A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON

MICROELECTRONIC PILLS Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING By P.MADHU (08601A0493)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

S.S.J ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to J.N.T.U Hyderabad) 2012

S.S.J ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Sponsored by SRIDEVI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY (Approved by A.I.C.T.E, Affiliated to J.N.T.U, Hyderabad) Hyderabad-500075,A.P.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar report entitled MICROELECTRONIC PILLS is being submitted by P.MADHU (08601A0493), in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelors of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafied work carried out by them. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other university or instate for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Head of the Department

External Examiner

ABSTRACT

Electronic pills, smart capsules or miniaturized microsystems swallowed by human beings or animals for various biomedical and diagnostic applications are growing rapidly in the last years. This paper searched out the important existing electronic pills in the market and prototypes in research centers. Further objective of this research is to develop a technology platform with enhanced feature to cover the drawback of most capsules. The designed telemetry unit is a synchronous bidirectional communication block using continuous phase DQPSK of 115 kHz low carrier frequency for inductive data transmission suited for human body energy transfer. The communication system can assist the electronic pill to trigger an actuator for drug delivery, to record temperature, or to measure pH of the body.

It consists additionally to a 32bit processor, memory, external peripheries, and detection facility. The complete system is designed to fit small-size mass medical application with low power consumption, size of 7x25mm. The system is designed, simulated and emulated on FPGA. Previously, Lab-on-a-Chip technologies have exploited many aspects of microsystems technology, including sensor miniaturisation and microfluidics, in order to deliver a variety of applications, particularly those associated with DNA analysis, proteomics and diagnostics. Despite the numerous analytical advantages that are delivered as a consequence of device miniaturisation, the vast majority of all devices that have been proposed either as commercial instruments or as research projects, have required to be based on a laboratory bench. In contrast, Lab-on-a-Pill technology now has the proven ability to deliver both remote and-or distributed analysis, resulting in a wide range of potential applications, including those associated with biomedical analysis in the gastro-intestinal tract, process control in industry and the functional foods industry. In electronics, microsystem fabrication, and wireless communications, and a greater understanding of human physiology. Electronic microsystems can now be ingested to explore the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and can transmit the acquired information to a base station.

INDEX S.no
1. 2. INTRODUCTION ELECTRONIC CAPSULES 7 8 8 9 9 10 12 12 14 15 16 17 20 23 24 25 26

Page. No
5 6

Capsules as Actuators 2.1.1 Capsule basics Capsules as Sensors Experiments Technical Challenges Early Capsules 3. e-pille SYSTEM DESIGN SIRIUS Processor Communication Block Multisensors Drug Delivery 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. HARDWARE VERIFICATION AND LAYOUT

CURRENT ACTIVITY AT RESEARCH CENTRES FUTURE SCOPE RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

1.INTRODUCTION

Evolution of technology in recent years opened the door for advanced microelectronic systems to be used in medical treatments and diagnostic analysis. Such systems known as smart pills, electronic digestible capsules and intelligent microsystems are rising quickly in this field, they enhance the treatment of several diseases (cancer, diabetes, ) and carry out biomedical analysis in GI tract (temperature, pH, motility, ), GI diseases affect 60-70 million people annually while diagnosis and treatment exceed 10 Billion Euro per year. Back to four decades, Mackay invented the first radio telemetry capsule with one transistor in 1957 and the first successful pH sensor capsule was achieved in 1972, since then research and developments were carried out enhancing and expanding in this field. Lab-on-a-Pill: The International Context of the Work: The invention of the transistor enabled the implementation of the first radiotelemetry ingestible capsules, which utilised simple circuits for in vivo telemetric studies of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract [1]. These units could only transmit from a single sensor channel, and were difficult to assemble due to the use of discrete components [2]. The measurement parameters consisted of either temperature, pH or pressure. These first attempts of conducting real time non-invasive physiological measurements (understandably, given the extent of technology in 1957) suffered from poor reliability, low sensitivity and short lifetimes of the devices.

