MESSAGE FROM THE HONOURABLE

DATO JUNAIDI CHE AYUB

Director- General of Fisheries Malaysia
Most countries are signatories to one or more international agreements that include provisions for the protection of biodiversity from the negative impacts of aquatic Invasive Alien Species (IAS). Under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Malaysia as one of the signatory nations is committed to develop national strategies, plans or programs for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity resources. Alien species introduced into the local habitats may cause serious threats to native species and its ecosystem. The introduction of invasive alien species is one of the main recorded causes of biodiversity loss which could lead to economic loss and health hazard. For centuries, most alien species have been introduced into and between Asian countries either intentionally or unintentionally to the inland water ecosystems through aquaculture practices and aquarium trade. Some alien pathogens could have also been introduced through discharge of ballast water at ports and air transport systems. Government agencies, industry, conservationists and the public have all played a part in the process. As globalisation and transportation becoming more rapid, expanded opportunities are being provided for plants, animals and microorganisms to move beyond their natural range. Majority of the alien species do not harm species, habitats and ecosystem and instead provide significant benefits for fish farmers, aquarium fish traders and the fishers. However, some species may become invasive and can be costly for industry, competent authorities, site managers and society as a whole. Some impacts on the biodiversity and ecological functions may be irreversible. Thus, the issue and threat of invasive alien species are very real and significant as exemplified by cases such as shrimp White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) and Koi Herpes Virus (KHV). They have incurred losses to the aquaculture industry amounting to millions of Malaysian Ringgits. It is acknowledged that alien species play an important role in aquarium trade and aquaculture industries in Malaysia. The Action Plan for Aquatic IAS recognises that there are many alien species in Malaysian waters which need to be further assessed and analysed before being classified as invasive. The existing regulations need to be further strengthened to minimize new introduction of alien species and to curtail any negative impacts on the environment. Alien species from ballast water need to be addressed to minimize massive loss to the aquaculturists and impact to human health and safety. I wish to congratulate the Technical Working Group (TWG) for coming up with the Action Plan for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species and urge all players in this field to come forward and together strive towards achieving the targets and goal of the CBD Program of Work as this will ensure of the continued sustainable use of the biological resources of not only Malaysia but also the world at large. I hope this plan will be also used as a guide to those responsible to formulate many other related plans of action so that systematic and coordinated efforts could be conducted by the myriads of organizations formed. This action plan on aquatic IAS for fishery in Malaysia will provide continued efforts to increase the awareness and information to the various stakeholders on the importance of aquatic alien species and ways to tackle them in balancing conservation and management of aquatic resources with continued economic growth. Finally I look forward to the successful implementation of the plan along with continuing and strong financial support from the Central Agencies of the Government of Malaysia.

Thank You,

Dato Junaidi Che Ayub Director General of Fisheries, Department of Fisheries Malaysia Putrajaya December 2007
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FOREWORD

MS. FAAZAZ ABD. LATIFF

Team Leader for Technical Working Group (TWG) Aquatic Invasive Alien Species
Article 8(h) of the CBD states that Contracting Parties to the Convention should, as far as possible and appropriate, prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species. plan of action has been formulated with the first meeting held in mid 2005 by members of the TWG IAS as listed in Appendix 7 and followed by series of meetings to strengthen the document. The document highlights some technical measures including strategies to overcome problems in preventing, controlling and mitigating of issues pertaining to alien species which include information on the biological parameters of many species and their identification, public awareness, expertise, coordination effort and funds. We hope this plan will provide some basic information on aquatic IAS in Malaysia in order to balance conservation and management of aquatic resources with increasing economic growth for the benefits of our future generation. On behalf of the TWG, I would like to take this vvopportunity to sincerely thank the Honourable Dato Junaidi bin Che Ayub for his continued encouragement, support and guidance throughout the formulation of this action plan. A special thank to Mr. Raja Mohammad Noordin bin Raja Omar in his capacity as the Chairman of CBD for DoF, Mr. Ismail Awang Kechik (Director of Fisheries Research Institute), Mr. Ismail Ishak for their constructive supports and criticisms on the document and Ms. Mahyam Mohd. Isa for her advisory role in IAS issues and guidance in documenting this plan. Finally, I would like to thank the Malaysia IAS Technical Working Group from various divisions of the Department of Fisheries (DoF), Department of Marine and Malaysian Institute of Maritime (MIMA) for their continued commitments and works in their contribution to finalize this document. Thank You

The Government has given high priority setting for alien species. Many workshops, meetings, seminars and trainings have been conducted which pertained to quarantine, health, import and export of alien species in ASEAN over the years. Among these were Asia Regional Technical Guidelines on Health Management for the Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic Animals, Beijing Consensus and Implementation Strategy, Meeting on Current Status of Transboundary Fish Diseases in Southeast Asia: Occurrence, Surveillance, Research, and Training in June 2004 in Manila organised by AQD SEAFDEC and Fish Disease Project of the Government of Japan-Trust Fund.

A workshop on Building Capacity to Combat Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Alien Species and Associated Transboundary Pathogens in ASEAN Countries was held in Penang, Malaysia in July 2004, supported by US, Department of State, hosted by DoF Malaysia and organized by NACA in collaboration with ASEAN, FAO, the World Fish Centre and Penang State. There were 2 other workshops in the region in 2002 and 2003 which dealt on prevention and management of IAS and International Mechanisms for the control and responsible use of alien species in Aquatic Ecosystems

Following initiatives made by various governmental agencies in Malaysia such as Department of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary, Department of Health, Department of Forestry and Department of Environment and non-governmental agencies to prevent, control and mitigate on IAS, there is also a need to formulate a plan of action spesifically on IAS in both marine and inland water ecosystems. This
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Faazaz Abd. Latiff Leader of TWG - Invasive Alien Fish Species Department of Fisheries Malaysia

LIST OF ACRONYMS
AS BDIWE CCRF CBD CHM CITES DNA DIAS DoFM DWNP EEZ EUS FAO FDAM GMO HAB IAS ICAO ICES IMN IMO IPPC IUCN KHV KPI MCBD MIMA MOAABI NRE OIE PSP PCR SPS TSV TWG UN WHO WSSD WSSV WTO Alien Species Biodiversity of Inland Water Ecosystems Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Convention on Biological Diversity Clearing House Mechanism Convention on International Trade in Threatened and Endangered Species Deoxyribonucleic Acid Database on Invasive Alien Species Department of Fisheries Malaysia Department of Wildlife and National Parks Economic Exclusive Zone Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia Genetically Modified Organisms Harmful Algal Bloom Invasive Alien Species International Civil Aviation Organisation International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Infectious Myonecrosis International Maritime Organization International Plant Protection Convention International Union Conservation for Nature Koi Herpes Virus Key Performance Indicator Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Malaysian Institute of Maritime Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Natural Resources and the Environment Office International des pizooties (the World Organisation for Animal Health) Paralytic Shellfish Poisoining Polymerase Chain Reaction Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement Taura Syndrome Virus Technical Working Group United Nations World Health Organisation World Summit on Sustainable Development White Spot Syndrome Virus World Trade Organization

Glossary
Term
Alien species

Definition
A species, subspecies or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or present distribution; includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce. Any water and associated sediments used to manipulate the trim and stability of a vessel. Biological surveys that determine the baseline level of introduced marine species in a port. The process of an alien species in a new habitat successfully producing viable offspring with the likelihood of continued survival. Includes any of the varieties of marine, brackish water or fresh water fishes, crustaceans, aquatic molluscs, marine sponges, sea cucumber, aquatic plants and other aquatic life but does not include turtles or their eggs. Animals and plants, such as barnacles, mussels and seaweeds that attach to human-made substrates, such as piers, navigation buoys and the bottom of ships. The deliberate movement and/ or release by humans of an alien species outside its natural range. The movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). This movement can be either within a country or between countries or areas beyond national jurisdiction. An alien species whose introduction and/ or spread threaten biological diversity. A native species is a species, subspecies or lower taxon occurring within its natural range and dispersal potential (i.e., within the range it occupies naturally or could occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans. As applicable: The geographic route by which a species moves outside its natural range (past or present); The corridor of introduction (e.g road, canal, tunnel) and / or The human activity that gives rise to an intentional or unintentional introduction. A live microbial adjunct which has a beneficial effect on the host by modifying the host-associated or ambient microbial community, by ensuring improved use of the feed or enhancing its nutritional value, by enhancing the host response towards disease, or by improving the quality of its ambient environment. The likelihood and magnitude of an event. 1. Assessment of the consequences of the introduction and of the likelihood of establishment of an alien species using science-based information (i.e. risk assessment), and 2. Identification of measures that can be implemented to reduce or manage these risks (i.e., risk management), taking into account socio-economic and cultural considerations. All other introductions which are not intentional.

Ballast water

Baseline port survey

Establishment

Aquatic Species

Fouling organisms

Intentional introduction

Introduction

Invasive alien species Native species

Pathway

Probiotic

Risk Risk analysis

Unintentional introduction Vector

The physical means or agent (i.e. aeroplane, ship) in or on which a species is transported or moves outside its natural range (past or present). Ballast water, ships hulls, and the movements of commercial oysters are examples of vectors.
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1. Introduction

Of the 100 worlds worst invasive alien species (IAS) listed by the Invasive Species Specialists Groups (ISSG), at least four of the eight fish species are present in Malaysia. Invasive species are considered to be one of the major threats to marine biodiversity, as well as posing significant economic and public health problems. Today, alien invasion is second only to habitat loss as a cause of species endangerment and extinction. Every major international conference on the environment in the last decade, including the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 1992, the Conferences of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002 and the Fifth World Congress on Protected Areas in 2003, have highlighted the issue of invasive species, and called upon governments and industry to act. Malaysia signed the CBD during the Earth Summit and was the 65th country to ratify it on 24 June 1994. The 7th Meeting of COP to the CBD was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 9-20 February 2004. IAS was discussed as one of the items under the agenda on Cross-Cutting Issues: Progress Reports on Implementation. In the program of work of the CBD, IAS are a key cross-cutting issue relevance to five thematic areas: Marine and Coastal Biodiversity (MCBD), Agricultural Biodiversity, Forest Biodiversity, Island Biodiversity and Biodiversity of Inland Water Ecosystems (BDIWE). This global treaty requires Parties under Article 8(h), as far as possible and as appropriate, (to) prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats and species. A Three-stage hierarchical approach has been set as the basis for all action on IAS: Prevention of IAS introductions between and within States is generally far more cost - effective and environmentally desirable than measures taken after IAS introduction and establishment; If an IAS has been introduced, early

detection and rapid action are crucial to prevent its establishment: the preferred response is often to eradicate the organisms as soon as possible; Where eradication is not feasible or resources are not available, containment and long-term control measures should be implemented (CBD Guiding Principle 2)

Department of Fisheries, Malaysia (DoFM) has started to focus on achieving some of the targets and goals that are enshrined in the CBD Program of Work particularly on two thematic areas of MCBD and BDIWE. The management structure of implementing the biodiversity programme is as shown in the Flowchart Diagram 1. below. The Action plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Fishery Resource Biological Diversity of Malaysia prepared by DoFM was established on July 2006. As a follow up to this action plan, an Action Plan on Aquatic IAS is developed according to the global treaty as set out by the Parties under Article 8(h).

Flowchart Diagram 1: Management Structure in the Department of Fisheries In relation to Implementing the Aquatic Biodiversity Studies And the Lingkages to the CBD National Focal Point

Department of Fisheries Malaysia

Departmental Biodiversity Technichal Committee

Working Group on Cross Cutting issues Working Group on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity (MCBD) Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Protected Areas (PAs) Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI) Ecosystem Approach Sustainable US (In italics: To be established if necessary) Working Group on Biological Diversity of Inland Water Ecosystem (BDIWE)

National Committee on MCBD

MOAABI

National Committee on BDIWE

CBD National Focal Point (NRE)

2. Overall Objectives of Action Plan for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species

To understand the causes of the introduction of alien species and genotypes and the impact of such introductions on biological diversity To identify gaps in existing or proposed legal instruments, guidelines and procedures to counteract the introduction of and the adverse effects exerted by alien species and genotypes; paying particular attention to transboundary effects To collect information on national and international actions to address the abovementioned problems, with a view to prepare for the development of a scientifically-based global strategy for dealing with prevention, control and eradication of those alien species that threaten the habitats and species in both marine and inland ecosystems; To establish an incident list on introductions of alien species and genotypes, through national reporting process or any other appropriate means and To promote awareness of IAS issues among senior level officials, policy makers, community stakeholders, industry and the general public through media, educational curricula and other communication means.

