Tutorials for the course BIE-ZMA

Michal Kupsa
Departement of Computer Sciences
Faculty of Information Technology
Czech Technical University WS 2011/2012
November 16, 2011
Content
1 Review on high-school math 1
manipulation with sums and products, proofs by mathematical induction, arithmetic
and geometric sequences, Pascal triangle, binomial coecients
2 Mapping 7
mapping/function, domain, codomain, image and preimage of the set, injective mapping,
composition of two functions, inverse mapping, basic examples of functions.
3 Sequences 11
Limit of a real sequence: denition and arithmetics, a subsequence.
4 Sequences, continuation 17
Limit of a real sequence: Squeeze Theorem application, Eulers number.
5 Limit of a function 21
Limit of a function.
6 Continuity and derivative of a real function 25
Continuity of a real function; derivative of a real function; tangent line to the graph of
a function at a point.
7 Extrema of real functions 29
Extrema of real functions; investigation of the graphs of functions
8 LHospitals rule 33
LHospitals rule
Tutorials BIE-ZMA, FIT CTU i WS 2011/2012
Tutorial n. 5
Limit of a function
Limit of a function.
Notation
R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . extended real line
lim
xa
f(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . limit of the funkce f at the point a
Do not use lHospitals rule in the exercises and homeworks of this tutorial.
Use the schemes instead:
lim
x0
sin x
x
= 1 lim
x0
ln(1 + x)
x
= 1 lim
x0
e
x
1
x
= 1 lim
x+
_
1 +
1
x
_
x
= e.
Exercise 5.1: Find the limit:
lim
x0
(1 + x)(1 + 2x)(1 + 3x) 1
x
.
Exercise 5.2: Find the limit:
lim
x1
x
3
2x 1
x
5
2x 1
.
Exercise 5.3: Find the following limit:
lim
x0
sin (5x)
x
.
Exercise 5.4: Find the following limit:
lim
x0
sin (2x)
sin (3x)
.
Exercise 5.5: Find the following limit:
lim
x
sin x
x
.
Exercise 5.6: Find the following limit:
lim
x0
1 cos x
x
2
.
Exercise 5.7: Find the following limits:
lim
x
e
x
.
Exercise 5.8: Find the following limits:
lim
x
ln (1 + e
x
)
x
.
Tutorials BIE-ZMA, FIT CTU 21 WS 2011/2012
Exercise 5.9: Find the following limit:
lim
x
ln (1 + e
x
)
e
x
.
Exercise 5.10: Find the following limit:
lim
x0
e
3x
1
x
.
Exercise 5.11: Find the following limit:
lim
x0
e
3x
e
4x
x
.
Exercise 5.12: Find the following one-sided limits:
lim
x1
arctg
1
1 x
.
Exercise 5.13: Find the following limit:
lim
x
arcsin
x

1 + x
2
.
Homework 5.14: Find the limits
a) lim
x2
x
3
+ 2x
2
8x
x
3
3x
2
4x + 12
,
b) lim
x2+
x
2
+ 3x 4
x
3
4x
2
+ x + 6
,
c) lim
x0
x
e
x
e
x
,
d) lim
x1
e
x
e
x 1
.
a) 3, b) , c)
1
2
, d) e.
Homework 5.15: Find the limits
a) lim
x0
cos(x)
x
(2 sin(x) + x),
b) lim
x

/2
cos(x)
x

2
,
c) lim
x0
tg(x)
tg(2x)
,
d) lim
x0
e
2x
1
sin(x)
.
a) 3, b) 1, c)
1
2
, d) 2.
Homework 5.16: Find the limits
a) lim
x+
x
4
5x
x
2
3x + 1
,
b) lim
x0

1 + x
2
1
x
c) lim
x+
_
x
3
x
2
+ 1
x
_
,
a) +, b) 0, c) 0.
Homework 5.17: Find the limits
a) lim
x0
_
1
sin(x)

1
tg(x)
_
,
b) lim
x

/4
cos x sin x
cos(2x)
,
c) lim
xe
ln(x) 1
x e
,
d) lim
x0
e
x
2
cos x
x
2
.
a) 0, b)

2
2
, c)
1
e
, d)
3
2
.
Tutorials BIE-ZMA, FIT CTU 23 WS 2011/2012
Tutorial n. 6
Continuity and derivative of a real function
Continuity of a real function; derivative of a real function; tangent line to the graph of a
function at a point.
Notation
sgn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the function signum, sgn(x) =
_

