / eq; So increase in levels will increase the rate of photosynthesis / productivity;
(d)
(e)
To control a variable / temperature affects the rate of the reactions in the light-independent stages; 1
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(f)
At low temperatures CO2 is less soluble / harder to absorb / eq; Adding CO2 increases the concentration gradient making uptake easier / eq; At low temperatures more CO2 could increase the rate of reaction;
(DNA) triplet of (nitrogenous) bases consisting of guanine, cytosine, thymine // a group of bases / part of DNA which codes for an amino acid; More codons available than there are amino acids / eq; The total number of genes / alleles in a population; Means by which organisms best suited to prevailing environmental conditions survive / eq;
1 1 1 1
(ii) (iii) (iv) (b)
Any two from: Substitution of (base) A for (base) T; Insertion of A; Deletion of T if next base is A; Inversion if next base is A; Ref. to mutation by ionising radiation / eq; Ref. to mutagenic chemicals/ named e.g.; Only the first two bases are necessary to code for the amino acid / arginine / ref. to degeneracy; All codons starting with GC code for the same amino acid / arginine; Not all changes in DNA result in a change in amino acid sequence in polypeptide // no change in protein structure; Therefore there is no change in protein function; This part of the DNA is not involved in protein synthesis; Geographical isolation / ref. to a physical barrier; Prezygotic / pre-mating isolation (if given, other specific e.g.s do not score); Behavioural isolation / ref. to example / courtship / eq; Ref. to polyploidy / postzygotic / post-mating; Seasonal isolation / mature at different seasons; Ecological isolation / ref. to different habitat preferences; Differences in genitalia in animals / different pollination mechanisms in plants; Isolated populations become progressively / eq different from one another; Possibility of further changes / ref. to further mutation; Eventually two populations unable to interbreed successfully / eq; Even if barriers removed; Results in new species formed / results in speciation;
Rhizobium / or bacteria in root nodules able to use / fix (atmospheric) nitrogen; Reduced / converted to ammonia / ammonium; Combine with organic acids // to make amino acids // ref. to nitrogenase enzyme; 2 No difference until day 36 / for first 10 / 11 days; Amount of nitrogen fixed is (then) greater in CO2 enriched; In CO2 enriched rate of increase greater / difference greater with time / accept converse for normal; In CO2 enriched no plateau / levelling off / eq but in normal air levels off figures quoted / 36-60 remains at 20 mg; In CO2 enriched smaller / eq increase after 90 days but in normal air not much increase after 80 days / eq; Credit correct attempt to work out %age increase / do something with the figures; More CO2 so more photosynthesis / eq; Increase in yield / more crop; Cereals could grow on low nitrate / eq soils; Less / no need to use (inorganic) fertiliser; Environmental benefit qualified e.g. less nitrate; To be leached / less eutrophication / eq;
