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One of the great style of Linux OS is commands. We can manage the entire Operating System using terminal give here. Given commands have been tested both on Fedora and Ubuntu. Command apropos whatis man -t man | ps2pdf > man.pdf which command time command time cat nice renice 19 -p $$ dir navigation cd cd (cd dir && command) pushd . file searching alias l=ls -l color=auto ls -lrt ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS find -name *.[ch] | xargs grep -E expr find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F example find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F example find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done find -type f ! -perm -444 find -type d ! -perm -111 locate -r file[^/]*.txt look reference grep color reference /usr/share/dict/words archives and compression gpg -c file gpg file.gpg tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar -x tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg find dir/ -name *.txt | tar -c files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 find dir/ -name *.txt | xargs cp -a targetdirectory=dir_txt/ parents ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )
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( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote dd of=sda.gz rsync (Network efficient file copier: Use the dry-run option for testing) rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file rsync bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile rsync -az -e ssh delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:~/public_html rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh .remote:/dir/ ssh (Secure SHell) ssh $USER@$HOST command ssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/ ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST ssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST wget (multi purpose download tool) (cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html) wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A *.jpg http://www.example.com/dir/ wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep a href | head echo wget url | at 01:00 wget limit-rate=20k url wget -nv spider force-html -i bookmarks.html wget mirror http://www.example.com/ networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) ethtool eth0 ethtool change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full iwconfig eth1 iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed iwlist scan ip link show ip link set dev eth0 name wan ip link set dev eth0 up ip addr show ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0
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ip route show ip route add default via 1.2.3.254

tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec tc qdisc del dev lo root host pixelbeat.org hostname -i whois pixelbeat.org netstat -tupl netstat -tup windows networking (Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) smbtree nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 smbclient -L windows_box mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share echo message | smbclient -M windows_box text manipulation (Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option) sed s/string1/string2/g sed s/(.*)1/12/g sed / *#/d; /^ *$/d sed :a; /$/N; s/n//; ta sed s/[ t]*$// sed s/([`"$])/1/g seq 10 | sed s/^/ /; s/ *(.{7,})/1/ sed -n 1000p;1000q sed -n 10,20p;20q sed -n s/.*<title>(.*)</title>.*/1/ip;T;q sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known_hosts sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n echo Test | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] tr -dc [:print:] < /dev/urandom history | wc -l set operations (Note you can export LANG=C for speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file) sort file1 file2 | uniq sort file1 file2 | uniq -d sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u sort file1 file2 | uniq -u join -a1 -a2 file1 file2 join file1 file2 join -v2 file1 file2 join -v1 -v2 file1 file2 math echo (1 + sqrt(5))/2 | bc -l
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calendar

echo pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8) | bc echo pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8) | python echo pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8) | gnuplot -persist echo obase=16; ibase=10; 64206 | bc echo $((0x2dec)) units -t 100m/9.69s miles/hour units -t 500GB GiB units -t 1 googol seq 100 | (tr n +; echo 0) | bc cal -3 cal 9 1752 date -d fri [ $(date -d "tomorrow" +%d) = "01" ] || exit date date=25 Dec +%A date date=@2147483647 TZ=:America/Los_Angeles date echo mail -s get the train [email protected] < /dev/null | at 17:45 echo DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker | at NOW + 30 minutes

locales printf %dn 1234 BLOCK_SIZE=1 ls -l echo I live in `locale territory` LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) recode -l | less

CDs

recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 recode /qp.. < file.txt > file.qp recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro echo -n 080 | recode latin-9/x1..dump echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x

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gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cdparanoia -B cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav oggenc tracknum=track track.cdda.wav -o track.ogg disk space) monitoring/debugging ls -lSr du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head df -h df -i fdisk -l rpm -q -a qf %10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n | sort -k1,1n dpkg -query -W -f=${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n | sort -k1,1n dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test > file tail -f /var/log/messages strace -c ls >/dev/null strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null lsof -p $$ lsof ~ tcpdump not port 22 ps -e -o pid,args forest ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args sort pcpu | sed /^ 0.0 /d

ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state ps -p 1,2 last reboot free -m watch -n.1 cat /proc/interrupts system information (# means root access is required) uname -a head -n1 /etc/issue
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# # # # # interactive miscellaneous

cat /proc/partitions grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo grep model name /proc/cpuinfo lspci -tv lsusb -tv mount | column -t grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info dmidecode -q | less smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours hdparm -i /dev/sda hdparm -tT /dev/sda badblocks -s /dev/sda readline screen mc gnuplot links xdg-open http://www.pixelbeat.org/ alias hd=od -Ax -tx1z -v alias realpath=readlink -f set | grep $USER touch -c -t 0304050607 file python -m SimpleHTTPServer