_
1, x > 0
0 x = 0
1 x < 0
f

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . derivative of the function f

f
(n)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n-th derivative of the function f, n N
Exercise 6.1: Plot the graph of the function f(x) = 2x|. Investigate whether the function
f is continuous, or continuous from one side (left/right)?
Exercise 6.2: Find the derivatives of the following functions, determine the domains of the
functions and of the derivatives.
a) f(x) = x +

x +
3

x, b) f(x) =
1
x
+
2
x
2
, c) (5 + 2x)
10
(3 4x)
20
.
Exercise 6.3: Find the derivatives of the following functions and the domains of the functions
and the derivatives.
a) f(x) = e
x
2
, b) f(x) = x
x
, c) f(x) = x
2
+ 2
x
.
Homework 6.4: Find the derivatives of the following functions and the domains of the
functions and the derivatives.
a) f(x) = e
e
x
, b) f(x) = 3
x
2
.
a) f

(x) = e
e
x
e
x
, b) 2 ln(3)3
x
2
x
Exercise 6.5: Find the derivatives of the following functions and the domains of the functions
and the derivatives.
a) f(x) = ln (sin x), b) f(x) = ln (ln (sin x)), c) arctg x
3
, d) arcsin
1
x
.
Homework 6.6: Find the derivative of the function f(x) = sin (ln x).
f

(x) =
cos(ln(x))
x
Exercise 6.7: Prove that:
[x[

=
_
sgn x for x ,= 0
does not exist for x = 0.
Tutorials BIE-ZMA, FIT CTU 25 WS 2011/2012
Homework 6.8: Is the function f dened by the following equality
f(x) =
_

_
0, x < 0,
x, 0 x < 1
x
2
+ 4x 2, 1 x < 3,
4 x, x 3,
continuous on its domain?
Yes, it is. The one-sided limits are equal to the values at the points 0, 1 and 3
Homework 6.9: The function f(x) =
x
2
1
x
3
1
is not dened at the point x = 1. Can
the function be extended onto point x = 1 in the continuous way (the extension will be
continuous)?
Yes, it does. We dene f(1) to be the value of the limit at the point 1, f(1) := lim
x1
f(x) =
2
3
.
Homework 6.10: The function f(x) = arctg
1
x
is not dened at the point x = 0. Can
the function be extended onto point x = 0 in the continuous way (the extension will be
continuous)?
No. lim
x0+
f(x) =

2
, but lim
x0
f(x) =

2
.
Homework 6.11: Find the derivatives of the following functions
a) f(x) = arctg e
x
, b) f(x) = xsin(x) cos(x), c) f(x) = ln [x[, d) f(x) =
1
arcsin(x)
.
a) f

(x) =
e
x
1 + e
2x
, b) f

(x) =
1
2
sin(2x) + x cos(2x), c) f

(x) =
1
x
, d) f

(x) =
1
(arcsin(x))
2
1

1 x
2
.
Homework 6.12: Find the derivatives of the following functions (a, b, c, d are positive real
parameters)
a) f(x) =
a
x
+
x
a
+
b
2
x
2
+
x
2
b
2
, b) f(x) =
_
1
2
x
_
2
, c) f(x) =

x
_
x
3

x + 1
_
,
d) f(x) =
ax + b
cx + d
, e) f(x) =
_
x + 1
_
_
1

x
1
_
, f) f(x) =
_
x
2
3x + 3
__
x
2
+ 2x 1
_
.
a) f

(x) =
a
x
2
+
1
a
2
b
2
x
3
+2
x
b
2
, b) f

(x) = 2
_
1
2
x
_
, c) f

(x) =
7
2
x
5/2
+
1
2
1

2
1, d) f

(x) =
ad bc
(cx + d)
2
, e) f

(x) =
1 + x
2x
3/2
,
f) f

(x) = 4x
3
3x
2
8x + 9.
Homework 6.13: For the function f(x) = 3x 2

x nd the values f(1), f

(1), f(4) and

f

(4).
f(1) = 1, f

(1) = 2, f(4) = 8, f

(4) =
5
2
.
Homework 6.14: For the function f(x) =
x
2
5x1
x
3
calculate the values f(1), f

(1) and
f

(2).
f(1) = 5, f

(1) = 8, f

(2) =
19
16
.
Homework 6.15: Find the derivatives of the following functions
a) f(x) =
x
1 cos(x)
, b) f(x) = xsin x + cos x, c) f(x) = sin
_
sin(x)
_
, d) f(x) =
_
tg
x
2
,
e) f(x) = sin
_
1 + x
2
, f) f(x) = arcsin
2
x
, g) f(x) =
x
1 + x
2
arctg x.
a) f

