Setting of Interview 1. Background Interview - time and place of interview are not a consideration except for busy person.

2. Routine Criminal Cases - interview should be carefully planned. Busy person can be interviewed at night, privacy is important. 3. Important Criminal Cases - should be conducted in places other than the subjects home/office to prevent him/her feeling confident. Investigator should get interviewees respect. 4. Appropriate Time - General rule - (ASAP) as soon possible while facts are fresh in the memory of interviewees. Methods of Crime Scene Search 1. Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The searchers (3 person is good) proceed slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle. 2. Double Strip Search Method - modification of the strip search method. The rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to a side. 3. Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is good) follow each other along the path of a spiral beginning on the outside and spiraling in towards the center. 4. Zone Search Method - one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant and then each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants. 5. Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to be approximately circular. The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. Procedure is repeated several times depending on the size of the circle and the number of searchers. Types of Interview 1. Informal (on the scene interview) - conducted by police/investigator at the crime scene to get description of criminal if seen. 2. Formal - interview conducted by the investigator

assigned to the case. Types of Formal Interview 1. Normal - for willing or cooperative witness. 2. Group/Pretext Interview - for hostile witness or witness who refuse to cooperate. 3. Follow Up - additional interview in addition to vital points if necessary. Custodial Investigation - investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action. Neighborhood Investigation - one of the most crucial steps in kidnap for ransom cases which is often overlooked. The objective is to identify and interview in person all individuals in the area where the victim was kidnapped or last known sighting area during the window of opportunity.(last time seen until the time discovered missing. Crime scene - a venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been committed. Corpus delicti - (latin for the body of the crime) - used to describe the physical or material evidence that a crime has been committed. ex. corpse of a murder victim. Confession - is an express acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charge. Admission - refers to statement of facts not directly constituting an acknowledgement of guilt. Organized criminal group - a structured group of three or more persons existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crime or offenses. Organized crime - a combination of two or more persons who are engaged in a criminal or virtual criminal activity on a continuing basis for the purpose of profit or power using gangland style to attain their purpose. Physical evidence - evidenced addressed to the senses of the court that are capable of being exhibited, examined or viewed by the court. This includes but not limited to fingerprints, body fluid, explosives, hazardous chemicals, soil/burned debris, bombs, electronic parts used in the commission of the crime. Victimology/victim profiling - a detailed account of the victims lifestyle and personality, assist in determining the nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim and the type of person who could have committed the crime. Complete information regarding the victims physical description,

normal behavior patterns, the family dynamics and known friends and acquintances should be obtained as soon as possible. Miranda vs. Arizona - Ernesto Miranda had confessed to rape and kidnapping, after two hour interrogation. Because the interrogators failed to inform Miranda of his right to counsel and remain silent, his conviction was overturned. Waterboarding - refers to the practice of strapping a suspect to a board with his or her head lowered, then the face is covered and water is poured over it causing the suspect to gag and experience the sensation of drowning. Chinese water torture - interrogation technique, repeatedly dripping water on the forehead of the suspect. The goal is to drive the suspect to near insanity thereby obtaining a confession. Serial Killer - is someone who murders 3 or more people with "cooling off" periods in between. Actus Reus - proof that a criminal act has occurred. Sketch - a rough drawing or painting, often made to assist in making a more finished picture. RA no.9514 - Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008 (Dec. 19, 2008). PD. 1185 - known as the fire code of the Philippines, was enacted into law 1977, repealed by RA no. 9514. RA no. 9263 - Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004. Fire - exothermic reaction involving the oxidation of some substance (fuel) resulting in the release of energy in the form of light and heat.

Traffic Operation and Accident Investigation

Traffic signs/road signs - are signs erected at the side of the roads to provide information to road users. Rules of the road - are the laws and the informal rules that may have developed overtime to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic. Right of way - is a strip of land that is granted, through an easement or other mechanism for transportation purposes such as for a trail, driveway, rail line or highway. - the legal right, established by usage or grant, to pass along a specific route through property belonging to another. Traffic signal/Traffic light - a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections. Highway - any public road. A main road especially one connecting major town or cities. Speed limit - define the maximum, minimum or no speed limit and are normally indicated using a traffic sign. Hit and run - is the act of causing a traffic accident and failing to stop and identify oneself afterwards. Traffic accident - occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris or other statutory obstruction such as tree or utility pole. Mary Ward - worlds first road traffic death including a motor vehicle, is alleged to have occurred on august 31, 1869, when she fell out of her cousins steam car and was run over it. Causes of traffic accidents 1. Human factors - ex. driver behavior,