3. General Overview of Aquatic Alien Species in Malaysia

Fish species have been moved from one place to another since time immemorial. No proper inventorisation and documentation on fish species has been established for Malaysia to classify them as either indigenous or alien ones except for a paper written by Ang, et. al. in 1998 and Zakaria - Ismail (1994) which noted that 41% of the native species in the Gombak river basin were lost during the last 25 years. Currently, there is little research work being conducted on IAS. There is also a lack on coordination between government, non governmental organizations, private sectors and universities to mitigate the problems caused by IAS. People generally take fish for granted and they lack the awareness of the negative impacts of the IAS for fish in the long term. We need an authority to focus on IAS in various sectors in order to manage the above-mentioned problems.

4. Status of Aquatic Alien Species in Malaysia

In Malaysia many species had been introduced as early 19th century but there is still no comprehensive catalogue or coordinated monitoring programme of IAS and thus no official statistics on the total number and types of IAS for fish species. However, there are lists of native and alien aquarium freshwaterfish species, freshwater food fish, marine food fish, aquatic plants and marine dinoflagellates found in Malaysian waters. 4.1 Aquaculture (Food Fish: Freshwater and Marine) The followings are some of the important alien fish species for food in Malaysia: 1. Carps

Javanese carp or Puntius gonionotus

The rapid expansion of aquaculture has increased the movement of live fish and other marine organisms. Fresh water species has been estimated to be around 522 species. The Malaysian marine environment contains a diverse range of marine organisms with over 4,000 identified species. Appendices 1 and 2 show lists of freshwater food fish and marine food fish in Malaysia, respectively.

Introduction of the Chinese major carps (grass carps, bighead carp, silver carp and common carp) and the practice of polyculture started in the 1800s (Welcomme, 1981). The introduction was associated with the immigration of Southern Chinese who brought along the techniques of culture (Ang et al, 1989). It also marks the beginning of aquaculture in Malaysia. The first successful induced spawning of the bighead carp was reported in 1969 at the then Tropical Fish Culture Research Institute, Batu Berendam, Malacca (Chen et al, 1969). The Indian major carps were introduced into Malaysia between late 50s and early 60s. A total of 2,960 fingerlings were brought to Malacca in 1957 and 1961 (Khan and Jhingran, 1975). Catla, rohu and mrigal were imported from Calcutta in 1960 and raised at the Tapah Fish Breeding Station and later part of the stock was sent to Malacca. Javanese carp, known locally as lampam jawa, is one of the most important freshwater fishes cultured in the country. Described originally as Puntius javanicus by Bleeker in 1850, it was reclassified by him as Puntius javanicus in 1855 (Mohsin and Ambak, 1983), and more recently as Barbodes gonionotus by Rainboth (1981). The fish was first introduced in 1953 from Indonesia (Welcomme, 1981) and was bred by DoF for distribution to fish farmers. In 1992, some 120,000 Javanese carp were released in mining pools, rivers and reservoirs throughout the country. In an effort to expand the gene pool, subsequent reintroductions of the fish from Indonesia and Thailand, where the fish is known as Thai silver carp, were undertaken by the Government in the late 1970s and mid-1980s.

2.

Tilapia (Oreochromis mozambique,O. nilotica)

Tilapias were introduced into Malaysia by the Japanese in the 1940s as a cheap protein source (Hickling, 1959). The most popular species for culture is the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Pullin, 1983). Two other species of tilapia used for culture include the Mozambique tilapia (O.mossambique) and the blue tilapia (O. aureus). There have been activities for cage culture of the species in Lake Kenyir by the DoFM and private sectors since two decades ago. The Department has carried out studies on the potential and impact of aquaculture in the lake and has recommended the tilapia as one of the cultured species in the cage as it is technically feasible, economically viable and socially acceptable. The area designated for it is the Sungai Como. A permanent change in ecosystem is unlikely because naturally or biologically tilapia cannot breed in deep water in the lake and they are easily preyed by the indigenous species of the lake such as Baung, Toman and Sebarau. All necessary measures to prevent it from escaping into the lake have been put forward in Good Aquaculture Practices and Skim Pensijilan Ladang Akuakultur Malaysia.

hybrid type. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) was reported from farms in northern states of Peninsular Malaysia which used imported fingerlings of Channa striata and Clarias macrocephalus. 4. The snakeskin gouramy (Trichogaster pectoralis)

It is known locally as sepat siam. This anabantid has been introduced from Thailand as early as the late 19th century in the Krian rice scheme in Perak (Ang et al, 1989).

5.

Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)

It has been introduced and actively promoted by the DoF as red pomfret or bawal merah. This fish is a native of the Amazon and Orinoco river systems of South America and brought to Malaysia in the early 80s for the purpose of culture as both a food and ornamental fish. Research was initiated in 1985 at Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre, Batu Berendam, Malacca with the first successful spawning in 1989 (Mohd. Zaini et al, 1991).

Red tilapia, Tilapia niloticus Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)

Black tilapia, Oreochromis mossambique

3.

Catfishes (Clariidae: Clarius gariepinus / lazera)

African catfish/sharp-tooth/ Nile catfish) is from Africa in 1988 and hybrid C. macrocephalus x C. gariepinus, Ictaluridae - ictalurus spp. Channel catfish, Pangasidae pangasius sp, ikan patin. Most of the clarias currently being cultured is of the

In Malaysia, the species mentioned above have not been designated as invasive with the exception of the pacu which belongs to the same family as the piranha (Serrasalmus natterei). They have very different behaviour and feeding habits. Unfortunately, the morphological features of both juvenile fish stages are extremely difficult to distinguish, the Government banned the culture of this red pomfret to avoid the possibility of accidental importation of piranha in consignments of the red pomfret seeds. With the successful induced spawning and domestic seed production of red pomfret in 1989, however the Government lifted the ban on the culture of the fish. However, the importation of red pomfret seed is still prohibited.

Catfish hybrid, Clarias sp

Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)

Golden snapper or Lutjanus argentimaculatus

Red snapper

9.

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

Pacu on sale at one of the markets in Serian, Sarawak

The impact from release is not clear but trait show reduced quality of local bred cobia.

6.

Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)

About 5,000 Japanese eels fry (elvers) were imported from Japan and Taiwan by the Song Cheng group in 1990s. The worlds largest eel farm was located in Nenasi, Pahang and Malaysia became the 5th largest producer after Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and China in 1994. Supply of fry depends on wild and this has become the main obstacle in the culturing industry. South Korea and Taiwan have banned the export of elvers. The group now has changed its culture species.
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) broodstock

7.

Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) 10.

The fingerlings which were imported from Taiwan had spread red sea bream irido viral disease to sea bass stocks which were kept in cages in close proximity (Oseko, 2004).

White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

8.

Golden snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus / L. malabaricus)

These two species: Lutjanusargentimaculatus (jenahak or) and L. malabaricus (Red snapper or ikan merah) have been brought in from Taiwan and Hong Kong.

The shrimp was introduced from South America into Asia experimentally in 1978-1979 but commercially since 1996 into Mainland China and Taiwan. It has been brought illegally into Malaysia in early 2000s. A ban on it was initiated at first but it has been lifted in 2005. The shrimp has contributed to about 80 percents of the total aquaculture shrimp

production (2005). A long with this shrimp a highly mutable virus called Taura Syndrom Virus (TSV) capable of mutating into more virulent strains, able to infect other species
10

has been detected in 1993 in Latin America. In 2003 infectious myonecrosis (IMN) was experimentally demonstrated as the new causative virus agent in this shrimp which was earlier identified in northeastern Brazil. IMN presents a disease with an acute onset of gross signs and elevated mortalities, but progresses with a chronic course accompanied by persistent lowlevel mortalities (D.V.Lightner; C.R.Pantoja; B.T.Poulos; K.F.J.Tang; R.M. Redman; T.Pasos-deAndrade & J.R.Bonami, 2004). In addition viruses imported with Penaeus monodon were White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) first detected in 1994 and yellow head virus (YHV) in 1992 have been implicated in the slow growth problems currently encountered.

4.2

Aquarium Fish, Live Bait and Live Feed

11.

Redclaw freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

Malaysia is one of the leading producers of aquarium fish in the world, producing more than 550 varieties comprising over 250 species mostly freshwater alien species (186) as shown in Appendix 3. Malaysia produced 407.8 million pieces of aquarium fish in 2002 of which 95% were exported, with the European Union being one of the main markets. Though the numbers of alien species for aquarium is large only a few have become successfully established in natural water bodies (Johnson 1963). Discus Symphysodon hybrid (Cichlidae) with 25 varieties has been one of the popular aquarium alien species and currently being cultured in Penang. Importation of various species for aquarium trade has exposed local ecosystem to introduction of invasive species. King algae sucker, peacock seabass and flower horn are examples of species purportedly escaped and bred locally. Red claw are found in many aquarium shops. The following aquarium species are popular among aquarists but known to be invasive and yet to be proven scientifically by local competent authority. These species include:

It was from Australia and introduced to Malaysia in 1990 and for culture at Kluang, Johor (Southern part of the Peninsular). A risk analysis on the species has been documented in 1999 after it had been first experimentally cultured in 1998 by DoFM. The current status of this species in Malaysia whether it is meant for human consumption or for aquarium is still uncertain.

Redclaw freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

12.

Abalone from New Zealand (Haliotis iris)

The species is locally known as siput mentiah or Paua in the Maori language and it has been farmed at NZ Silverdale Marine Hatchery Sdn. Bhd. in Kampong Koh, Sitiawan, Perak since 2004.

Sturgeon fish

Abalone (Haliotis sp.

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2. Prohibited species Species that are prohibited mainly because of their biological characteristics which pose danger to the public include Arapaima gigas , Collossoma macropomum and Mylossoma sp. The later two have sharp piercing teeth and resemble piranha species which are known to be very carnivorous and voracious. The Arapaima gigas can attain a gigantic size in captivity.

Algae suckermouth catfish (Hypostomus plecostomus)

1.

Algae suckermouth catfish (Loricariidae: Hypostomus plecostomus)

This species originated from South America. Algae suckermouth catfish or armoured catfish or the municipal fish or Ikan Bandar Raya as it is popularly known has been found in the Klang-Gombak tributaries in Selangor. They are vegetarians feeding on detritus and algae. Feeding is done by plowing along the substrate and using the thick-lipped toothy mouth to scrape plant materials (filamentous algae, diatoms) from hard surfaces or to suck up fine sediments. Specimens in aquaria may live more than ten years. Suckermouth catfishes are capable of breathing air by swallowing it and extracting oxygen through the gut lining (Jan Jeffrey Hoover, K. Jack Killgore, and Alfred F. Confrancesco, 2004). Once it grows bigger in size the aquarists remove them out of the aquaria but how they dispose the fish are not documented. Of course the easiest way is to release them into the drains. Attempts to rehabilitate and restore the ecology of the river failed. A number of indigenous species were displaced especially the cyprinids which once dominated the river. (Thalathiah et al, 2005).

A gigantic Araipaima gigas

3. Flower Horn (Cichlidae: Cichlasoma rajah) Flower horn or Luo Han or Lump Head Cichlid is a very aggressive and hardy fish. It has been introduced into Malaysia from Taiwan in early 1990s. It can survive under harsh conditions even in drains. It has very high reproduction rate and together with its voracious appetite, has the potential to wreak ecological damage in eco system. During the craze of keeping, though it fetches high demand, not all the fish bred are qualified enough for high price. The higher the hump of the fish, the more the luck the fish is believed to bring to the owner. Some of the low quality fish were disposed at nearest pond or waterway for convenience.

Mouth of the alga sucker fish

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There were reports of the fish causing serious trouble in the country. An experiment was carried out once in seven of the lakes in Kelana Jaya, Selangor, in 2003. Bread was scattered into the water, and to the observers horror, most of the fish which arose were Flowerhorn, some of them hideously mutated. Fishes like fighting fish, three-spotted gouramy and snakehead were also badly affected by the release of flowerhorn to the wild. To overcome this situation, equally aggressive local fishes, such as the Giant Snakehead, the Malaysian jungle perch and the Featherback were released into the lakes. This solution seemed to have worked since the Flowerhorn has been reduced and the species affected have begun to recover. This is a classic case of ecological havoc brought by man when alien species is introduced into a new habitat.