(x) =
1 cos(x) x sin(x)
_
1 cos(x)
_
2
, b) f

(x) = x cos(x), c) f

(x) = cos
_
sin(x)
_
cos(x), d) f

(x) =
1
4
1
_
sin
x
2
_
1/2
_
cos
x
2
_
5/2
,
e) f

(x) =
x cos

1 + x
2

1 + x
2
, f) f

(x) =
2
|x|

x
2
2
, g) f

(x) = 2
_
x
1 + x
2
_
2
.
Homework 6.16: Find the derivatives of the following functions (a, b are real parameters)
a) f(x) = 2
x
, b) f(x) = x 10
x
, c) f(x) = 2
x
ln(x)
, d) f(x) =
1 + e
x
1 e
x
,
g) f(x) = 2
3
x
, h) f(x) = e

x+1
.
a) f

(x) = 2
x
ln(2), b) f

(x) =
_
1 + x ln(10)
_
10
x
, c) f

(x) =
ln(2)
ln
2
(x)
_
ln(x) 1
_
2
x
ln(x)
, d) f

(x) =
2e
x
_
e
x
1
_
2
,
g) f

(x) = 2
3
x
ln(2) 3
x
ln(3), a) f

(x) = e

x+1
1
2

x + 1
.
Tutorials BIE-ZMA, FIT CTU 27 WS 2011/2012
Tutorial n. 7
Extrema of real functions
Extrema of real functions; investigation of the graphs of functions
Exercise 7.1: Find extrema which the following functions attain on the given intervals:
1. f(x) = x 2

x on 0, 4)
2. f(x) =
x1
x+1
on 0, 4)
3. f(x) = xe
x
on 0, 2)
Solution. Global extrema of a continuous function on an interval can be at the end-points or
at the points, where the derivative does not exists, or it is zero.
1. We should notice that the function is dened and is continuous on 0, 4). The derivative
is f

(x) = 1 1/

x, it is dened on whole interval (0, 4). Let us investigate the values

at the three types of points:
end-points: f(0) = 0, f(4) = 0.
points, where the derivative does not exist: no points, because the derivative do
exist everywhere inside the interval.
points, where the derivative is zero: Solving the equality 1 1/

x = 0 on the
interval (0, 4), we get the only solution x = 1 (the solution x = 1 is out of the
interval). So the value is f(1) = 1
We have f(0) = 0, f(4) = 0, f(1) = 1. So the maximum on the interval is 0 and it is
at the points x = 0 and x = 4. The minimum is 1 (at the point x = 1).
2. Notice that the function is dened and is continuous on 0, 4). The derivative f

(x) =
2 (x + 1)
2
is dened on (0, 4).
end-points: f(0) = 1, f(4) = 3/5.
points, where the derivative does not exist: no point, because the derivative do
exist everywhere inside the interval.
points, where the derivative is zero: no point, because the equality 2(x+1)
2
= 0
has no solution (the right-hand side is positive at every point x D
f
).
We have f(0) = 1, f(4) = 3/5. So the maximum on the interval is 1 and it is at the
point x = 0. The minimum is 3/5 (at the point x = 4).
3. Again, the function f(x) = xe
x
is dened and continuous on 0, 2). The derivative
f

(x) = (1 x)e
x
is dened on (0, 2).
end-points: f(0) = 0, f(2) = 2e
2
Tutorials BIE-ZMA, FIT CTU 29 WS 2011/2012
points, where the derivative does not exist: no point, because the derivative do
exist everywhere inside the interval.
points, where the derivative is zero: the equality e
x
(1x) = 0 can be divided by
the factor e
x
, which is positive and non-zero! We get 1 x = 0 and the solution
is x = 1. The value is f(1) = e
1
.
We have f(0) = 0, f(2) = 2e
2
, f(1) = e
1
. All three numbers are non-negative, so
the minimum is 0, attained at the point x = 0. Since e > 2, we get 2e
2
< e
1
. So the
maximum is e
1
at the point x = 1.
Exercise 7.2: For the function
f(x) = 3x
2
x
3
,
nd the local extrema and the intervals of monotonicity.
Solution. The domain is D
f
= R. The derivative is
f