Despite this, the first successful pH gut profiles were achieved in 1972 [3], with subsequent improvements in sensitivity and lifetime [4, 5]. Single channel radiotelemetry capsules have since found limited applications for the detection of disease and abnormalities in the GI tract [6-8] where restricted access prevents the use of traditional 5

endoscopy [9]. Most radiotelemetry capsules utilize laboratory type sensors such as glass pH electrodes, resistance thermometers [10] or moving inductive coils as pressure transducers [11]. However, the relatively large size of these sensors limits the functional complexity of the pill for a given size of capsule.

The concept of remote and distributed miniaturised sensing has been most dramatically exemplified by the camera-on-a-pill technology, associated with video endoscopy within the gastro-instestinal tract [9]. The important contrast between this seminal work in video imaging (e.g. that produced by IMC, Korea and Given Imaging), and of our own work is that whilst the camera-on-a-pill seeks to create a visual image of the remote area being sensed, we wish to develop a remote chemical image of that site.

2. ELECTRONIC CAPSULES

Recent years, complicated electronic capsules with state-of-the-art technology termed by Lab-on-chip, pharmacy-on-chip, Biochips and BioMEMS are used to describe the recent modern capsules that perform sophisticated biomedical treatment and analysis, they can be categorized according to their function into two groups: 1. Actuators as drug delivery systems 2. Sensors as pH, temperature, image, Table 1 listed the capsules with their specification.

2.1. Capsules as Actuators

Drug delivery system is an issue of optimization for many interests, immediate release drug will be absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine after the stomach, extended release drug is desired to be absorbed in the lower level of the intestine. Achievement of the second by normal coating tablets is difficult due to the complexity of the GI tract of human being, intubation is an alternative solution, but it is uncomfortable for patients. Alternative solution will be of more interest, and the idea of developing swallowed capsules devices was demonstrated, over two decades engineers are trying to develop different capsules with the capability to control the time and the location of the drug release. The earlier capsules in this domain were HF, InteliSite, and Telemetric Capsules. They are triggered by a radio frequency (RF) pulse from a generator outside the body, the heat generated in the circuit will melt a thread releasing a needle that pierces the container and spells out the drug. State-of-the-art in this domain are the Enterion capsule and ChipRx. The Enterion capsule uses a piston sealed inside it, while a trigger signal is received the piston will be released and the drug container will be ejected out after the filament is burnt. The above mentioned systems are pulsed type drug release, the drug is released at once in one location.

A continues drug release is described by ChipRx, using MEMS technology several holes are circulated around the container providing continues mode release system, these holes are regulated by biological stimulis where a biosensor will be used to regulate the amount of drug needed by the patient (pharmacy-on-chip).

Previous determination of the location before drug release is an important issue. Scintigraphy, X-Ray and radioactive compounds are used to locate the position of the capsule. Such location schemes arent practical. The patient must undergo several gamma scans to identify the location. Telemetric capsule uses a cogwheel means for localization. Enhancement in localization is of more interest and more work can be done in this domain to achieve a practical solution for position determination.

2.1.1Capsule basics

In general, a swallowable capsule is a selfcontained microsystem that performs a sensing or actuating function in the body. Usually the system consists of the core components in figure 2 encapsulated in a biocompatible material. At one end of the chain are the sensors (or alternatively, actuators) that interface with the body. Sensors convert physical properties such as light, pressure, or temperature into electrical signals, while actuators perform the opposite function.

The signal-conditioning block provides analog processing such as amplification and filtering to clean the detected signal. The systems brain, the CPU, digitizes the signal and might perform additional processing. The communication block can then transmit the signal to a receiver module outside the body. The communication medium can be RF, a magnetic field (inductive coupling), or ultrasound. Finally the power supply, based on either batteries or inductive coupling, provides energy for the system.