5. Peacock bass (Cichlidae: Cichla ocellaris) The Peacock Bass, or Peacock Cichlid, is a native of South America. It has been introduced deliberately by anglers as a popular game fish into several small ponds and in mining pools at Batu Gajah and Air Kuning in Perak. From Malaysian Fishing Forum it has been reported to be seen in Lake Chenderoh. The threat is that this lake is interconnected to Air Ganda, Bersia and Temengor. This bass is very aggressive, a fast breeder and preys on smaller native fish. It has been identified as a potential cause for ecological imbalance in its adapted habitats. They will only eat live foods.

4.

Koi (Cyprinidae: Cyprinus carpio)

Peacock bass (Cichlidae: Cichla ocellaris)

The exact date of Koi or fancy carp (10 varieties) or locally known as kap Jepun being introduced to Malaysia is not known. Though it has increased the fisherys revenue, it has indirectly brought diseases such as Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) to the aquarium industry. KHV is a viral disease contagious to fish and may cause a significant morbidity and mortality in Koi. It was positively identified in Israel in 1998. Since then, other cases have been confirmed in the United States, Europe, Indonesia, Japan and Korea (Kathleen et al 2004, Claudia 2005). KHV disease may cause about 80-100% mortality in affected populations. Since March 2002, KHV has spread to the Asian region with the first infection occurring in Indonesia followed by Japan in October 2003. The DoFM has also detected positive cases for KHV from Ulu Kinta areas in Perak in 2006 by using PCR methods. Its new formal designation is Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) by Waltzek et al. in 2005.

6. Aquatic plants They are mainly freshwater types and include water hyacinths or Eichornia crassipes or keladi bunting in Malay, can be found floating in rivers and there are plants which are cultivated for decorating aquaria. Some of the aquatic plants (Appendix 4) which command variable commercial values have been reported by Baki et al and Azmi et al (1992). Water hyacinths in hydro-electric dams at Tasik Ringlet, Cameron Highlands, proliferate when not cleared in time could choke up the turbines. Water hyacinths in water supply canals in rice fields also could affect water flow.

Japanese Koi

Eichornia crassipes (Keladi Bunting)

13

echinodorus scaber

cryptocoryne becketii

limnophila aquatica

hygrophila rosanervis

Hygrophilla sp.

14

7. Live Baits Some examples of live baits are Chanos-chanos or milk fish. The fry have been imported for culture in Malaysia as bait for tuna industry. There is a culturist in Johor who started his culture back in 2000 and now own 18 cages producing an average of 20 tonnes per month. More than 1 million pieces of fry were obtained from Taiwan and Indonesia.

diseases break out (Laurent Verschuere, Geert Rombaut, Patrick Sorgeloos and Willy Verstraete, 2000). Monitoring of the use of probiotics need to be addressed urgently for any negative impacts on the host and the environment since there are many kinds of probiotics being imported into the country.

4.3 Aquatic Organisms from Ballast Water

Roughly 10 billion tons of ballast water are discharged globally each year, and carried along with this ballast are potentially invasive species that cause millions of dollars of environmental harm. Classic examples of invasive species include the zebra mussel, green crab and comb jellyfish amongst many others. Local data generated from Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) and oceanographic surveys provide the baseline information on marine species as far back from 1974 (Pathansali et al., Mohammed Shaari et al. & Jothy et al.). The plankton data can also be found in papers by several other authors (Lokman et al, 1999, Anton, A.; M. N. Normawaty & Y. Fukuyo. 2000). The DoFM Programme on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Marine started in 2000 has included the monitoring of harmful algae bloom as one of the projects to look into. Sea water samples from 30 predetermined sites have been brought to laboratories in West Malaysia. A Prorocentrum minimum bloom was first detected in waters off southern part of Johore in 2002. In Sabah, there is a regular monitoring on the Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) causing dinoflagellate, Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. In late 2003, another new dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, a fish killer in Korea and Japan, has now formed a bloom in Sabah and Northern part of Sarawak for the first time. In February 2006, Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum was first detected in West Malaysia from water samples taken from Sg. Rengit, Pengerang, Johore. These two species maybe transported into these new areas through ballast water or transplanted aquatic organism. A list of known dinoflagellate is shown in Appendix 5.

Chanos chanos cage culture in Johore.

8. Live Feed and Probiotics An example of live food is blood worm which is imported from China in frozen form.

Imported blood worm

Generally, probiotics are applied in the feed or added to the culture tank or pond as preventive agents against infection by pathogenic bacteria. Most probiotics proposed as biological control agents in aquaculture belong to the lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium, etc.), to the genus Vibrio (V. alginolyticus, etc.), to the genus Bacillus, or to the genus Pseudomonas, although other genera or species have also been mentioned. The use of probiotics as biological control agents and bioremediations should be considered to be a kind of risk insurance that may not provide any notable benefit when the culture is performing under optimal conditions and in the absence of (opportunistic) pathogens, but that will be very helpful if infectious
15

16

5. Legislation, Laws and Regulations

5.1 National Level Malaysia is a member of the Office International des pizooties (OIE, the World Organisation for Animal Health). Under the World Trade Organizations (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS) Agreement, the OIE is recognized as the international organization responsible for the development and promotion of international animal health standards, guidelines and recommendations affecting trade in live terrestrial and aquatic animals and their products. Several codes and conducts, international guidelines binding and non-binding

Section 40 of the Fisheries Acts 1985 provides for the control of live fish for import and export (see Appendix 6 for details). Movement of live fish requires a permit issued by DoF under the quarantine measures on fish health and disease control policy. For import and export, it requires the importer or exporter to have import or export license issued by Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia (FDAM), a sister agency under the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry.

5.2

Regional and Global Levels

Most countries are signatories of one or more international agreements that include provisions for the protection of biodiversity from the impacts of aquatic IAS. Under the CBD signatory nations are committed to developing national strategies, plans or programs for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.

related to IAS issues have been designed and some have been implemented by several countries. These are listed in Appendix 7.

17

6. Institutional Framework and Coordinating Mechanism

National strategies, coordinated through national focal points, should be based on impact assessment and management of aquatic alien species, where they are already established. In general, management strategies and control measures for such species are aimed to prevent, eradicate, contain or effectively control, should its entry and establishment take place. Legislation, regulations and procedures are also provided to smoothly implement these measures. Table1 shows the agencies which are involved, their roles and responsibilities in managing aquatic AS.

Table 1: Agencies involved and their roles and responsibilities in managing aquatic Alien Species Ministry Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Agency/ Department Department of Fisheries, Malaysia Areas of Responsibility Fisheries and other aquatic life and related quarantine services (regulation, research and extension) Environment protection, pollution control Inland waters Conservation, Biodiversity

Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia (FDAM) Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Department of Environment Department of Drainage and Irrigation Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Health Conservation and Environmental Division Department of Public Health Institute of Medical Research Division of International Trade Maritime Institute of Malaysia (MIMA)

Regulations and public health

Research and Development (diseases and vectors) Multilateral and bilateral trade relations

Ministry of International Trade and Industry

Ministry of Transport

Marine Department

Administration of port related activities Policy matters on marine IAS

Ministry of Finance

Royal Customs and Excise Department Department of Agriculture, Sabah

Import/ export enforcement, quarantine Regulations and extension: marine and freshwater fisheries, drainage and irrigation (incl. quarantine services)

Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Sabah

18

Department of Fisheries, Sabah

Research, development and extension services in fishing industry Agricultural research and extension: inland fisheries and farmers institutions Teaching and research Teaching and research Teaching and research Teaching and research Teaching and research Teaching and research Extension, dissemination of information Trading Trading Tourism Public Health

Ministry of Agriculture of Sarawak

Department of Agriculture

Ministry of Higher Learnings

University of Malaya Science University of Malaysia Putra University of Malaysia National University of Malaysia Malaysia University of Sarawak Malaysia University of Sabah

Non-government organizations Stakeholders

World Fish Center

Aquarium operators Aquaculturists Anglers Fish and fishery product operators

7. Issues and Challenges in Aquatic Invasive Alien Species

Though more attention has focused on the adverse impacts of Alien Species (AS), not all AS species are bad. As in aquaculture, aquatic alien species have contributed to an improvement of human well-being in many areas. The production of tilapia in Asia is much higher (>700,000 mt in 1996) than in most African countries (32,245 mt). Chile supports a thriving introduced-salmon industry which accounts for about 20% of the worlds farmed salmon. The practice of using alien species to increase production or profitability can be expected to continue. The issue is not to ban alien species, or to abandon regulation of their movement, but rather, as stated in international codes of practices (ICES 1995) and the CBD, to assess the risks and benefits associated with their use and then, if appropriate, develop and implement a plan for their responsible use (Bartley,
19

D. & Christine V. Casal, 1998). The invasiveness of a species depends on the specific environment, potential disturbances to the environment and societys perception of what make them invasive. When alien species become invasive, their detrimental effects are both biological and socioeconomic. Malaysia is facing medium to high level of challenges in implementing the provisions of the Articles of the Convention for (8h) - Alien species.

The main issues facing Malaysian fisheries on aquatic IAS are: 7.1 Biological and Socio-economic Information of Aquatic IAS Shortage and inaccessibility of scientific information on basic biology and ecological impacts of aquatic IAS Insufficient information on socio-economic status of fish farmers, aquarium fish traders and fishers Lack of information sharing among locals and foreign experts 7.6

been carried out to ascertain the fate of aquatic IAS Inadequate scientific research capacities to prevent, control, eradicate and mitigate aquatic IAS Lack of collaborative studies among local, regional and international institutions on aquatic IAS

Financial and Infrastructure Support Insufficient financial support to carry out studies related to aquatic IAS Lack of political will and support to manage aquatic IAS issues Limited availability of adequate quarantine and risk assessments facilities

7.2

Conservation and Management Incomplete risk analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) have been carried out before introduction of aquatic AS into the country No proper monitoring and evaluation on the status of introduction of aquatic AS is in place Weak coordination between DoF, FDAM and Customs for responsible introduction of aquatic AS Overemphasize on aquaculture production affect the ecological balance of inlandwater bodies Inadequate capacity to react promptly to natural disasters and environmental change due to institutional weakness

7.7

Human Resource Development Insufficient trained personnel on fish taxonomic identification Limited availability of expertise on aquatic IAS

7.3

Public Awareness and Education Lack public awareness campaigns to the stakeholders on the aquatic IAS issues Limited public participation and stakeholder involvement Lack of public education and awareness at all levels

7.4

Rules and Regulations No specific rules and regulations in the existing Fisheries Act 1985 on transboundary movement of aquatic AS Inadequate enforcement of existing legislative instruments due to shortage of technically trained personel and limited supply of adequate quarantine and risk assessments facilities No coordinated mechanism among agencies (DoF, Customs, FDAM, Port Authority, Airport Authority, etc.) to implement rules and regulation

7.5

Coordinated Research and Expertise Limited specific research studies have

20

8. Strategies
In order to provide a much-needed, truly effective national monitoring and early-warning system, researches, studies, surveys and monitoring should be mainstreamed into the routine environmental and management activities of all fisheries projects, marine protected areas, ports, harbours and marinas. They should be carried out as ongoing, long-term monitoring programs and linked into a global IAS information system. Management strategies of fisheries IAS need to cover three main issues namely prevention; containment and eradication; and control. The prevention of aquatic AS introduction is the first priority in managing them because containment, eradication and control are very difficult, very costly and most unlikely effective. When prevention fails, management options will depend on how widely the aquatic AS has spread. If the area involved is small, containment and eradication of the aquatic AS are still possible and practical. In order to curb and minimize the introduction and also to enhance preventive mitigation of the aquatic AS, programs as follows have been proposed by DoFM for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Fishery Resource Biological Diversity of Malaysia to be implemented under the Ninth Malaysia Plan (20062010): Conservation of Inland Fishery Resources Enhancement of Breeding and Culture Technologies Fisheries Biotechnology and Fish Health Research Research on Aquarium Fish and Aquatic Plants Fish Feed Development

The implementation of the plan will be carried out until 2015.

Strategy 1: Strengthen Biological and Socio-economic Information of Aquatic IAS No. Key Actions Key Performance Index (KPI)

Issue No 1: Shortage and inaccessibility of scientific information on basic biology and ecological impacts of aquatic IAS 1. Establish systematic studies for biological resource inventories and update information on aquatic IAS Undertake studies on ecological impacts of aquatic IAS 1 database for aquatic AS Update information on new introduction of aquatic AS per year Update information on aquatic IAS per year Document on Impact Risk Assessment of newly introduced species

2.