(x) = 6x 3x
2
= 3x(2 x),
with the domain D
f
= R. The intervals of monotonicity coincide with the intervals, where the
sign of the derivative does not change. The local extrema are at points where the derivative
change its sign. Analysing the sign of the derivative, we get the following table:
x (, 0) (0, 2) (2, )
x - + +
2 x + + -
f

(x) = 3x(2 x) - + -
f(x) decreasing increasing decreasing
The last row gives the intervals of monotonicity. The derivative change its sign at the
points 0 and 2, where are local extrema. Reading the last row from the left, we see that the
function decreases till the point x = 0, then it increases. Hence, there is a local minimum at
the point x = 0. The function increases till the point x = 2, then it decreases. Thus, there is
a local maximum at the point x = 2.
Exercise 7.3: For the following function, do the same as in Exercise 7.2,
f(x) = x
4
x
2
.
Solution. The domain is D
f
= R 0. The derivative is
f

(x) = 1 + 8x
3
=
x
3
+ 8
x
3
=
(x + 2)(x
2
2x + 4)
x
3
,
with the domain D
f
= R 0. The determinant of the quadratic equation x
2
2x + 4 = 0
is negative, D = 12. So the expression x
2
2x + 4 is positive for all x. Hence,
x (, 2) (2, 0) (0, )
x + 2 - + +
x
3
- - +
x
2
2x + 4 + + +
f

(x) =
(x+2)(x
2
2x+4)
x
3
+ - +
f(x) increasing decreasing increasing
The last row gives the intervals of monotonicity. The derivative change its sign at the
points 2 and 0. Since the point x = 0 does not belong to the domain, there can not be a
local extremum. The point x = 2 does belong to the domain and the function is continuous
at the point. Reading the last row from the left, we see that the function increases till the
point x = 2, then it decreases. Hence, there is a local maximum at the point x = 2. It is
the only local extremum.
Homework 7.4: Find the local extrema of the following function
a) f(x) =
ln
2
x
x
,
b) f(x) = x +
1
x
,
c) f(x) = x
3

x 1.
a) A local minimum at the point 1 (f(1) = 0); a local maximum at the point e
2
(f(e
2
) = 4e
2
).
b) A local minimum at the point 1 (f(1) = 2); a local maximum at the point 1 (f(1) = 2).
c) A local minimum at the point
3
/4 (f(
3
/4) < 0); no local maximum.
Homework 7.5: Find the biggest and the smallest value (the global extrema) attained by
the function
a) f(x) = cos x +
1
2
cos 2x on the interval 0, 2),
b) f(x) =

5 4x on the interval 1, 1)?
a) The maximum is f(0) = f(2) =
3
2
, the minimum is f(
2
/3) = f(
4
/3) =
3
4
.
b) The maximum is f(1) = 3, the minimum is f(1) = 1.
Homework 7.6: For the following functions, investigate the properties from Exercise 7.2.
Find also the asymptotes in innities.
a) f(x) = x
2
e
x
,
b) f(x) =
x
2
+3
x+1
,
c) f(x) = xln x,
d) f(x) = 2 arctg(x) x.
Tutorials BIE-ZMA, FIT CTU 31 WS 2011/2012
Tutorial n. 8
LHospitals rule
LHospitals rule
Exercise 8.1: Using lHospitals rule, calculate the following limits,
a) lim
x0
e
x
e
x
2x
x sin x
, b) lim
x1
sin (x 1) tg
x
2
, c) lim
x1
_
1
ln x

1
x 1
_
Solution.
a) lim
x0
e
x
e
x
2x
x sin x
= lim
x0
e
x
+ e
x
2
1 cos x
= lim
x0
e
x
e
x
sin x
= lim
x0
e
x
+ e
x
cos x
= 2
b) lim
x1
sin (x 1) tg
x
2
= lim
x1
sin (x 1)
cos
x
2
= lim
x1
cos (x 1)

2
sin
x
2
=
2

c) lim
x1
_
1
ln x

1
x 1
_
= lim
x1
x 1 ln x
ln x(x 1)
= lim
x1
1
1
x
1
x
(x 1) + ln x
= lim
x1
x 1
x 1 + xln x
= lim
x1
1
2 + ln x
=
1
2
.
Exercise 8.2: Using lHospitals rule, calculate the limits from the exercises from Tutorial
5, namely 5.2-5.6, 5.8-5.11, 5.14, 5.15 except a), 5.16 except c), 5.17 b)c).
Tutorials BIE-ZMA, FIT CTU 33 WS 2011/2012