Table:2.1 List of Capsules with their Specifications

2.2. Capsules as Sensors

Monitoring the variation of temperature, pH, motility and other functions are getting easier and comfortable for patients. The need to collect biomedical information within a specific location is of high interest, most of the existing sensor capsules dont

provide location determination. Earlier products in this field are the Radio Pill, BRAVO, Heidelberg and Temperature capsules. Almost all of them use internal battery for power consumption. New capsules in this field are IDEAS, SmartPill and Tohoku capsules. IDEAS and SmartPill provide multi-sensors microsystem for real time analysis. Retrieving video images from within the GI tract with wireless endoscopy was a breakthrough in year 2000, M2A from Given Imaging was the 1st to develop such a system, later RF System Lab from Japan produced the Norika capsule which is the-stateof-the-art in this domain. Another new system from IMS Stuttgart is the IVP (Intracorporeal Videoprobe). M2A/PillCam are powered by battery while Norika and IVP by external magnet field. A trade off must be taken between using battery inside the body with limited power supply and exposing the body with RF signal to power up the camera and LEDs

2.3 Experiment
The electronic pill comprise a biocompatible capsule, which consists of a chemicallyresistant polyether-terketone (PEEK) coating, the four microfabricated sensors, the ASIC control chip and a discrete component radio transmitter The unit is powered by two SR44 Ag2O batteries (3.1 V), which provides an operating time of 35 hours at the rated power consumption of 15 mW.The sensors were fabricated on two separate 5x5 mm Silicon chips located at thefront end of the capsule. The temperature sensor is embedded in the substrate, whereas the conductivity sensor is directly exposed to the surroundings. The pH and oxygensensors were enclosed in two separate 8 nL electrolyte chambers containing a 0.1MKOH solution retained in a 0.2 % calcium alginate gel. The electrolyte maintains astable potential of the integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrodes used by the two sensors.The oxygen and pH sensor are covered by a 12 m thick film of teflon and nafionrespectively, and protected by a 15 m thick dialysis membrane of polycarbonate. The signals were conditioned by the ASIC and then transmitted to a local receiver(base station) at 40.01 MHz prior to data acquisition on a PC. The applied 10

simplex communication link, based on a direct sequence spread spectrum communication system, can handle data from several pills at the same time.

2.4 Technical challenges

In addition to the standard constraints in electronic design, a number of main challenges arise for systems that operate inside the human body. The foremost challenge is miniaturization to obtain an ingestible device. The availability of small-scale devices can place severe constraints on a design, and the interconnection between them must be optimized. Also the alternative, full integration on silicon, can be a long and expensive process. The size constraints lead to another challenge, noise. The coexistence of digital integrated circuits, switching converters for the power supply, and communication circuits in close vicinity of the analog signal conditioning could result in a high level of noise affecting the input signal. Therefore, capsule designers must take great care when selecting and placing components, to optimize the isolation of the front end. The next vital challenge is to reduce power consumption. In battery-powered devices, the battery itself is likely the largest system component. Also, inductive links can handle only low levels of energy. Therefore, designers must minimize both supply voltage and current consumption while using high-efficiency topologies to achieve the required system performance. Another challenge involves communication. In particular, the generated wireless signal must not interfere with standard hospital equipment but still be sufficiently robust to overcome external interferences. A dedicated RF communication standard is the Medical Implant Communication Service, operating in the 402405 MHz range, although other Industrial Scientific and Medical bands such as 433.92 MHz are acceptable. The transmit power must be low enough to minimize interference with users of the same band while being strong enough to ensure a reliable link with the receiver module. Lower frequencies are used for ultrasound (100 kHz to 5 MHz) and inductive coupling (125 kHz to 20 MHz). The human body is no place for operational obscurity, so the control software must enforce specific rules to ensure that all devices operate as expected. For that reason, key programs must be developed in a low-level (often

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assembly) language. The last challenge concerns encapsulating the circuitry in appropriate biocompatible materials to protect the patient from potentially harmful substances and to protect the device from the GIs hostile environment. The encapsulation of contactless sensors (image, temperature, and so on) is relatively simple compared to the packaging of chemical sensors that need direct access to the GI fluids.

