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Supplementary Material On Partial Fractions: N S S Fs Ds S S S

This document discusses two methods for obtaining partial fraction decompositions of rational functions. Method 1 involves writing the decomposition in a way that avoids manipulating complex numbers. Method 2 is better suited when the denominator factors are distinct or repeated first-degree terms, as it finds the coefficients directly without solving simultaneous equations. The document illustrates both methods using the rational functions F1(s) and F2(s) as examples, finding the partial fraction decompositions and coefficients.

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73 views2 pages

Supplementary Material On Partial Fractions: N S S Fs Ds S S S

This document discusses two methods for obtaining partial fraction decompositions of rational functions. Method 1 involves writing the decomposition in a way that avoids manipulating complex numbers. Method 2 is better suited when the denominator factors are distinct or repeated first-degree terms, as it finds the coefficients directly without solving simultaneous equations. The document illustrates both methods using the rational functions F1(s) and F2(s) as examples, finding the partial fraction decompositions and coefficients.

Uploaded by

Thiva
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Theory

KHMak

Supplementary Material on Partial Fractions

Consider the following rational functions


F1 ( s ) = N1 ( s ) s 1 = , D1 ( s ) ( s + 1)( s 2 + 2 s + 2) N 2 (s) s 1 = . D2 ( s ) ( s + 1)( s + 2) 2

F2 ( s ) =

We illustrate the use of two different (but equivalent) methods to obtain their partial fraction decompositions.

Method 1
Typically, for functions like F1(s) which involve complex roots, we write the decomposition as

F1 ( s ) =

s 1 A Bs + C = + 2 . 2 ( s + 1)( s + 2 s + 2) ( s + 1) ( s + 2 s + 2)

This allows us to avoid the manipulation of complex numbers (which can be error-prone). Multiplying both sides with the denominator D1(s) gives
N1 ( s ) = s 1 = A( s 2 + 2 s + 2) + ( Bs + C )( s + 1) . Expanding and collecting powers, we have s 1 = s 2 ( A + B ) + s (2 A + B + C ) + (2 A + C ) . Comparing coefficients gives us 3 simultaneous equations which can be solved for the unknown constants:
A = 2 , B = 2 , C = 3
Note that Method 1 is very general in that it can be used irrespective of the type of roots in the denominator. However, when we have either distinct or repeated first-degree factors, Method 2 is possibly a better choice since it eliminates the need to solve simultaneous equations (of course, there is no reason why they cannot be used in combination)

Control Theory

KHMak

Method 2
F2(s) has one distinct and one repeated first-degree factor, so the decomposition has the form F2 ( s ) = A B C + + . 2 s + 1 ( s + 2) s+2

To find A, we multiply both sides by s + 1 to cancel its denominator: F2 ( s ) ( s + 1) = s 1 B C = A+ ( s + 1) + ( s + 1) . 2 2 ( s + 2) ( s + 2) s+2

Setting s = 1 eliminates the other terms and yields the value of A:

A = F2 ( s ) ( s + 1) |s =1 =

s 1 ( s + 2) 2

= 2 .
s =1

B can be evaluated similarly by B = F2 ( s ) ( s + 2)2 |s =2 = s 1 = 3. ( s + 1) s =2

C presents a problem since s = 2 is a pole of F2 ( s ) ( s + 2) = s 1 A B ( s + 2) + = +C . ( s + 1)( s + 2) ( s + 1) ( s + 2)

To avoid this, we proceed as with B F2 ( s ) ( s + 2) 2 = s 1 A = ( s + 2) 2 + B + C ( s + 2) , ( s + 1) ( s + 1)

but then differentiate once to extract C from the term Cs as well as eliminate B. Setting s = 2 then eliminates the first term and yields C= s 1 d 1 F2 ( s ) ( s + 2) 2 = + =2 2 ds s + 1 ( s + 1) s =2 s =2

In summary, practice and experience will guide you in your choice of method (or combination of methods) to use for partial fraction expansion.
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