Chapter 4.

3
Circular Functions
Sine Function
( ) ( )
( )
Let be the wrapping function. Then if
sine functio
, ,
the is def n ined as
sin .
P
P t x y
t y
=
=
Cosine Function
( ) ( )
( )
Let be the wrapping function. Then if
,
cosine functi
,
the is defined as
.
on
cos
P
P t x y
t x
=
=
Example 4.3.1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Evaluate the following.
1. sin 2 0 cos 2 1
2 1,0
2 3 2 1
2. sin cos
3 2 3 2
2 1 3
,
3 2 2
P
P
t t
t
t t
t
= =
=

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| |

| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
7 3 7 1
3. cos sin
6 2 6 2
7 3 1
,
6 2 2
P
t t
t

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| |

| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
Tangent and Cotangent Functions
( ) ( )
( )
( )
Let be the wrapping function. Then if
, ,
then
tan , 0
cot , 0
P
P t x y
y
t x
x
x
t y
y
=
= =
= =
Secant and Cosecant Functions
( ) ( )
( )
( )
Let be the wrapping function. Then if
, ,
then
1
sec , 0
1
csc , 0
P
P t x y
t x
x
t y
y
=
= =
= =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
,
sin cos
tan , 0 cot , 0
1 1
sec , 0 csc , 0
P t x y
t y t x
y x
t x t y
x y
t x t y
x y
=
= =
= = = =
= = = =
Example 4.3.2
Find the 6 circular function values when .
3
3
1. sin
3 2
1
2. cos
3 2
3
2
3. tan 3
1
3
2
1
1 3
2
4. cot
3 3
3 3
2
t
t
t
t
t
t
=
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
= = =
|
\ .
1 3
,
3 2 2
P
t
| |
| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
5. sec 2
3
2 2 3
6. csc
3 3
3
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
1 3
,
3 2 2
P
t
| |
| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
Example 4.3.3
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Find the 6 circular function values when .
1. sin 0
2. cos 1
0
3. tan 0
1
4. cot is undefined
1
5. sec 1
1
6. csc is undefined
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
=
=
=
= =
= =

( ) ( )
1,0 P t =
Challenge!
( )
Evaluate the following as fast as you can.
2 1 4
1. cos 5. sec 2
3 2 3
2. tan 1 6. csc 0 is undefined
4
11 1 5 2
3. sin 7. sin
6 2 4 2
3
4. cot 3 8. tan
6 6 3
t t
t
t t
t t

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
-1
1
2
t
f (t)
x
y
Domain, Range, and Graphs
( ) ( )
( )
( ) | |
1. sin
1,1
f t t
Dom f
Rng f
=
=
=
( ) ( )
( )
,
sin
P t x y
t y
=
=
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
-1
1
2
t
f (t)
x
y
Domain, Range, and Graphs
( ) ( )
( )
( ) | |
2. cos
1,1
f t t
Dom f
Rng f
=
=
=
( ) ( )
( )
,
cos
P t x y
t x
=
=
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
t
f (t)
Domain, Range, and Graphs
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3. tan
, is an odd integer
2
f t t
k
Dom f t t k
Rng f
t
=

= =
`
)
=
( ) ( ) ( )
, tan
y
P t x y t
x
= =
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
t
f (t)
Domain, Range, and Graphs
( ) ( )
( ) { }
( )
4. cot
, is an integer
f t t
Dom f t t k k
Rng f
t
=
= =
=
( ) ( ) ( )
, cot
x
P t x y t
y
= =
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
t
f (t)
Domain, Range, and Graphs
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( | | )
5. sec
, is an odd integer
2
, 1 1,
f t t
k
Dom f t t k
Rng f
t
=

= =
`
)
= +
( ) ( ) ( )
1
, sec P t x y t
x
= =
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
t
f (t)
Domain, Range, and Graphs
( ) ( )
( ) { }
( ) ( | | )
6. csc
, is an integer
, 1 1,
f t t
Dom f t t k k
Rng f
t
=
= =
= +
( ) ( ) ( )
1
, csc P t x y t
y
= =
Periodic Functions
are functions whose values
repeat after a fixed interval.
The fixed interval is c
Periodic
alled the
functions
period.
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-2
-1
1
2
x
f (t)
Periodic Functions
The six circular functions are periodic.
period
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-2
-1
1
2
x
f (t)
Cycle
A is simply the portion of a graph of a
function over an interval of length equal
to the per
cycle
iod.
1 cycle 1 cycle 1 cycle
Amplitude
The of a graph of the sine or
cosine function refers to one-half the
absolute difference between the highest
and the lowest function
amplitud
valu
e
es.
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
-1
1
2
t
f (t)
Amplitude
( ) ( )
1 1
amplitude 1 1 2 1
2 2
= = =
Sine and Cosine Functions
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Form: sin
cos
Domain:
Range: ,
2
Amplitude: Period:
f x a b x h k
g x a b x h k
R
k a k a
a
b
t
= +
= +
+ (

