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Principles of Programming Languages

This document provides an introduction to programming languages by: 1) Outlining different types of languages including imperative, declarative, functional, and logic languages. 2) Describing common languages from each category such as C, Smalltalk, Lisp, and Prolog. 3) Explaining key objectives in programming language design including clarity, naturalness, abstraction, and performance. 4) Distinguishing between compilation and interpretation and their respective advantages.

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245 views

Principles of Programming Languages

This document provides an introduction to programming languages by: 1) Outlining different types of languages including imperative, declarative, functional, and logic languages. 2) Describing common languages from each category such as C, Smalltalk, Lisp, and Prolog. 3) Explaining key objectives in programming language design including clarity, naturalness, abstraction, and performance. 4) Distinguishing between compilation and interpretation and their respective advantages.

Uploaded by

mrbkiter
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of Programming Languages

Introduction
Outline

 An introductory tour
 Kinds of languages
 Objectives
 Compiler and Interpreter
Language Tour
dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h

.data
hello_message db 'Hello, World!',0dh,0ah,'$'

.code
main proc
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax

mov ah,9
mov dx,offset hello_message
int 21h

mov ax,4C00h
int 21h
main endp
end main
C

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
for(;;)
{
printf ("Hello World!\n");
}
}
C++
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello, world!\n";
}
C#

class HelloWorld
{
static void Main () {
System.Console.Write("Hello World!");
}
}
HTML

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Hello, World Page!</TITLE>
</HEAD>

<BODY>
Hello, World!
</BODY>
</HTML>
Java

class HelloWorld {
public static void main (String args[]) {
for (;;) {
System.out.print("Hello World ");
}
}
}
Javascript
<TITLE>
Hello World in JavaScript
</TITLE>
<SCRIPT>
document.write ("Hello, world!")
</SCRIPT>
LATEX

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\Huge{HELLO WORLD}
\end{center}
\end{document}
Lisp
(DEFUN HELLO-WORLD ()
(PRINT (LIST 'HELLO 'WORLD)))

(LOOP (FORMAT T "~%Hello World"))

(while t
(message "Hello World")
(message "") ; force emacs to update the display
)
Prolog
hello :-
printstring("HELLO WORLD!!!!").

printstring([]).
printstring([H|T]) :- put(H), printstring(T).
Smalltalk
Transcript show: 'Hello World„.
Visual Basic
Private Sub FOrm_Load()
Static I
I=1
for I = 1 to 10
msgbox "Hello World"
Next I
end sub
Visual C++
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// CHelloDlg dialog

CHelloDlg::CHelloDlg(CWnd* pParent /*=NULL*/)


: CDialog(CHelloDlg::IDD, pParent)
{
//{{AFX_DATA_INIT(CHelloDlg)
// NOTE: the ClassWizard will add member initialization
here
//}}AFX_DATA_INIT
m_hIcon = AfxGetApp()->LoadIcon(IDR_MAINFRAME);
}
SQL
CREATE TABLE HELLO (HELLO CHAR(12))
UPDATE HELLO
SET HELLO = 'HELLO WORLD!'
SELECT * FROM HELLO
SQL
CREATE TABLE HELLO (HELLO CHAR(12))
UPDATE HELLO
SET HELLO = 'HELLO WORLD!'
SELECT * FROM HELLO
Word Macro
Sub MAIN
FileNewDefault
Insert "Hello World!"
FormatParagraph .Alignment = 1
While (1 = 1)
For count = 1 To CountFonts()
EditSelectAll
Font(Font$(count)), 40
Next
Wend
End Sub
Dos Batch File
@echo off
:top
echo "Hello, World!"
goto top
PHP
<?php
echo "<html>
<head>
<title>Hello World Page</title>
</head>
<body>
Hello World!
</body>
</html>"
?>
When the tour ends…

 What is the common of these languages?


Machine Language

Memory
CPU
0101001001101011
1101111001001001

0001101010101010
I/O
Machine Language

Instruction:

Operation Code Operands

10110011010010010011010110110
001
Assembly Language

A := B + C
if A = 0 then body

MOV r0, B ; move B into register r0


ADD r0, C ; add
MOV A, r0 ; store
BNE L1 ; branch if result not
equal 0
body
L1:
Language Levels

Natural
Language High-Level

Low-
Level
Machine
Language
Language Classification

• Imperative
 von Neumann Fortran, Pascal, Basic, C
 object-oriented Smalltalk, Eiffel, C++, Java

• Declarative
 functional Lisp, ML, Haskell
 dataflow Id, Val
 logic Prolog, VisiCalc
Von Neumann Languages

• Most familiar and successful


• Imperative statements
• Modification of variables

Fortran, Pascal, Basic, C, …


Object-Oriented Languages

• Imperative statements
• Message passing among objects

Smalltalk, Eiffel, C++, Java


Functional Languages

• Recursive definition of functions


(lambda calculus)

• Expressions of function composition

Lisp, ML, Haskell


Logic Languages

• Logical facts and rules


(predicate logic)

• Computation as theorem proving

Prolog, VisiCalc
Objectives

 To increase your a capacity to express ideas


using a programming language
 To allow you to choose an appropriate
programming language for a design task
 To give you the ability to quickly learn new
languages
 To understand basic tasks of a compiler
What Makes a Good Language?

• Clarity, simplicity, unity of language concepts


• Clarity of program syntax
• Naturalness for the application
• Support for abstraction
• Ease of program verification
What Makes a Good Language?

• Programming environment
• Portability of programs
• Cost of use
 program execution
 program translation
 program creation, testing, use
 program maintenance
Compilation and Interpretation

Source Compiler Target


program program

Input Target program Output

Source
program Interpreter Output
Input
Compilation and Interpretation

• Interpreter: better flexibility and diagnostics

• Compiler: better performance


Tr
References

 “Programming Languages – Principles and


Practices” – Kenneth C. Louden, Thomson
Brooks/ Cole, 2003
 “Ngôn ngữ lập trình – Các nguyên lý và mô
hình” – Cao Hoàng Trụ, 2004
 “Programming Languages – Design and
Implementation”, Terrence W. Pratt & Marvin
V. Zelkowitz, 2001
References

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com

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