Issue No 2: Insufficient information on socio-economic status of fish farmers, aquarium fish traders and fishers 1. Undertake gathering and compilation of information on socio-economic of fish farmers, aquarium fish traders and fisher. 1 database on fish farmers, aquarium fish traders and fishers Update information on new players every year

Issue No. 3: Lack of information sharing among locals and foreign experts 1. Strengthen information sharing among locals and foreign experts by incorporating aquatic IAS considerations, including monitoring, reporting and notification of threats into regional agreements. Establish information on aquatic IAS status and trends available through the Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) and other regional information systems.
21

Regional meeting every three years Local seminar/ workshop every two years

2.

Establish NaFISH as CHM on aquatic IAS

Strategy 2: Implement Effective Conservation and Management Measures No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: No risk analysis and environmental impact assessment (EIA) have been carried out before introduction of aquatic AS into the country 1. Review and update existing lists of aquatic AS and prohibited species by carrying out good and sound risk analysis: minimize the risks that serious pathogens and diseases will be transferred between trading partners, justify sanitary measures (e.g., restrictions on species and/or sources of origin, health certification requirements, quarantine, treatment, etc.); and minimize restrictions to trade Enforce regulation to ensure proper introduction of aquatic AS through specified procedure One coordinating body to oversee the introduction of aquatic AS 1 document of SOP on risk assessment analysis

2.

Official application form for approval before introduction of aquatic AS Ad-hoc inspection at farm sites by authorised personnel

Issue No. 2: No proper monitoring and evaluation of the status of introduction of AS in place 1. Conduct proper monitoring and evaluation of the status of introduced aquatic AS 1 guideline for monitoring and evaluation programme Ad-hoc inspection at farm sites by authorised personnel 2 training courses per year 1 guideline for surveillance and control programme

2. 3.

Enhance skills, capabilities and competence for extension and enforcement officers Develop control measures to regulate and minimise introduction of aquatic AS

Issue No. 3: Weak coordination between DoF, LKIM, Customs, Port Authority and Airport Authority for responsible introduction of aquatic AS 1. 2. Schedule regular meetings with DoF, FDAM and Custom on aquatic IAS issues Enhance skills, capabilities and competence for FDAM, Custom, Port Authority and Airport Authority officers Quarterly progress report 1 scheduled training/ year

Issue No. 4: Overemphasis on aquaculture production affect the ecological balance of inland water bodies 1. Encourage more land-based aquaculture system and reduce over-dependency on inland water bodies Control the population of aquatic IAS through proper mechanisms Strictly regulate movement and release of alien species at national level especially in or near vulnerable ecosystems, biodiversity hotspots, and protected areas 1 guideline for proper management of inland water bodies Zonation of Aquaculture area for inland aquaculture SOPs to eradicate aquatic IAS Scheduled enforcement activities Monthly progress report

2. 3.

22

Issue No. 5: Inadequate capacity to react promptly to natural disasters and environmental change due to institutional weakness 1. Establish response team in order to contain and eradicate potentially invasive species as soon as they appear Develop contingency plans with view to prompting emergency action, identify research, development and operational needs Increase target inspection and surveillance efforts Proactively engage relevant stakeholders, indigenous and local communities in aquatic IAS plans, including awareness raising and training as well as through design and implementation of appropriate incentive measures 1 Rapid Response Team Rapid response mechanism in place 1 contigency plan

2.

3. 4.

Monthly surveillance reports Incentive measures identified 4 stakeholder meetings/ year

Strategy 3: Promote Public Awareness and Education Programmes No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: Lack of public awareness campaigns to the stakeholders on the aquatic IAS issues 1. Disseminate information on aquatic IAS to stakeholders (anglers, retailers, dealers, public, education agencies) 5 coverages on aquatic IAS in mass media per year At least 1 map on distribution status of the most problematic aquatic IAS per year At least 2 pamphlets on aquatic IAS per year 1 scheduled training for stakeholder per year

2.

Continuously upgrade fisheries programmes based on latest scientific knowledge of aquatic IAS to ensure optimum utilisation of fisheries resources in line with good management practices

Issue No. 2: Limited public participation and stakeholder involvement 1. Implement pilot projects on control, mitigate and eradication of aquatic IAS with involvement of stakeholder Ensure participation and access to relevant information by all stakeholders including local communities in development and implementation of laws and regulations 1 pilot project per state

2.

Regular stakeholder meetings/ dialogue sessions

Issue No. 3: Lack of public education and awareness at all levels 1. 2. Promote public awareness and engagement at all levels of society Design educational programmes on aquatic IAS for field staff, managers, specialists and policy and decision-makers, including support for community empowerment to deal with early detection and control of aquatic IAS Foster regional and sub-regional cooperations in risk assessment, prevention, eradication, control as well as sharing of information and experiences
23

Regular stakeholder meetings/ dialogue sessions 1 educational program 1 Educational Kit

3.

1 regional workshop in three years

Strategy 4: Review Rules and Regulations on Aquatic IAS No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: No specific rules and regulations in the existing Fisheries Act 1985 on transboundary movement of aquatic AS 1. Review relevant policies, rules and regulation in existing Fisheries Act 1985 to identify conflicts, gaps, weaknesses and inconsistencies on the transboundary movement of aquatic AS Review and update existing sanitary and phytosanitary measures or other relevant legislation, regulations and procedures to make them more effective in dealing with aquatic IAS Regulate and manage import of live aquatic AS Enhance skills, capabilities and competence for quarantine, Custom and other border officials 1 workshop Annual review on rules and regulation on import and export of live aquatic species Annual review on SPS Programme

2.

3. 4.

3 stop-centres SOP on import of live aquatic AS 1 training per year

Issue No. 2: Inadequate enforcement of existing legislative instruments due to shortage of technically trained personel and limited supply of quarantine and risk assessments facilities 1. Enforce rules and regulation on introduction of aquatic AS into waterbodies 1 guideline on dos and donts At least 3 trained-manpowers in early detection and control of aquatic IAS Annual report on surveillance 3 upgraded laboratories

2.

Upgrade the existing quarantine and risk assessments facilities

Issue No. 3: No coordinated mechanism among agencies (DoF, Customs, FDAM, Port Authority, Airport Authority, etc.) to implement rules and regulation 1. Establish coordinating mechanisms and process between different levels and departments of government 1 coordinating body 4 meetings/ year

Strategy 5: Encourage Research in aquatic IAS No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: Limited specific research studies conducted to ascertain fate of aquatic IAS 1. 2. Undertake more specific research studies on aquatic IAS Undertake more concerted effort on coordinated research and capacity building At least 1 proposal per year 1 proposal for coordinated research between agencies At least 3 M.Sc. and 1 Ph.D. for duration of five years interval 1 technology on contain and control 1 paper on management of aquatic IAS

3.

Increase research activities in all aspects of aquatic IAS management to develop technologies to contain and control aquatic IAS

24

Issue No. 2: Inadequate scientific research capacities to prevent, control, eradicate and mitigate aquatic IAS 1. Intensify extension activities so that prevention, control, eradication and mitigation efforts on aquatic IAS technologies can be effectively disseminated and adopted Strengthen infrastructure for research as well as research networks that incorporate risk assessment, risk management and research approaches on aquatic IAS SOPs on prevention, control, eradication and mitigation efforts on aquatic IAS technologies

2.

1 laboratory / clearing house

Issue No. 3: Lack of collaborative studies among local, regional and international institutions 1. Collaborate with other relevant agencies, organizations, initiatives and conventions (e.g., FAO, WHO, IMO, CITES, OIE, ICAO and IPPC, etc.) 1 laboratory / clearing house

Strategy 6: Establish Financial and Infrastructure Supports No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: Insufficient financial support to conduct studies related to aquatic IAS 1. Monitor the efficacy of interventions, including attempting to understand the returns on investment Allocate adequate financial resources to build capacity in effective mitigation, border control and quarantine measures, with a view to improve synergies with policies relating to trade, food security, human health and environment protection, scientific research and exchange of information 1 scientific paper

2.

1 collaborative paper on trade

Issue No. 2: Lack of political will and support to manage aquatic IAS issues 1. Monitor the efficacy of interventions, including attempting to understand the returns on investment Allocate adequate financial resources to build capacity in effective mitigation, border control and quarantine measures, with a view to improve synergies with policies relating to trade, food security, human health and environment protection, scientific research and exchange of information 1 business proposal

2.

1 paper on budget requirement Funding from central agency

Issue No. 3: Limited availability of adequate quarantine and risk assessments facilities 1. Enhance the upgrading of quarantine facilities through providing of appropriate equipment and facilities Provision of advanced equipment/ tool kits at all quarantine centres 1 paper on Recruitment

2.

1 paper on provision requirement at all quarantine centres

25

Strategy 7: Enhance Skills, Capabilities and Competence No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: Insufficient number of trained personnel on fish taxonomic identification 1. 2. Initiate training programs in-country and oversea at all levels of intervention Socio-economic collaborative studies with the stakeholders on the importance of trade related issues on aquatic IAS 1 yearly training program 1 regional training program 1 collaborative paper on trade 1 technical socio-economic paper

Issue No. 2: Limited political will and supports to manage aquatic IAS issues 1. Monitor the efficacy of interventions, including attempting to understand the returns on investment Allocate adequate financial resources to build capacity in effective mitigation, border control and quarantine measures, with a view to improve synergies with policies relating to trade, food security, human health and environment protection, scientific research and exchange of information 1 business proposal

2.

1 paper on budget requirement Funding from central agency

26

9. Implementation Schedules

Strategy 1: Strengthen Biological and Socio-economic Information of Aquatic IAS

No. 1. Activities Establish systematic studies for biological resource inventories and update information on aquatic invasive alien species Undertake studies on ecological impacts of IAS Undertake gathering and compilation of information on socio-economic of fish farmers, aquarium fish traders and fisher Strengthen information sharing among locals and foreign experts by incorporating aquatic IAS considerations, including monitoring, reporting and notification of threats into regional agreements. Establish information on aquatic IAS status and trends available through the Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) and other regional information systems. 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2. 3.

4.

5.

Strategy 2: Implement Effective Conservation and Management Measures

No. 1. 2. Activities Review and conduct sound risk analysis on AS already in the list of prohibited species Update and enforce regulation to ensure proper introduction of aquatic AS through specified procedure Enhance skills, capabilities and competence for extension and enforcement officers Develop control measures to regulate and minimise introduction of alien invasive Schedule regular meetings with DoF, FDAM and Custom on IAS issues Enhance skills, capabilities and competence for FDAM, Custom, Port Authority and Airport Authority officers Introduce policy to encourage more landbased aquaculture systems and reduce overdependency on inland water bodies Control the over-population of IAS through proper management and introduce strict regulations to control movement and release of AS in or near vulnerable ecosystems, biodiversity hot spots and protected areas 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

8.

27

9.

Establish response teams in order to contain and eradicate potentially invasive species as soon as they appear Develop contingency plans with view to prompting emergency action, identify research, development and operational needs Introduce target inspection and surveillance efforts Initiate engagement with relevant stakeholders, indigenous and local communities in IAS plans, including awareness raising and training as well as through design and implementation of appropriate incentive measures

10.

11. 12.

Strategy 3: Promote Public Awareness and Education Programmes

No. 1. Activities Disseminate information on aquatic IAS to stakeholders (anglers, retailers, dealers, public, education agencies) Continuously upgrade fisheries programmes based on latest scientific knowledge of aquatic IAS to ensure optimum utilisation of fisheries resources in line with good management practices Implement pilot projects on control, mitigate and eradication of aquatic IAS with involvement of stakeholder Ensure participation and access to relevant information by all stakeholders including local communities in development and implementation of laws and regulations Promote public awareness and engagement at all levels of society Design educational programmes on aquatic IAS for field staff, managers, specialists and policy and decision-makers, including support for community empowerment to deal with early detection and control of invasive alien species Foster regional and sub-regional cooperations in risk assessment, prevention, eradication, control as well as sharing of information and experiences 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

28

Strategy 4: Review Rules and Regulation on Aquatic IAS

No. 1. Activities Review relevant policies, rules and regulation in existing Fisheries Act 1985 to identify conflicts, gaps, weaknesses and inconsistencies on the transboundary movement of aquatic AS Review and update existing sanitary and phytosanitary measures or other relevant legislation, regulations and procedures to make them more effective in dealing with aquatic IAS Regulate and manage import of live aquatic AS Enhance skills, capabilities and competence for for quarantine, Custom and other border officials Enforce rules and regulation on introduction of aquatic AS into waterbodies Upgrade the existing quarantine and risk assessments facilities Establish coordinating mechanisms and process between different levels and departments of government 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

Strategy 5: Encourage More Concerted Effort on Coordinated Research

No. 1. Activities Undertake more specific research studies on aquatic IAS to develop technologies to contain and control aquatic IAS Strengthen infrastructure for research as well as research networks that incorporate risk assessment, risk management and research approaches on aquatic IAS Enhance capacity building to identify, record and monitor invasions and develop lists at national level of potential and established IAS Provide adequate training for R&D, (quarantine staff and extension personnel to develop the required level of diagnostic capabilities) Provide relevant expert to train the local staff and standardize diagnostic procedures on rapid detection of newly introduced IAS Collaborate with other relevant agencies, organizations, initiatives and conventions (e.g., FAO, WHO, IMO, CITES, OIE, ICAO and IPPC, etc.) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

29

Strategy 6: Establish Financial and Infrastructure Supports

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Activities Submit budgetary proposal for implementation of the strategic plan Set up a national level management and implementation secretariat Monitor the efficacy of interventions, Allocate adequate financial resources to build capacity in effective mitigation, border control and quarantine measures, with a view to improve synergies with policies relating to trade, food security, human health and environment protection, scientific research and exchange of information Enhance the upgrading of quarantine facilities through providing of appropriate equipment and facilities Provision of advanced equipment/ tool kits at all quarantine centres Support closer coordination between national focal points of relevant international instruments, regional institutions and international conventions and programmes 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

5.