Sine and Cosine Functions
Horizontal Phase Shift:
0: units to the right.
0: units to the left.
Vertical Phase Shift:
0: units upward.
0: units downward.
h h
h h
k k
k k
>
<
>
<
Example 4.3.4
For the following item,
a. find the domain and range.
b. find the amplitude.
c. find the period.
d. identify the horizontal phase shift.
e. identify the vertical phase shift.
f. sketch 1 cycle of the graph.
( ) ( )
( )
( ) | |
1
2sin 1 2sin 0 1
2 2
1
2 0 1
2
, 1,3
amplitude: 2
2 2
4
1
2
x
f x x
a b h k
Dom f R
Rng f k a k a
a
p
b
t t
t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
= = = =
=
= + ( =

=
= = =
horizontal phase shift: none
vertical phase shift: 1 unit upward.
0 1 h k = =
0
4
h
p t
=
=
0
4t
2t
t
3t
x
0 2 3 4
y
x 0 2 3 4
y 1 -1 1 3 1
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2sin 1
2
0
0 2sin 1 2 0 1 1
2
2sin 1 2 1 1 1
2
2
2 2sin 1 2 0 1 1
2
3
3 2sin 1 2 1 1 3
2
4
4 2sin 1 2 0 1 1
2
x
f x
f
f
f
f
f
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
x 0 2 3 4
y 1 -1 1 3 1
0 t 2t 3t 4t
1
2
3
1
2
3
( )
( ) | |
1,3
Dom f
Rng f
=
=
Subdivision of a Period
In general, we may consider the following
subdivision of one period.
h
h p +
2
p
h+
4
p
h+
3
4
p
h+
Example 4.3.6
For the following item,
a. find the domain and range.
b. find the amplitude.
c. find the period.
d. identify the horizontal phase shift.
e. identify the vertical phase shift.
f. sketch 1 cycle of the graph.
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) | |
3cos 2 3cos2
2
3cos2
2
3 2 0
2
, 3,3
amplitude: 3
2
2
g x x x
g x x
a b h k
Dom g R
Rng g k a k a
a
p
t
t
t
t
t
t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
= = = =
=
= + ( =

=
= =
horizontal phase shift: units to the left
2
vertical phase shift: none
t
0
2
h k
t
= =
2
4 4
h
p
p
t
t
t
=
= =
2
t

2
t
0
4
t

4
t
x
-/2 -/4 0 /4 /2
y
x -/2 -/4 0 /4 /2
y 3 0 -3 0 3
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3cos 2
3cos 2 3cos 0 3 1 3
2 2
3cos 2 3cos 3 0 0
4 4 2
0 3cos 2 0 3cos 3 1 3
3
3cos 2 3cos 3 0 0
4 4 2
3cos 2
2 2
g x x
g
g
g
g
g
t
t t
t
t t t
t
t t
t t t
t
t t
= +
| |
| | | |
= + = = =
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
| |
| | | | | |
= + = = =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
= + = = =
| |
| | | | | |
= + = = =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
| | |
=
|
\ . \
( ) ( )
3cos 2 3 1 3 t t
| |
|
+ = = =
| |
.
\ .
x -/2 -/4 0 /4 /2
y 3 0 -3 0 3
2
t

4
t

0
4
t
2
t
1
2
3
3
2
1
( ) ( )
( )
( ) | |
4sin 2 2 4sin2 2
2
4 2 2
2
, 2,6
amplitude: 4
2
2
h x x x
a b h k
Dom h R
Rng h k a k a
a
p
t
t
t
t
t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
= = = =
=
= + ( =

=
= =
horizontal phase shift: units to the right
2
vertical phase shift: 2 units upward
t
2
2
h k
t
= =
2
4 4
h
p
p
t
t
t
=
= =
2
t
3
2
t
t
3
4
t
5
4
t
x
/2 3/4 5/4 3/2
y
x /2 3/4 5/4 3/2
y 2 6 2 -2 2
( ) ( )
4sin 2 2 h x x t = +
2
t
3
4
t t
5
4
t 3
2
t
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
TRY THIS
TRY THIS