2.5 Early capsules

The swallowable-capsule concept first appeared in 1957 in R. Stuart Mackay and Bertil Jacobsons groundbreaking paper on RF transmission of temperature and pressure from within the human body.1 Because transistors were rare and miniature batteries were unavailable, most of the early concepts used inductive links. In the early 1960s, Carlos A. Abella2 and JeanPierre Perrenoud3 each received a patent for systems based exclusively on mechanical devices (capillary structures) to extract or deposit fluids in the GI tract. These systems achieved control through strong external electromagnetic fields. Researchers also worked on optimizing the coil geometry to improve energy and data transfer.4 In 1972, Matsushita further developed and patented Mackay and Jacobsons early concept to implement simple sensing capsules for pH, temperature, and pressure.5 These concepts provided a design platform for many of the subsequent commercial capsules.

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Fig.2.5.1 The block diagram of swalloable capsule

Fig.2.5.2:An ingested capsule transmits data wirelessly to an external base station.

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3. ePille SYSTEM DESIGN

Fig.3.1

ePille concept for drug delivery Figure 1 shows the concept of the

electronic pill (ePille). It is designed to establish bi-directional communication channel from-to the body, trigger an actuator for drug delivery and record temperature or pH value via temp sensor or chemical sensor. A further feature is an attempt for localization using near field magnetic induction method within 20 cm circular range and having a resolution of 1 cm.

3.1. SIRIUS Processor

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The SIRIUS core (acronym for Small Imprint RISC for Ubiquitous Systems) stands in performance somewhere between the very successful architectures of the ATMEL AVR (ATmega 8bit) , the TI MSP 430, the PicoBlaze - and well below the ARM 7/9 class of 32bit machines, the LEON (SPARC), Motorola 68xxx and other 32bit architectures (NIOS II, MicroBlaze). Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the core. The processor has the following specification: 1. Load-Store architecture with 16bit external data bus.

Fig.3.1.1 Block diagram of SIRIUS core 15

2. RISC architecture with 3 stage pipeline and 1 Instruction/clock cycle and an average of 0.8 MIPS/MHz performance.- 16bit/32bit internal bus structure with 32bit ALU and 16x16 MPY, 3. Orthogonal register set of 16 registers, 12 x16bit, 4 x 32bit, the 16bit universal registers may be combined to double registers and handled as 6 x32bit registers. 4. Instruction pointer 32bit and stack pointer 32bit are part of the register set. 5. Stack oriented architecture with unlimited nesting levels. 6. Pointers 16 bit as well as 32bit supported. 7. Multiplex bus system, separated 8bit IO bus and fast memory bus, all IO is connected via a separate 8bit bus with own address space 8. Address space 64k or 4G depending on pointer addressing, 9. Vectored hardware interrupt and software interrupt (exception) 10. Compact 16 bit instruction format with only three modes 11. Instruction set architecture with 56 instructions optimized for compact CCompilation 12. Netlist version made from gate primitives, able to be mapped on every existing technology without using macros. 13. Performance about 100 MIPS in 0.35m CMOS and 50 MIPS in actual FPGAtechnologies

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14. Fully static, extreme low power design, all registers made from flip-flops. 15. Comes with Software IDE, C-Compiler and Simulator and basic BIOS.

3.2. Communication Block

The communication block consists of an asynchronous DQPSK with 115 KHz carrier frequency, including a digital PLL at the receiver side. The data rate is 9600 Baud. The modulation technique is a continuous phase soft shift keying using Gaussian filter for smooth phase transition from one state to the other. The data frame package carries up to 255 bytes of data information with preamble and 16 bit CRC sum check. The system includes 4B/5B coding for 1 and 2 bit error detection as well burst error for frames less than 16 bits. The modulator process the serial data by converting into two parallel bit for quadrature form. A differential encoding is set to eliminate the difference of phase reference between the transmitter and receiver side. A soft shift keying is provided by Gaussian filtering for smooth phase transition. This signal is supplied to a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) to generate a frequency between 107-123kHz depending on the phase shift. The demodulator process contains the reverse steps of the modulator. It consists of Schmitt-trigger for digitizing the received analog signal, a digital PLL to lock the received signal, a decision circuit to estimate the symbol value, a decoder and parallelserial converter to recover the original data.