6. 7.

Strategy 7: Enhance Skills, Capabilities and Competence

No. 1. 2. Activities Initiate training programs in-country and oversea at all levels of intervention Undertake socio-economic collaborative studies with the stakeholders on the importance of trade related issues on IAS Monitor the efficacy of interventions, including attempting to understand the returns on investment Intensify extension activities so that prevention, control, eradication and mitigation efforts on aquatic IAS technologies can be effectively disseminated and adopted Enhance capacity building to identify, record and monitor invasions and develop lists at national level of potential and established IAS 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

3.

4.

5.

9.1

Monitoring, Evaluation and Assessment of NPOA - IAS

The lead agency pertaining to fish movement in and out of the country is the sole responsibility of the Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DoFM) and its sisters agency, the Fisheries Development Authority
30

of Malaysia (FDAM) or LKIM. The DoFM is implementing regulations on the import of alien species for aquaculture. In implementing the control of these species, other agencies (Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), Information, Immigration, Custom and Excise, Health, Transportation and Forestry Departments) are needed to complement it.

CONCLUSION With the above deliberation, the issue is not to ban aquatic alien species but to have risk assessments and to evaluate the benefits associated with their use. Appropriate regulations of their movement will be in place. A comprehensive list of aquatic alien species and aquatic invasive alien species and their status pertaining to fisheries in Malaysia will be documented. Introductions of aquatic invasive alien species through all vectors will be reduced. More officials will be trained to prevent and manage aquatic invasive alien species and to implement domestic, regional and international requirements; and cooperation to establish scientific networks and information exchange. Communication among the public relevant to addressing aquatic invasive alien species will be increased. Educational materials would be developed to inform public of the dangers posed by the species. These materials would be incorporated into public out-reach programs (e.g., for schools, youth groups), news coverage (e.g., in newspapers, local publications), and in science-oriented events (e.g., at nature centers and natural history museums, at meetings of aquarium societies, aquariums and angling associations).

References Ang, K.J.;R. Gopinath & T.E. Chua. 1989. The Status of Introduced Fish Species in Malaysia, p.71-82. In S.S. De Silva (ed.) Exotic aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ.3, 154p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. Anton, A.; M. N. Normawaty & Y. Fukuyo. 2000. Occurrence of harmful dinoflagellates in the Malacca Straits and its impact on aquaculture. In Towards Sustainable Management of the Straits of Malacca. M. Shariff, F. M. Yusoff, N. Gopinath, H. M. Ibrahim & R. A. Nik Mustapha (eds.), p. 155-163. Malacca Straits Research and Development Centre (MASDEC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Azmi, M., Baki, B.B. & Mashhor, M. 1992. Weed communities in rice granary areas in Peninsular Malaysia. In: Proceedings of the First International Weed Control Congress 2, pp 57-60. Baki, B.B. & Azmi, M. 1992. Integrated management of paddy and aquatic weeds in Malaysia: Current status and prospects for improvement. In: Proceedings of the International Seminar Biological Control and Integrated Management of Paddy and Aquatic Weeds in Asia in Tsukuba, Japan. October 1994, pp 46-77. Bartley, D. & Christine, V. Casal. 1998. Impacts of Introductions on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Aquatic Biodiversity. Presented at Session 4 of the Int. Conf. on Sustainable Use of Aquatic Biodiversity: Data, Tools and Collaboration 1. ACP-EU Fisheries Research Initiative, 3-5 September 1998, Lisbon, Portugal. Carlton, J.T. & G.M. Ruiz (in press) Principles of Vector Science and Integrated Vector Management, in H. Mooney et al. (eds.), Best Practices for the Prevention and Management of Alien Invasive Species. Island Press Claudia Harper (2005). Koi Herpesvirus (Cyprinid herpesvirus 3). Aquaculture Magazine. November/ December 2005 D.V.Lightner; C.R.Pantoja; B.T.Poulos; K.F.J.Tang; R.M. Redman; T.Pasos-de-Andrade & J.R.Bonami, 2004. Infectious Myonecrosis New Disease in Pacific White Shrimp. Health Management. Global Aquaculture Advocate October 2004 pp85 Faazaz, A.L. & Othman M . 2002 . Observation on a red tide bloom occurrence of Prorocentrum minimum in South Johor Waters. Paper presented in Fisheries Research Symposium, Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Kota Bahru, Kelantan Geoffrey W. Howard. 2002. Invasive species in water-dependent ecosystems. Worldfish Centre. Use of Genetically Improved and Alien Species for Aquaculture and Conservation of Aquatic Biodiversity in Africa.

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Jan Jeffrey Hoover, K. Jack Killgore, & Alfred F. Confrancesco, 2004. Suckermouth Ctfishes: Threats to Aquatic Ecosystems of the United States? Aquatic Nuisance Species Research Program ANSRP Bulletin, Vol-04-1 February 2004 Jothy, A. A., Rauck, R., Mohd. Shaari, S.A.M., Ong, K.S., Liong, P.C. & Carvalho, J.L. 1975. Demersal fish resources in Malaysian waters 3. Second trawl survey of the coastal waters off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (March-May, 1971). Fisheries Bulletin No. 4. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Malaysia: 1-17. Kathleen H. Hartman, Roy P. E.Yanong, B. Denise Petty, Ruth Francis-Floyd & Allen C. Riggs. 2004. Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Disease. Fact Sheet VM-149. Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (College of Veterinary Medicine), Florida Cooperative Extension Services. Laurent Verschuere, Geert Rombaut, Patrick Sorgeloos & Willy Verstraete, 2000. Probiotic Bacteria as Biological Control Agents in Aquaculture. Micro. And Molec. Bio. Reviews, Dec 2000, p. 655-671 Lokman,S.; Abd.Hamid Yasin; Solahudin Abdul Razak & Mohd Shukri Yusoff 1996. Microplankton (Including Dinoflagellate and Foraminifera) in the South China Sea, Area I: Gulf of Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. P. 310-335. Mat Hassan Othman & Abdul Kadir Abu Hashim 2002. IAS in Malaysia. Paper presented during Global Invasive Species Programme in Thailand Mohammed Shaari, S.A.L., Rauck, G., Ong, K.S. & Tan, S.P. 1974. Demersal fish resources in Malaysian waters -2. Trawl survey of the coastal waters off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia (12th December 1970 22nd January 1971). Fisheries Bulletin No. 3. Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia. MRC Technical Paper No.9 May 2003. The Impacts of Introductions and Stocking of Exotic Species in The Mekong Basin and Policies for their Control N. Gopinath & Tarlochan Singh. 1998. Aquaculture Practices in Malaysia. Malaysian Fisheries Society. Animal Health Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, UPM, Serdang, Selangor. Oseko, N. 2004. Detection of Iridovirus isolated from diseases sea bass (Lates calcarifer) and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) causing mass mortality in Malaysia. Unpublished (abstract) data National Institute of Aquaculturer, Japan/ NAFISH Malaysia (personal communication). Pathansali, D., Rauck, G., Jothy, A.A., Mohd. Shaari, S.A.M. & Curtain, T.B. 1974. demersal fish resources in Malaysian waters 1. Trawl survey off the coastal waters off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Fisheries Bulletin No.1 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Malaysia. 1-13. SEAFDEC Interdepartmental Collaborative Research Program on fishery resources in the South China Sea AREA1 GULF of Thailand and East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia SEC/SP/39 SEAFDEC Interdepartmental Collaborative Research Program on fishery resources in the South China Sea AREA II Waters of Sabah, Sarawak (Malaysia) and Brunei Darussalam SEC/SP/40 Thalathiah, S. & V. Palanisamy 2004. Country paper: Malaysia. The Way Forward: Building Capacity to Combat Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Alien Species and Associated Trans-Boundary Pathogens in ASEAN Countries. In Final report of a workshop hosted by DoFM, Penang Malaysia, 12-16th July 2004. NACA March 2005 Waltzek, T.B.; Kelly, G.O.; Stone, D.M.; Way, K.; Hanson, T.; Fukuda,T.T.; Hirono, I., Aoki; T.; Davison & A.J. Hedrick, R.P. 2005. Koi herpesvirus represents a third cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV-3) in the family Herpesviridae. J. Gen. Virol.86(pt 6):1659-67 Yong A.H. 2003. Phytoplankton Monitoring in Sarawak. Malaysian Fisheries Journal Vol.3(2) December 2004. pp 81-92

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Yong Ai Hua, 2003 . Blooms of fish killer Cochlodinium polykrikoides in water of Labuan and Kota Kinabalu. A Paper from Fisheries Research Institute Sarawak Branch Zakaria-Ismail, M. 1994. Zoogeography and biodiversity of the fresh-water fishes of South East Asia. Hydrobiologia 285, 41-48.

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Appendix 1 List of Aquarium Fishes Cultured in Malaysia

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

Scientific Name Acanthoptosis choirorhynchus Acarichthys heckeli Aequidens curviceps A. maroni A. pulcher A. rivulatus Anabas testudineus Aphyocharax anistsig A. paraguayensis killie Aphyosemion australe A. gardneri A. sjoestedti Apistogramma agassizii A. borelli A. ramirezi Aplocheilus normani Aplocheilus annulatus A. dayi A. panchax Astronotus ocellatus Astyanax mexicanus Aulonocara jacobfreibergi Aulonocara nyassae Badis badis Bagrichthys hypselopterus Barbodes everetti B. fasciatus B. hexagona B. lateristriga B. nigrofasciatus B. pentazona B. schewanenfeldii B. tetrazona B. hesellti Betta embellish B. pugnax B. splendens Boehlkea frecochui Botia hymenophysa B. lecontei B. macracantha B. modesta Brachydanio albolineatus

Common Name Long Nose Loach Thread Finned Cichlid Flat Dwarf Cichlid Keyhole Cichlid Blue Acara Green Terror Climbing Perch Argentina Blood Fin Tetra White Spot Tetra Lyretail Killie Gardners Killie Blue Killie Agassizi Umbrella Dwarf Cichlid Ramirez Lamb Eye Clown Killie Rainbow Panchax Blue Panchax Oscar Blind Cave Tetra Freibergs Peacock Nyassae Peacock Badis badis Camel catfish Clown Barb Stripped Barb Six Banded Barb T Spanner Barb Black Ruby Barb Five Banded Barb Tinfoil Barb Tiger Barb Local Fighting Fish Mouthbrooding Betta Fighting Fish Blue Tetra Tiger Loach Yellow Tail Botia Clown Loach Red Tail Botia Pearl Danio 34

Variety 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 3 1 5 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1

Family Cobitidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Anabantidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodontidae Anabantidae Characidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Nandidae Bagridea Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Anabantidae Anabantidae Anabantidae Anabantidae Characidae Cobitidae Cobitidae Cobitidae Cobitidae Cyprinidae

Alien 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Local

Balantiocheilos melanopterus Silver Bala Shark

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.