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e entire Operating System using terminal. Commands and its description buntu. Description Show commands pertinent to string. make a pdf of a manual page Show full path name of command See how long a command takes Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. Run a low priority command (The info reader in this case) Make shell (script) low priority. Use for non interactive tasks Go to previous directory Go to $HOME directory Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it quick dir listing List files by date. Print in 9 columns to width of terminal Search expr in this dir and below. Search all regular files for example in this dir and below Search all regular files for example in this dir Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop) Find files not readable by all (useful for web site) Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site) Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt Quickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary Encrypt file Decrypt file Make compressed archive of dir/ Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine Make archive of subset of dir/ and below Make copy of subset of dir/ and below Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/
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Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir Backup harddisk to remote machine Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads Locally copy with rate limit. Its like nice for I/O Mirror web site (using compression and encryption) Synchronize current directory with remote one Run command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell) Run GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER Copy with permissions to $USERs home directory on $HOST Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80 Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143 Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir Continue downloading a partially downloaded file Download a set of files to the current directory FTP supports globbing directly Process output directly Download url at 1AM to current dir Do a low priority download (limit to 20 KB/s in this case) Check links in a file Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron) Show status of ethernet interface eth0 Manually set ethernet interface speed Show status of wireless interface eth1 Manually set wireless interface speed List wireless networks in range List network interfaces Rename interface eth0 to wan Bring interface eth0 up (or down) List addresses for interfaces Add (or del) ip and mask (255.255.255.0)
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List routing table Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254

Add 20ms latency to loopback device (for testing) Remove latency added above Lookup DNS ip address for name or vice versa Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`) Lookup whois info for hostname or ip address List internet services on a system List active connections to/from system his windows specific networking support) Find windows machines. See also findsmb Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address List shares on windows machine or samba server

Mount a windows share Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2) upport inplace editing with the -i option) Replace string1 with string2 Modify anystring1 to anystring2 Remove comments and blank lines Concatenate lines with trailing Remove trailing spaces from lines Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes Right align numbers Print 1000th line Print lines 10 to 20 Extract title from HTML web page Delete a particular line Sort IPV4 ip addresses Case conversion Filter non printable characters Count lines assume no duplicate lines within a file) Union of unsorted files Intersection of unsorted files Difference of unsorted files Symmetric Difference of unsorted files Union of sorted files Intersection of sorted files Difference of sorted files Symmetric Difference of sorted files Quick math (Calculate ).
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More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate Python handles scientific notation Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal) Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) Unit conversion (metric to imperial) Unit conversion (SI to IEC prefixes) Definition lookup Add a column of numbers. Display a calendar Display a calendar for a particular month year What date is it this friday. exit a script unless its the last day of the month What day does xmas fall on, this year Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to date What time is it on West coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) Email reminder Popup reminder Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale get ls to do thousands grouping appropriate to locale Extract info from locale database Lookup locale info for specific country. List fields available in locale database Show available conversions (aliases on each line) Windows ansi to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion) Windows utf8 to local charset Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 Base64 encode Quoted printable decode Text to HTML Lookup table of characters Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap Show latin-9 encoding Show utf-8 encoding

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Save copy of data cdrom Create cdrom image from contents of dir Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only) Clear a CDRW Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) Make ogg file from wav file Show files by size, biggest last Show top disk users in current dir. Show free space on mounted filesystems Show free inodes on mounted filesystems Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros Create a large test file (taking no space). truncate data of file or create an empty file Monitor messages in a log file Summarise/profile system calls made by command List system calls made by command List library calls made by command List paths that process id has open List processes that have specified path open Show network traffic except ssh. See List processes in a hierarchy List processes by % cpu usage List processes by mem usage. List all threads for a particular process List info for particular process IDs Show system reboot history Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB) Watch changeable data continuously Show kernel version and system architecture Show name and version of distribution
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Show all partitions registered on the system Show RAM total seen by the system Show CPU(s) info Show PCI info Show USB info List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) Show state of cells in laptop battery Display SMBIOS/DMI information How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total Show info about disk sda Do a read speed test on disk sda Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda Line editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot, Virtual terminals with detach capability, Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, Interactive/scriptable graphing Web browser open a file or url with the registered desktop application Handy hexdump. (usage e.g.: hd /proc/self/cmdline | less) Canonicalize path. (usage e.g.: realpath ~/../$USER) Search current environment Set file timestamp (YYMMDDhhmm) Serve current directory tree at http://$HOSTNAME:8000/

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