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Fig.3.2.1: PillCam: (a) the capsules relative size, and PillCam-produced images of (b) a healthy small intestine and (c) an esophagus. (images courtesy of Given Imaging) Given Imaging has developed a similar endoscopy capsule, initially called the M2A.11 Competition is intense between Olympus and Given Imaging, evident in ongoing lengthy and expensive patent litigation regarding the ownership of the endoscope pill concept and its developments. Given Imaging has developed two distinct capsules: PillCam ESO12 for the esophagus and PillCam SB for the small bowel.

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Fig.3.2.2: The SmartPill GI Monitoring System includes the SmartPill pH.p, a receiver, a docking station, and a PC user interface. (image courtesy of SmartPill Corp.)

3.3 Multisensor
The SmartPill Corporation has integrated temperature, pressure, and pH sensors into a single capsule, the Smart- Pill pH.p (www.smartpillcorp.com/ index.cfm? pagepath=home/products/ the_smartpill_pHp_capsule&id=395). The company promotes the device as a complement to endoscopy with the potential to replace gastric-emptying scintigraphy. The SmartPill GI Monitoring System (see figure 4) includes the capsule, a wireless data receiver, a receiver docking station, and MotiliGI software. A powerful magnet activates an internal latching switch that provides a connection between the electronics and the battery. Once the capsule is activated, it begins working and transmits data to the mobile-phone-sized receiver (worn on the patients belt). The receiver, in turn, transfers the data wirelessly to a PC in real time. The SmartPill, which has a 13-mm diameter and is 26 mm long, measures temperature to an accuracy of 0.5C, pressure resolution to 3.6 mm HG, and pH to 0.28. It uses the sensor data in addition to real and elapsed time measurements to provide gastricemptying time, combined small and large intestine transit time, contraction patterns, and a motility index.

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Fig.3.1.1: The Enterion drug delivery Piston capsule. (image courtesy of Pharmaceutical Profiles)

3.4 Drug delivery

Another interesting area of swallowable- capsule technology is in-vivo drug delivery or, conversely, sample extraction. Pharmaceutical Profiles is researching drug absorption using The capsule (see figure 5) is 32 mm long and 11 mm in diameter. It can hold up to 1 ml of liquid or powder, which it can expel at a target site in the body. The capsule contains a small amount of gamma-emitting tracer, allowing precise tracking in real time using an external gamma camera. When the capsule reaches the target area, an external electromagnetic field actuates the capsules piston, ejecting the payload

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4. HARDWARE VERIFICATION AND LAYOUT

The SIRIUS processor and the communication block have been emulated on FPGA Cyclone II, an emulation test board was designed to test the systems functionality as shown in figure 3.

Fig.4.1 Emulation of the digital part on Cyclone II

A single coil was used for transmission and receiving mode. A serial combination of the coil, capacitor, and resistor were used for transmission mode while a parallel combination of the coil, capacitor, and resistor were used for receiving mode. The Q factor is seven and the bandwidth is 16 kHz with center frequency of 115 kHz.

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Fig.4.2First prototype layout of the digital part in 0.35 m AMIS technology, size of 11mm

A first routing of the digital circuit was done. A processor, SRAM, external periphery, and communication block was routed using 0.35m AMIS technology. The first routings showed an area of 11mm as seen in figure 4.