B. Frankie B. rerio Brachygobius doriae Brochis splendens Capoeta arulius C. oligolepis C. titteya Carrassius auratus Chaca bankanensis Channa asiatica C. micropeltes Chlilodus punctatus Cichla ocellaris C. cynoguttatum C. fastivum C. managuense C. meeki C. nigrofasciatum C. rajah C. severum C. synspilus Clarius anglolensis Colisa chuna C. labiosa C. lalia Colossoma sp. Corydoras aeneus C. julli C. paleatus Cyprinus carpio Danio malabaricus Dermogenys pusillus Dorychthys martensii Epalzeorhynchos bicolor E. frenatus E. kalopterus Esomus mtallicus Etrplus maculatus Geophagus jurupari G. steindachneri Glossolepis incisus Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Gyrinocheilos aymonieri Hampala macrolepidota Haplochromis ahli H. annectens H. boadzulu H. borleyi

Leopard Danio Zebra Danio Bumble Bee Catfish Green Catfish Longfin Barb Checkered Barb Cherry Barb Goldfish Frogmouth Catfish Snake Head Red Snake Head Head Stander Peacock Cichlid Texas Cichlid Flag Cichlid Managuense Cichlid Firemouth Zebra Cichlid Flower Horn Severum Cichlid Red Headed Cichlid Walking Catfish Honey Gourami Thick Lip Gourami Dwarf Gourami Red Pacu Bronze catfish Leopard Catfish Peppered Catfish Fancy Carp Giant Danio Malayan Halfbeak Pipe Fish Red Tail Black Shark Rainbow Shark Flying Fox Flying Barb Red Chromide Horse Face Cichlid Redhump Geophagus Red Rainbow Black Widow Chinese Algae Eater Red Barb Electric Blue Haplochrom Chunky Hap. Borleyi Hap. 35

2 4 1 1 2 1 1 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 7 1 1 1 2 10 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cyprinidae Cyprinidae

1 1 1 1

Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Chacidae Channidae Channidae Characidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Claridae Anabantidae Anabantidae Anabantidae Characidae Callychthyidae Callychthyidae Callychthyidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Hemiramphidae Syngnathidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Atherinidae Characidae Characidae Cyprinidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cichlasoma coryphaenoides Chocolate Cichlid

93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140.

H. brownie H. chrysonotus H. compressiceps H. electra H. grenedene H. leuciscus H. livingstoni H. moorii H. polystigma H. sp. H. taeniolatus H. venustus Helostoma temmicki Hemichromis bimaculatus Hemigrammus caudovittatus H. erythrozonus H. nanus H. ocellifer H. pulcher H. rhodostomus H. rodwayi Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus Homaloptera orthogoniata H. Herbert H. pulchripinus H. rosaceus H. rubrostiga H. scholzei H. serape Hypostomus plecostomus Iodotropheus sprengerae Iriatherina wemeri Jordanella floridae Julidochromis dickfeldi J. regain J. transcriptus Kryptopterus bicirrhis K. macrocephalus Labeo chrysophekadion Lebeotropheus fuelleborni L. trewavasae Labidochromis fryeri Lamprologus brichardi L. moori Leiocassis siamensis Lepomis megalotis Leptobarbus hoeveni

Browns Mouthbrooder Yellow-nape Haplochrom Malawi Eye Biter Deep Water Hap.

1 1 1 1 1 1

Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Anabantide Cichlidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Hemiramphidae Homalopteridae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Characidae Loricaridae Cichlidae Antherinidae Cyprinodontidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Siluridae Siluridae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Bagridae Centrachidae Cyprinidae

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Livingston Cichlid Blue Lumphead Polystigma Cichlid Rainbow Haplochromis Spindle Haplochromis Venustus Haplochromis Kissing Gourami Jewel Cichlid Beunos Aerus Tetra Glowlight Tetra Silver Tip Tetra Head & Tail Light Tetra Pretty Tetra Rummy Nose Tetra Gold Tetra Common Halfbeak Malayan Orchid Loach Black Neon Lemon tetra Rosy Tetra Bleeding Heart Tetra Black Line Tetra Serpae Tetra Algae Sucker Catfish Rusty Cichlid Thread Fin Rainbw American Flag Dickfields Julie Striped Julie Masked Julie Thailand Glass Fish Malayan Glass Fish Black Shark Fuelleborns Cichlid Red Toppe Trewavase White Labido Brichardi Moores Lampro Giant Bumble Bee Catfish Logear Sunfish Red-finned Cigar Shark 36

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Hyphenssobrycon flammeus Flame Tetra

141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187.

Luciosoma setigerum Macrognathus armatus M. siamensis Macropodus opercularis Mastercembelus erythrotaenia Megalamphodus megalopterus M. sweglesi M. johanni Melanotaenia boesemani M. maccullochi M. peacock Metynnis schreitmuelleri Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae Monodactylus argenteus Mystus sp. Nannostomus anomalus N. unifasciatus Nematobrevecon palmeri Noemacheilus bartulus Nomorhamphus liemi Nothobranchius rachovi Notopterus chitala N. sp. Osphronemus goramy Osteochilus hasselti Oxyleotris marmoratus Pangasius sutchi Pangio javanicus P. kuhlii P. myersi P. semicinctus Paracheirodon innesi Pelvichromis pulcher Petrotilapia tridentiger Phenocogrammus interruptus Poecillia latipina P. reticulate Pnobrama filigera Pristella maxillaris Pseudogastromyzon myersi Pseudomungil gertrudae Pseudotropheus kennyi P. auratus P. auraora P. chamaelee

Apollo Shark Spiny Eel Tire Track Spiny Eel Spotted Fin Paradise Fish Fire Eel Black Phantom Tetra Red Phantom Tetra Johanni Cichlid Boesemans Rainbow Australian Rainbow Peacock Rainbow Silver Dollar Weather Loach Red Eye Tetra Monos Estuarine Catfish Golden Pencil One-lined Pencil Fish Emperor Tetra Stone Loach Celebes Halfbeak Ranchows Notho Clown Knifefish Black Knifefish Giant Gourami Hard-lipped Barb Marble Goby Silver Catfish Black Coolie Loach Coolie Loach Giant Coolie Loach Red Coolie Loach Neon Tetra Kribensis Lavender Cichlid Congo Tetra Molly Guppy Glass Loodfin Tetra Pristella Tetra Borneo Loach Blue Lamp Eye Kennyi Cichlid Auratus Cichlid Aurora Cichlid Chamaelee Cichlid 37

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 30 26 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cyprinidae Mastecembelidae Mastecembelidae Anabantidae Mastecembelidae Characidae Characidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Atherinidae Atherinidae Atherinidae Characidae Cobitidae Characidae Monodactylidae Bagridae Characidae Characidae Characidae Cobitidae Hemiramphidae Cyprinodontidae Notopteridae Notopteridae Anabantidae Cyprinidae Eleotridae Bagridae Cobitidae Cobitidae Cobitidae Cobitidae Characidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Characidae Poeciliidae Poeciliidae Characidae Characidae Cobitidae Atherinidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Melanochromis exasperatus Exasperatus Cichlid

188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234.

P. dinghani P. greberi P. kingsizei P. ornatus P. socolofi P. species P. tropheops P. zebra Pterophyllum scalare Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps Puntius conchonius P. conchonius Hybrid P. sachsi Rasbora baropetensis R. caudimaculata R. dorsiocellata R. einthoveni R. elegans R. heteromorpha R. kalochroma R. maculate R. pauciperforata R. trilineatus Rhodeus ocellatus Scatophagus argus S. argus Sclerophagus formosus Sphearichthys osphromenoides Steatocranus casurius Stigmatogobius sadannundio Symphysodon hybrid Tanichthys albonubes Telmatherina ladigesi Tetraodon biocellatus T. fluviatilis Thayeri oblique Tilapia aurea Toxotex jaculator Trichogaster leeri T. microlepis T. pectoralis T. trichopterus Trichopsis vittatus Uaru amphiacanthoides Xiphophorus helleri X. maculates X. variatus

Dinghan Cichlid Greber Cichlid Kingsize Cichlid Bumble Bee Cichlid Scolof Cichlid Ice Blue Cichlid Black Tropheops Zebra Cichlid Angelfish Red Algae Sucker Catfish Rosy Barb Odessa Barb Golden Barb Red-tailed Rasbora Red scissor-tail rasbora Emerald Eye Rasbora Blue Striped Rasbora Elegant Rasbora Harlequin Rasbora Clown Rasbora Spotted Rasbora Red Striped Rasbora Scissor Tail Rasbora Bittering Green Scat Red Scat Arowana, Dragonfish Chocolate Gourami Lionhead Cichlid Knight Gobby Discus White Cloud Mountain Celebes Rainbow Figure Puffer Spotted Puffer Penguin Tetra Orange Firemouth Archer Fish Pearl Gourami Moonlight Gourami Snake Skin Gourami Three Spot Gourami Croaking Gourami Triangle Cichlid Swordtail Platy Parrot Platy

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 22 1 8 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 24 5 506 38

Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Loricariidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Scatophagidae Scatophagidae Osteoglossidae Anabantidae Cichlidae Gobiidae Cichlidae Cyprinidae atherinidae Tetradontidae Tetradontidae Characidae Cichlidae Toxotidae Anabantidae Anabantidae Anabantidae Anabantidae Anabantidae Cichlidae Poeciliidae Poeciliidae Poeciliidae

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 186 50

Appendix 2 List of Freshwater Food Fish

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

Scientific Name Anguilla sp. Aristichthys nobilis Catla catla Channa micropeltes Channa striatus Cherax quadricarinatus Cirrhina mrigala Clarias batrachus C. grapieneus C. macrocephalus Colossoma sp Ctenopharyngodon idellus Cyprinus carpio Etroplus suratensis Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Ictalurus ictalurus Labeo rohita Leptobarbus hoevenii Macrobrachium rosenbergi M. lancestrei Micropterus salmoides Monopterus albus Mystus nemurus Oreochromis mossambicus O. niloticus O. sp. Oxyeleotris marmoratus Pangasius sutchi Probarbus jullieni Puntius gonionotus P. schwanenfeldii Salmo gairdneri Trichogaster pectoralis Tor tambroides Tor sp.

Common Name Eel Big Head Carp Catla Red Snake Head Striped Snakehead Freshwater crayfish Mrigal Walking Catfish African Catfish Walking Catfish Pacu Grass Carp Common Carp Silver carp Channel catfish Rohu Sultan Fish Giant Freshwater Prawn Glass Shrimp Freshwater Eel River Catfish African Tilapia Nile Tilapia Red Tilapia Marble Goby Striped Catfish Temoleh Javanese Carp Tinfoil Barb

Local Name Belut Kap kepala Besar Katla Toman Aruan, Haruan, Toman Paya Udang kara air tawar Mrigal Keli Kayu Keli Afrika Keli Bunga Bawal Merah, Pacu Kap Rumput Lee Koh Kap Perak Rohu Jelawat Udang Galah Udang Gantung Belut Baung Tilapia Afrika Tilapia Tilapia Merah Ketutu Patin Temoleh Lampam Jawa Lampam Sungai

Origin

Year Introduced

China India local local Australia India local Thailand South America China China Sri Lanka China Cuba India local Local Florida Local Java, Indonesia Thailand Taiwan Local Thailand Local Indonesia Local Scotland New Zealand

Early 19th century 1960

1999 1960

1950

Early 19th century Early 19th century 1975 Early 19th century 2001 1960

1984

1944 1979 1980

1958 1935 1968 1921 2006

Snake Skin Gourami Red Masheer Masheer

Sepat Siam Kelah Kelah -like

Thailand Local, Sumatra

39

Appendix 3 List of Marine Food Fish in Malaysia

No.

Scientific Name GROUPERS

Common Name

Local Name

Origin

1. 2. 3.

Cromileptes altiveles Epinephelus bleekeri E. coioides

Humpback grouper Yellow-spotted grouper

kerapu kerapu

Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan

Orange-spotted grouper; Kerapu Estuary cod; Green grouper Tiger grouper; Brown marbled grouper; Flowery cod Giant grouper Malabar grouper grouper Blue-dotted coral trout seabass Japanese seabass Mangrove snapper Golden snapper snapper Red snapper Emperor red snapper Pinjalo snapper Giant trevally Taiwan pomfret, snub-nose pompano Trevally Golden trevally Cobia Red drum Kerapu

4.

E. fuscoguttatus

Taiwan

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

E. lanceolatus E. malabaricus E. suillus Plectropomus leopardus Lates calcarifer Lateolabrax japonica SNAPPER Lutjanus argentimaculatus L. johnii L.ruselli L. erythropterus L. sebae Pinjalo-pinjalo JACKS Caranx ignobilis Trachinotus blochii Carangoides sp. Gnathanodon speciosus OTHERS Rachycentron canadum Sciaenops ocellatus

kertang kerapu kerapu kerapu bara siakap siakap Jepun Ikan merah Ikan merah Ikan merah celoreng Ikan merah Ikan merah gerong-gerong bawal merah gerong-gerong gerong-gerong Aruan tasik senangin Taiwan

Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan Thailand Indonesia Jepun Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan Indonesia Taiwan Indonesia Indonesia Taiwan Taiwan 2000

40

Appendix 4 List of Aquatic Plants in Malaysia

Remarks letak kat bawah akhir sekali

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 27. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Scientific Name Eichhornia crassipes Hymenachne pseudointerrupta Hymenachne acutigluma Hydrilla verticillata Oryza rufipogon Scirpus grossus Ludwigia adscendens Ludwigia hyssopifolia Polygonum barbatum Ipomea aquatica Eleocharis dulcis Eleocharis ochrostachys Eleocharia variegata Nymphaea nouchali Pistia stratiotes Limnocharis flava Limnophila aromatica Fimbristylis miliacea Leersia hexandra Utricularia aurea Cyperus distans Cyperus iria Monochoria hastata Ottelia alismoides Lemna perpusilla Lemna minor Azolla pinnata Salvinia molesta Ceratopteris thalictroides Marsilea crenata Alocasia macrorhiza Ceratophyllum demersum Nymphoides indica Najas graminea Nelumbo nucifera Alternanthera sessilis Salvinia cucullata Echinochloa stagnina Echinochloa crus-galli Echinochloa colona Isachne globosa Ischaemum rugosum Leptochloa chinensis 41 Amaranthaceae Tropics Ceratophyllaceae Gentiaceae Tropics cosmopolitan Indian fern Pteridaceae Marsileaceae Tropics South East Asia Hydrocharitaceae South Asia Lentibulariaceae Tropics Scrophulariaceae Tropical Asia Water lettuce Araceae Tropics Polygonaceae Hydocharitaceae cosmopolitan Common Name Keladi bunting Family Pontederiaceae Alien Africa Remarks cosmopolitan

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82 83. 84. 85. 86.

Paspalum vaginatum Bacopa rotundifolia Microcarpea minima Monochoria vaginalis Monochoria hastata Rotala indica Sagittaria guyanensis Sphenoclea zeylanica Acorus gramineus Acorus gramineus var. Pusillus Acorus gramineus var. Viridialbus Aglaonema nitidum Aglaonema simplex Alternanthera ficiodes var. Bettzickiana Green Alternanthera ficiodes var. Bettzickiana Red Alternanthera reinkii Variegated Alternanthera ocipus Alternanthera reineckii Alternanthera sesilis Alternanthera sesilis Lilacina Alternanthera sesilis var. Orforma Ammania gracilis Ammania latifolia Anubias affinis Anubias auriculata Anubias barteri var. Barteri Anubias barteri var. Variegated Anubias congensis Anubias congensis var. Crassispadix Anubias heterophylla Anubias heterophylla Lancelata Anubias barteri var nana Anubias undulata Aponogeton boivinianus Aponogeton capuroni Aponogeton crispus Aponogeton fenestralis Aponogeton henkelianus Aponogeton longiplumulosus Aponogeton madagascariensis Aponogeton natans Aponogeton rigidifolius Aponogeton stachyosporus Dwarf anubias Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae North-East Madagascar Madagascar Sri Lanka Sri Lanka India, Thailand, Burma Northern Madagascar Northern Madagascar South East Asia Tropical West Africa Tropical West Africa Cameroon West Africa West Africa Aroraceae Aroraceae Aroraceae Araceae Araceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Lythraceae Lythraceae Tropical West Africa Brazil Tropics Philippines Philippine Brazil Brazil Malaysia Malaysia Temperate Lythraceae Asia Scrophulariaceae Australia Asia

42

87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99.

Aponogeton ulvaceus Aponogeton undulatus Azolla japonica Bacopa caroliniana Bacopa lanigera Bacopa monniera Bacopa myriophylloides Barclaya longifolia Barclaya motleyi Blyxa auberti Blyxa japonica Bolbitis heteroclita Bolbitis heudelotii Dwarf Bacopa Lemon bacopa/ Giant Bacopa

Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonaceae Azollaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae Lomariopsidaceae Lomariopsidaceae Cabombaceae Green Cabomba Cabombaceae Cabombaceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Chinese Ivy Hornwort Brassicaceae Ceratophyllaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Liliaceae

Madagascar India, Thailand, Burma USA South America America, Africa South America South East Asia Tropical Asia

Tropical Asia Tropical Asia West Africa Central America Central America South America

100. Cabomba aquatica 101. Cabomba australis 102. Cabomba caroliniana 103. Cabomba piauhyensis 104. Caladium humboldtii - red Heart 105. Caladium humboldtii - red/white spot 106. Caladium humboldtii - white 107. Caladium humboldtii - white spot-mini 108. Cardamine Iyrata 109. Cephalomanes oflongifolium 110. Ceratophyllum demersum 111. Ceratopteris comuta 112. Ceratopteris thalictroides 113. Chlorophytum bichetii 114. Colosacia esculenta 115. Corayline terminalis 116. Crinum aquatica 117. Crinum calamistratum 118. Crinum natans 119. Crinum thaianum 120. Cryptocoryne affinis 121. Cryptocoryne balansae 122. Cryptocoryne beckettii 123. Cryptocoryne bullosa 124. Cryptocoryne ciliata 125. Cryptocoryne ciliata var. Latifolia 126. Cryptocoryne griffithii 127. Cryptocoryne johorensis 128. Cryptocoryne lingua 129. Cryptocoryne lucens 130. Cryptocoryne minima 131. Cryptocoryne parva 132. Cryptocoryne petchii 133. Cryptocoryne pontederrifolia Tiny cryp

Subtropical Asia Cosmopolitan Tropics

Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sumatra Borneo Borneo Sri Lanka Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Thailand Malaysia South East Asia Cameroon Tropical west Africa Thailand Malaysia

43

134. Cryptocoryne retrospiralis 135. Cryptocoryne undulata 136. Cryptocoryne walkeri 137. Cryptocoryne wenditti brown 138. Cryptocoryne wenditti green 139. Cryptocoryne willisii 140. Didiplis diandra 141. Dieffenbachia maculate 142. Draceana deremensis striped 143. Draceana deremensis 144. Draceana sanderiana 145. Draceana variegates 146. Echinodorus amazonicus 147. Echinodorus asiris 148. Echinodorus asiris Rose 149. Echinodorus asiris Barthii 150. Echinodorus bleheri 151. Echinodorus cordifolius 152. Echinodorus cordifolius Variegatus 153. Echinodorus grandiflorus 154. Echinodorus horemanii 155. Echinodorus horemanii green 156. Echinodorus horemanii red 157. Echinodorus horizontalis 158. Echinodorus intermedius 159. Echinodorus latifolius 160. Echinodorus macrophyllus 161. Echinodorus major 162. Echinodorus paiculatus 163. Echinodorus parviflorus 164. Echinodorus parviflorus Tropica 165. Echinodorus quadricostatus 166. Echinodorus quadricostatus Madalen 167. Echinodorus schlueteri var. Leopard 168. Echinodorus tenellus 169. Egeria densa 170. Eichhornia crassipes 171. Eichhornia natans 172. Eleocharis acicularis 173. Eleocharis vivipara 174. Eleocharis xingua 175. Eustralis stellata 176. Fittonia verschaffeltii 177. Glossostigma elatinoides 178. Gratiola sp. 179. Gymnocoronis spilanthoides 180. Hemigraphis alternata Amazon sword plant

Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Lythraceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae dwarf sword plant Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Alismataceae Argentine acharis Hydrocharitaceae Pontederiaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Lamiaceae Scrophulariaceae Temperate zone Tropics Tropical Asia Australia, New Zealand South America South America South America cosmopolitan Central America South America Central America South America Brazil South America Brazil South America South America Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Lanka North America North America Tropics Tropics Tropics Tropics South America

Asteraceae

44

181. Hemigraphis alternata var. 182. Hemigraphis repanda 183. Heteranthera zosterifolia 184. Houttuynia cordata 185. Hydrilla verticillata 186. Hydrocotyle aquatica 187. Hydrocotyle leucocephala 188. Hydrocotyle wilfordi 189. Hygrophila angustifolia 190. Hygrophila corymbosa 191. Hygrophila corymbosa var. Globra 192. Hygrophila difformis 193. Hygrophila difformis Variegatus 194. Hygrophila guianensis 195. Hygrophila lacustris 196. Hygrophila lancea 197. Hygrophila polysperma 198. Hygrophila polysperma var. sunset 199. Hygrophila salicifolia 200. Hygrophila stricuta 201. Ipomoea aquatica 202. Lagarosiphon madagascariensis 203. Lagarosiphon major 204. Lilaleopsis brasiliensis 205. Limnobium laevigatum 206. Limnophila aquatica 207. Limnophila aromatica 208. Limnophila heterophylla 209. Limnophila sessilifora 210. Lindernia pyxidaria 211. Lindernia sp. 212. Lobelia cardinalis Big Leaf 213. Lobelia cardinalis Small Leaf 214. Ludwigia arcuata 215. Ludwigia grandulosa 216. Ludwigia inclinata 217. Ludwigia mullertii 218. Ludwigia palustris 219. Ludwigia peruensis 220. Ludwigia repens 221. Lymnocharis flava 222. Lysimachia nummularia 223. Marsilea angustifolia 224. Marsilea crenata 225. Marsilea quadrifolia 226. Mayaca fluviatilis 227. Micranthemum micranthemoides Creeping penny Primulaceae Marsileaceae Marsileaceae Marsileaceae Mayacaceae Scrophulariaceae Europe Australia S.E.Asia Tropics Brazil USA & West Indies Creeping Ludwigia Onagraceae America Onagraceae Warm temperate Scarlet LobeliaCardinal flower Needle leaf Ludwigia Scrophulariaceae Companulaceae Companulaceae Onagraceae Onagraceae Onagraceae USA East Asia South America USA Dwarf Ambulia Scrophulariaceae S.E.Asia Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharitaceae Apiaceae Hydrocharitaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Madagascar Madagascar Australia, New Zealand South America S.E.Asia Tropical Asia dwarf hygrophila Acanthaceae Tropical Asia Acanthaceae Thailand Acanthaceae Acanthaceae South East Asia Acanthaceae South East Asia Brazilia Pennywort Apiaceae South America Acanthaceae Pontederiaceae Saururaceae Hydrocharitaceae Brazil East Asia cosmopolitan

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228. Micranthemum unbrosum 229. Microsorium pteropus 230. Myriophyllum aquaticum 231. Myriophyllum elatinoides 232. Myriophyllum hippuroides 233. Myriophyllum mattogrossense 234. Nesaea pedicellata 235. Nesaea sp. 236. Nitella flexilis 237. Nuphar japonicum 238. Nymphaea lotus var. Green 239. Nymphaea lotus var. Red 240. Nymphaea rubra 241. Ophiopogon jaburan 242. Ophiopogon japonicum 243. Ophiopogon japonicus 244. Physostegia sp. 245. Pistia stratiotes 246. Plygonum thunbergii 247. Polygonum hastata-sagittatatum 248. Riccia fluitans 249. Rorippa aquatica 250. Rotala indica 251. Rotala macrandra 252. Rotala macrandra sp. 253. Rotala wallichii 254. Sagittaria eatoni 255. Sagittaria graminea 256. Sagittaria pusilla 257. Sagittaria subulata 258. Sagittaria teres 259. Salvinia cucullata 260. Salvinia natans 261. Samolus parvilorus 262. Saururus cernuus 263. Schismatoglottis sp. 264. Scindapsus sp. 265. Selaginella wildenowii 266. Selenodesmium cobsucum 267. Shinnersia rivularis 268. Shinnersia rivularis Variegatus 269. Spathiphyllum wallisii Peacock fern Floating fern Brazilian Milfoil Java fern

Scrophulariaceae Polypodiaceae Haloragaceae Haloragaceae Haloragaceae Haloragaceae Lythraceae Lythraceae

Central America Asia S.America USA & Mexico S.America Tropical West Africa Tropical West Africa S.E.Asia & Japan Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa

Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Araceae

Tropics

Ricciaceae Brassicaceae Lythraceae Lythraceae Lythraceae Lythraceae USA Asia India

cosmopolitan

Alismataceae

North America

Salviniaceae Primulaceae Primulaceae Liliaceae Selaginellaceae Vietnam, Himalayas Mexico Mexico South America, Central America South East Asia Central America cosmopolitan Europe USA

cosmopolitan

Malaysia

Asteraceae Asteraceae Araceae

270. Syngonium podophyllum 271. Trapa natans 272. Triadenum japonicum

Goose foot plant Water chestnut

Araceae Trapaceae

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273. Utricularia aurea 274. Utricularia vulgaris 275. Vallisneria asiatica 276. Vallisneria dubyana 277. Vallisneria gigantea 278. Vallisneria natans 279. Vallisneria spiralis 280. Vallisneria tortissima Remarks: *Local / ** Asia / ***Cosmopolitan