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Table.4.1 Results of Synthesizing for 0.35 ASIC Library and for ALTERA Cyclone II

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5.CURRENT ACTIVITY AT THE RESEARCH CENTRES:

Our current research on sensor integration and onboard data processing has focused on the development of microsystems capable of performing simultaneous multiparameter physiological analysis both in vivo and in vitro. The technology has a range of applications in the detection of disease and abnormalities in medical research. Our overall aim has been to deliver enhanced sensor functionality, reduced size and low power consumption, through system level integration on a common integrated circuit platform comprising sensors, analogue and digital signal processing, and signal transmission. Therefore created a platform which comprises a novel analytical microsystem incorporating a four channel microsensor array for real time determination of temperature, pH, conductivity and oxygen (work pioneered by Professor Jon Cooper and Dr Erik Johanessen). The sensors have been fabricated using standard photolithographic pattern integration, and are controlled using a custom made application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), designed in Glasgow (by Dr Dave Cumming and Dr Wang Li) and fabricated by Europractice. The ASIC samples the data with 10 bit resolution prior to communication off chip as a single interleaved data stream. An integrated radio transmitter sends the signal to a local receiver (base station), prior to data acquisition on a computer. A receiver allows remote control of the Labon- a-Pills function, switching sensors and-or power on and off, on demand.

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Fig. 5.1: (Left) showing the ISFET, temperature and conductivity sensor (Chip 1, a,c) and the electrochemical oxygen sensor (Chip 2, b, d). Figures e and f show detail of the pH and oxygen sensor, respectively; (Middle) Schematic (top) and photo (below) of the Glasgow IDEAS capsule. Although the capsule is currently too large to swallow, the hybrid approach towards its construction provides considerable experimental flexibility. It is estimated that the volume of the pill could be readily reduced by ca. 40% through careful layout of the packaging and surface mount; (Right) a recoding of pH and temperature using wireless transmission of data from a model gut system, showing the importance of temperature sensing.

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As expected the response of the pH sensor has a Nernstian dependence on temperature (although the reverse is not true, and the temperature sensor does not have a pH dependence). The Figure also shows that there is no signal cross-talk across the capsule, between sensors, despite the fact that they are located proximal to each other on the chip (and share the same microsystem for signal collection and transmission). The sensors comprise a silicon diode to measure the body core temperature, whilst also compensating for temperature induced signal changes in the other sensors; an ion selective field effect transistor, ISFET to measure pH; a pair of direct contact gold electrodes to measure conductivity; and a three-electrode electrochemical cell, to detect the level of dissolved oxygen in solution. All of these measurements will, in the future, be used to perform in vivo physiological analysis of the GI-tract. These four sensors (pH, s, T, pO2) not only provide useful information for applications in industry and biomedicine per se, but also are a platform that will enable greater sensor functionality to be created (e.g. the electrochemical oxygen sensor could be readily modified in order to develop a sensor interface for the implementation of immunoassay technology). We have now presented real time wireless data transmission from a model in vitro experimental setup, for the first time, and are currently working with the Veterinary School at the University of Glasgow on performing multi-channel in vivo experiments. Extensive literature searching has revealed that we are the only group world-wide working at this state of the art in multi-channel remote wireless sensing (e.g. there is already a class of oesophageal pH sensors that are available in clinical practice). There has also recently been serious interest from two multinational electronics companies in obtaining IP generated through this work.

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Table.5.1 General manufacturer details

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6. FUTURE SCOPE
1. It cannot perform ultrasound & impedance tomography so strides are made to implement them 2. Detection of radiation abnormalities is an exciting field of interest 3. Radiation treatment associated with cancer & chronic inflammation are being extensively studied for the betterment of the medical facilities being provided. 4. Micro Electronic Pills are expensive so effort being maid to reduce the cost 5. Still its size is not digestible to small babies so work on further miniaturization is needed to be sorted 6. Further research are being carried out to remove its draw backs.