Lentibulariaceae Lentibulariaceae Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharitaceae

Tropics Tropics Tropics Tropics Tropics

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Appendix 5 List of Marine Dinoflagellates Found in Malaysian Waters

Name of Species Alexandrium tamarensis Alexandrium minutum Alexandrium tamiyavanichi Alexandrium fraterculus Alexandrium leei Alexandrium cohorticula Amphidinium spp Amphisolenia globifera Ceratium arietinum Ceratium furca Ceratium lumulus Ceratium symmetricum Ceratium fusus Ceratium pentagonum Ceratocorys sp Chattonella sp Coolia Cochlodinium polykrikoides Dinophysis caudata D. rotundata Gambierdiscus toxicus Gymnodinium catenatum Gymnodinium sanguineum Gonyaulax spinifera Heterosigma sp Noctiluca scintillans Operculodinium centrocarpum Ornithoceros Ostreopsis Peridinium Peridinium quinquecorne Phalacroma rapa Polykrikos shwartizii Prorocentrum micans Prorocentrum minimum Protoceratium sp Protoperidinium sp Protoperidinium excentricum Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum Tuberculodinium vancampoae Gonyaulacaceae (6 species), Protoperidiniaceae (9 species) Pyrophacaceae (1 species) Unidentified family (2 species) Name of Species Spiniferites bulloides (cyst of Gonyaulax scrippsae) Spiniferites ramosus (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex) Spiniferites cf. mirabilis (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex) Spiniferites ramosus (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex Spiniferites cf. mirabilis (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex)

Appendix 6
1. Fisheries Acts 1985

Section 40 - Control of Live Fish (1) Any person who: a) b) c) d) e) f) Imports into or exports out of Malaysia; Transport from West Malaysia into the FT of Labuan, states of Sabah and Sarawak; Transports from FT of Labuan or the state of Sabah and Sarawak into West Malaysia Transport from Federal Territory of Labuan into the state of Sabah and Sarawak; Transport from the state of Sabah into the Federal Territory of Labuan or the state of Sarawak; or Transport from state of Sarawak into Federal Territory of Labuan or State of Sabah

Live fish without a permit or in breach of any condition in a permit issued by the Director General under this section shall be guilty of an offence (2) The Director General may impose such conditions as he thinks fit in the permit, including conditions concerning the state of cleanliness of the fish to be exported, imported or transported and measures to avoid the spread of communicable fish diseases, or to avoid the release into the natural environment of non-indigenous species of fish.

Section 61 Power of Minister to make regulations 61 (ag) to prescribe regulations for the control of movement of fish within Malaysia 61 (ai) to prescribe measures for the control of fish diseases Fisheries Regulations Fisheries (Prohibition of import, etc., of fish) Regulation 1990

2. (1)

Prohibition No person shall import into, sell, cultivate or keep live fish of the genus as specified in the Schedule to the Regulations except with the written permission of the Director General. The Director General may impose any conditions he deems fit in the written permission granted pursuant to paragraph (1)

(2)

The followings are prohibited for import by special directives from the Director General of Fisheries: 1) 2) 3) Tiger shrimp broodstock All exotic species for research purposes, without written approval from the Director General of Fisheries All species of piranhas which included Colosomma / Piaractus, these fishes are now accepted as a food finfish and very popular species in sport fishing

3.

Penalty

Any person who contravenes the provision of regulation 2(1) or any condition imposed in the written permission granted by the Director General under regulation 2(2) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding one year or both.

Exports of Live Food Finfish Export prohibition The followings are prohibited for export by special directives from the Director General of Fisheries: 1. 2. 3. 4. Tiger shrimp broodstock >178mm All types of hard corals Cockles (Anadara granosa) < 25mm Grouper fry < 150 mm)

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Penalties Part VI, Section 25(b): (b) In any other cases, a penalty of not more than RM 20, 000.00, or jailed term not more than 2 years or both

Lists of legislations related to movement of live aquatic animals under the Fisheries Act 1985 Control of import of live aquatic animals Control of export of live aquatic animals Live aquatic animal movement within the country (domestic) Introducing new/ exotic species Legislation to ensure that imported live aquatic animals are not diverted to other purposes Export-Import Permit /license fee Health certification/Statement of origin Fisheries Act 1985 under section Sec 40 (1)(2) - Control of live fish Fisheries Regulations (Import, Export, Transport and Quarantine of Fish and Species in the CITES List 2006 Fisheries (Control of Endangered Species of Fish) Regulations 1999 Fisheries (Prohibition of Import, etc., of Fish) Regulations 1990 Fisheries (Marine Culture System) Regulations 1990 Custom Act 1967 (Act 235) & Custom Regulations 1977 Schedule 2 & 4 Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia Act 1971 National CITES Legislation Malaysia (Daft) 2006 Directives of Director- General, Department of Fisheries Malaysia 1986 Sec 25 (b) - Offences under Act Fisheries Act 1985 under section Fisheries Act 1985 under section Sec 40 (1)(2) - Control of live fish Fisheries Regulations (Import, Export, Transport and Quarantine of Fish and Species in the CITES List 2006 Fisheries (Control of Endangered Species of Fish) Regulations 1999 Fisheries (Prohibition of Import, etc., of Fish) Regulations 1990 Fisheries (Marine Culture System) Regulations 1990 Custom Act 1967 (Act 235) & Custom Regulations 1977 schedule 2 & 4 Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia Act 1971 National CITES Legislation Malaysia (Daft) 2006 Directives of Director- General, Department of Fisheries Malaysia 1986 Sec 25 (b) - Offences under Act Section 40(1) (b) (f), Fisheries Act 1985 Sarawak Government Gazette Part II The Fisheries (Adoption) Ordinance 1994 Technical Committee of Malaysias National Policy on Biological Diversity for Fisheries (Department of Fisheries Malaysia) Technical Working Group for Invasive Alien Species - NIL -

Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia (license fee) CITES permit fee (Department of Fisheries)

* Live food (Ministry of Health) for food safety. DOF only on Health Status of the Fish
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Appendix 7 International Agreements and Guidelines Addressing Aquatic Alien Species n n n n n Convention on Biological Diversity http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Text of the Protocol http://www.biodiv.org/biosafety/protocol.asp World Trade Organization, Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr_e.htm Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/v9878e/v9878e00.htm International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Position Statement on Translocation of Living Organisms: introductions, reintroductions and re-stocking. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/pubs/policy/transe.htm Asia Regional Technical Guidelines on Health Management for the Responsible Movement of Aquatic Animals and the Beijing Consensus and Implementation Strategy http://www.enaca.org/NACAPublications/AsiaRegionalTechnicalGuidelines.pdf International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Code of Practice on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms http://www.ices.dk/reports/general/2003/Codemarineintroductions2003.pdf International Plant Protection Convention http://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/publications.htm European Information System on Invasive Alien Species. Legislation and regulations on invasive alien species on the global level. http://www.zin.ru/rbic/legisl_global.asp

n n

Partners and Organizations n n Office International des pizooties, Aquatic Animal Health Code http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fcode/a_summry.htm Convention on Biological Diversity, Alien Species: Guiding Principals for the Prevention, Introduction and Mitigation of Impacts. http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-05/official/sbstta-05-05-en.pdf Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Manual on Risk Analysis for the Safe Movement of Aquatic Animals, May 2004 Provides basic guidance and procedures aimed at developing countries on how to conduct risk analyses for aquatic animals. http://www.apecsec.org.sg/apec/publications.html Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC),Capacity and Awareness Building on Import Risk Analysis (IRA) for Aquatic Animals, Proceedings, May 2004 A collection of papers dealing with various aspects of risk analysis for aquatic animals. http://www.apecsec.org.sg/apec/publications.html Office International des Epizooties, International Aquatic Animal Health Code (2004) - Assures the sanitary safety of international trade in aquatic animals (fish, molluscs and crustaceans) and their products through the detailing of health measures to be used by the veterinary authorities of importing and exporting countries to avoid the transfer of pathogens of aquatic animals, while also avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers. http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fcode/A_00007.htm Office International des Epizooties, Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (2003) - Provides a uniform approach to the diagnosis of the diseases listed in the OIE International Aquatic Animal Health Code), so that the requirements for health certification in connection with trade in aquatic animals and aquatic animal products can be met. http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fmanual/A_summry.htm

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NACA/OIE Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease Reports Provides information on the occurrence of serious disease outbreaks of aquatic animals in the Asia-Pacific region. http://www.enaca.org/modules/mydownloads/viewcat.php?cid=59 Asia Diagnostic Guide to Aquatic Animal Diseases. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 402/2 - Provides a comprehensive guide to the most economically significant diseases affecting molluscs, fish and crustaceans in the Asia-Pacific region. Includes information on laboratory and diagnostic techniques, causative agents and distribution, host range, clinical aspects, screening methods, diagnostic procedures, modes of transmission, control measures. http://www.enaca.org/NACA-Publications/ADG-complete.pdf Polistes Global Mapper Example of a global distribution map (for plants). Good example to build aquatic organism database around, contains list of all sightings with site coordinates. http://pick4.pick.uga.edu/mp/20m Invasive Species Information Management in the NorthEast -Report highlighting the need for an international monitoring network to assess the distribution, rate of spread and population dynamics of marine invasive species. http://www.aquatic-invasive-species-conference.org/powerpoint_pdf/Session C/Wednesday/ jay_baker.pdf Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia (AFFA) - Current import risk analysis: freshwater crayfish http://www.affa.gov.au/content/publications.cfm? Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=104993BA-243A-4014- 8F5DCE881F4DFA78 Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia (AFFA) - Current import risk analysis: freshwater finfish http://www.affa.gov.au/content/publications.cfm? Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=FF33C2C8-3E16-41CE- 8E770ABDD800BA28 Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia (AFFA) - Current import risk analysis: nonviable bivalve molluscs http://www.affa.gov.au/content/publications.cfm? Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=9A1BF387-33DB-4FAF- 8C73AE1BD779ACFF Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia (AFFA) -Current import risk analysis: prawns and prawn products http://www.affa.gov.au/content/publications.cfm? Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=27B461A7-E098-4522-B4B00184796DBEE3 New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) - Import health risk analysis: salmonids for human consumption http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests-diseases/animals/risk/salmonids-ra.pdf New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) - Supplementary import risk analysis head-on, gill-in Australian salmonids for human consumption h t t p : / / w w w. m a f . g o v t . n z / b i o s e c u r i t y / p e s ts - d i s e a s e s / a n i m a l s / r i s k / s a l m o n i d s supplementary.pdf New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) - Import risk assessment: juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) from Spencer Gulf, South Australia http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests-diseases/ animals/risk/yellowtail-kingfish-ra.pdf CSIRO Marine Research - A Review of Ecological Risk Assessment Methodologies. Center for Research on Introduced Marine Pests Techn. Rep. No. 13. http://crimp.marine.csiro.au/reports/CRIMPTechReport13.pdf

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Technical Working Group for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species in Malaysia

No. 1.

Names Mr. Raja Mohammad Noordin Raja Omar

Designation Director, Marine Fisheries for Research and Resource Management Department, Kuala Trengganu, Trengganu Senior Fisheries Research Officer, Fisheries Research Institute, Penang Senior Research Officer, Marine Fisheries for Research and Resource Management Department, Kuala Trengganu, Trengganu Head of Brackish Water Research Centre, Gelang Patah, Johor Fisheries Research Officer, Freshwater Fish Research Centre, Gelami-lemi, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan Fisheries Officer, Section Quarantine and Fish Health, Department of Fisheries Headquarters, Putrajaya Head, Section Quarantine and Fish Health, Department of Fisheries Headquarters, Putrajaya Marine Department, Port Klang, Selangor Malaysian Maritime Institute, Kuala Lumpur

2.

Ms. Faazaz Abd. Latiff

3.

Ms. Mahyam Mohd. Isa

4.

Mr. K. Subramaniam

5.

Mr. Mohamad Zaini Suleiman

6.

Mr. Arthur Besther Sujang

7.

Ms. Fauzidah Othman

8.

Ms. Farah Juhaidah Arifin

9.

Ms. Zaihatun Mahani Zakariah

53