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7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. The signal resolution was 0.4C, 0.6 pH units, 0.02 mS cm-1and 0.1 mg O2 ml-1 overthe specified dynamic ranges . 2. Real time in situ tests have demonstrateda temperature dependency of the pH

sensor, thus emphasising the additional importanceof the temperature sensor to correlate for signal changes from the neighbouring sensors. 3. The generic nature makes the pill adaptable for use in corrosive environments relatedto environmental and industrial applications, such as the evaluation of water quality,pollution detection, fermentation process control and the inspection of pipelines. 4. The unit measures 16 x 55 mm and weights 13.5 g

8. CONCLUSION

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1. A complete bidirectional system was designed, simulated, and emulated on FPGA. A first routing prototype for the digital part was done using 0.35m AMIS technology. 2. A final layout with complete peripheries and analog components is still under progress. 3. The system contains wake up manager unit for reduction of power consumption. An external signal will be sent either to wake up the system or shift it to sleep mode. 4. The system was able to demodulate receiving signal, CRC check sum and save the data in the memory. 5. A transparent mode to resend the data was achieved. 6. The system could trigger an actuator via transmitted command. 7. The electronic pill will be further miniaturized for human ingestion by the incorporation of the transmitter on silicon and a reduction in power consumption by the implementation of a standby modus and serial bit stream data compression. 8. The integration of radiation sensors and the application of indirect imaging technologies such as ultrasound and impedance tomography will improve the detection of tissue abnormalities and radiology treatment associated with cancer and chronic inflammation.

9. REFERENCES
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WEBSITES: 1. www.smartpilldiagnostics.com 2. www.chiprx.com 3.http://www.smartpilldiagnostics.com/products.php 4. www.rfnorika.com 5. http://ivp.ims-chips.de 6. Opencores: http://www.opencores.org/ 7. ARM Processors: http://www.arm.com/ 8. http://www.arc.com/configurablecores/ 9. ACTEL Igloo FPGA:www.actel.com/products/igloo

BOOKS AND RESEARCH PAPERS: 1. G. Iddan, Wireless Capsule Endoscopy, Nature,vol 405, 2000. 2. Mackay, Endoradiosonde Nature, vol. 179, 1957. 3. Meldrom, pH profile pf gut as measured by radio telemetry capsule Br. Med. Vol. 2, pp. 104, 1972. 4. Wilding, Hirst, Development of a new engineering-based capsule for human drug absorptions studies PSTT vol 3, 2000. 5. Houzego, Patent WO 01/45552 A1, 2001. 7. Steinberg, Heidelberg Capsule invitro, evaluation of a new instrument for measuring intragastric pH, J.Pharm, vol 54,1965. 8. Johannessen, Implementation of Multichannel Sensors for Remote Biomedical 9.Measurements in a Microsystems Format, Biomedical Engineering, Vol 51, No.3, March 2005. 10. G. Iddan, Wireless Capsule Endoscopy, Nature,vol 405, 2000. 17. N. Fawaz, D. Jansen, M. Mogel, Entwicklung eines synchronen Transceivers mit DQPSK Modulation und Soft Shift Keying fr eine inductive bertragung mit Erprobung in einem FPGA, MPCWorkshop, Germany, 2006.

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18. N. Fawaz, Development of CP-DQPSK Modulator and Demodulator using VHDL for inductive data transmission, Master thesis FH-Offenburg, Germany, 2002. 19. N. Fawaz, D. Jansen, DQPSK Modulator for Inductive Data Transmission, MPCWorkshop, Germany, 2002. 20. Dirk Jansen et. alt.: Electronic Design Automation Handbook, Verlag Kluwer, NL, 2003. 21. C. Eichner, FHOP-Evalboard Technischer Bericht, FH-Offenburg, Germany, 2002. 22. D. Jansen, F. Baier, Induktive bidirektionale Schnittstelle hnlich ISO/IEC 14443-A, MPCWorkshop, Germany, 2002. 23. D. Jansen, Systematic Design of a Small Processor Core with C-Capability for SOC Designs; Presentation on the colloquium of the CECS, University of California, USA, 2005.

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