on the rails. Split Friction - dangerous condition arising due to varying friction on either side of a car. Road Texture - affects the interaction of tires and the driving surface. Profilograph - devised used to measure pavement surface roughness. Tribometer - an instrument that measures friction on a surface. Traffic Waves - "stop waves" "traffic Shocks" - are traveling disturbances in the distribution of cars on a highway. Traffic Flow - the total number of vehicles passing a given point in a given time. Traffic flow is expressed as vehicle per hour. Traffic Congestion - "traffic jam" - is a condition on roads, streets or highways that occurs as use increases. Characteristics of Traffic Congestion 1. Slow speed of vehicles 2. Longer travel time 3. Increased vehicle queuing Classical Theories of Traffic Flow 1. Free flow 2. Congested traffic Three-Phase Traffic Theory - is an alternative theory of traffic flow developed by Boris Kerner between 1996 and 2002. 1. Free flow 2. Synchronized flow 3. Wide moving jam Pedestrian - is a person traveling on foot whether walking or running. Gridlock - a traffic jam so bad that no

2. 3.

4. 5.

visual and auditory acuity, intoxication,decision making ability and reaction speed. Motor vehicle speed. Driver impairment - factors that prevent the driver at their normal level of skill. Common impairment include, 1) alcohol use 2) physical impairment - ex. poor eyesight 3) youth - teens and early twenty aged drivers have the highest incidence of both accidents and fatalities among all driving age group. 4) old age 5) sleep deprivation/fatigue 6) drug use including prescription drug. Road design Vehicle design and maintenance seat belts - wearing seat belts reduces the risk of death by two thirds. maintenance - a well designed and maintained vehicle with good breaks, tires and well adjusted suspension will be more controllable in an emergency and better equipped to avoid collision. center of gravity - roll overs have become common due to increased popularity of taller SUV and minivans which have a higher center of gravity than standard passenger car. motorcycles - have little protection.

movement is possible. China - (Beijing-Zhangjiakou province) - is considered the worlds worst traffic jam ever as traffic congestion stretched more than 100 kilometers including 11 days of gridlock. Brazil - (Sao Paolo) - has the worlds worst daily traffic jams. France - (A6 Auto-route) - between Paris and Lyon was considered the worlds longest traffic jam.

marks yields an estimate of original speed. Locard exchange principle - was postulated by Edmong Locard in the 20th century which states that with contact between two items, there will be an exchange. Every contact leaves a trace. Everywhere you go, you take something with you and you leave something behind.

Skid mark are divided into: 1. acceleration marks - created on acceleration if the engine provides more power that the tire can transmit. 2. braking marks - if the brakes "lockup" and cause the tire to slide. 3. yaw marks - if the tire slide sideways.

Skid mark - is the mark a tire makes when a vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of the road.

skid marks are caused by rubbers deposited on the road. one form of trace evidence, when their size and shape can reveal much about the vehicle speed and forces of acceleration or deceleration. the length of the skid mark is closely related to the vehicle speed at the instant of breaking, measuring the

Police Report Writing (Technical English)

Affidavit - summary judgment. The kind of affidavit necessary to support a summary judgement is that affidavit from which it may be clearly drawn that certain facts pleaded by either party are certain, undisputed and indubitable which dispense with the hearing or trial of the case.(PNP definition). After operation report - it is a report that may be rendered after any successful police operation that leads to the arrest of any member or some members of syndicated crime group. After soco report - it is a report rendered by the team leader of the SOCO that conducted the scene of the crime operations, processing or investigation. Agents report - it is a report rendered by a documented agent who answers an intelligence requirement. Agreement - Proposal. A proposal remains an offer even if not answered and irrespective of the length of time that has passed. It only becomes an agreement when accepted by the other party.(PNP definition). Book of account - a book containing charges and showing a continuous dealing with persons generally. To be admissible in evidence, it must be kept as an account book and the charges made in the usual course of business. Case officer - the person responsible for and in charge of the investigation of the case. Police blotter - a record or log where all types of operational and under

Police Report - report made by the police containing the initial statement made by the victim at the time she or he reported the crime. A police report consists of a testament, specific details of the event and names of people involved. Index Crime - are very serious crimes that happen frequently or regularly that they can serve as index of the crime situation. Index Crime is basically anything that is physically pursued by the person committing the crime while non index crimes consists of non physical confrontation. Non Index Crime - refers to all crime not classified as index crime. These crimes are mostly victimless. Crime Solution Efficiency - means the number of crimes solved after the arrest of the suspects and filing of charges against them. Crime Clearance Efficiency - means the number of crimes considered solved because the suspects have been identified and charged but they remain at large. Crime Incidence - the number of crimes reported as index or non index crimes within a given period. Crime Volume - is a basic indicator of the frequency of known criminal activity. It represents the number of reported offenses. Crime Trend - represents the percentage change in crime based on data reported in a prior equivalent period. Crime Rate - the measure that gives an index of crime occurring in a particular jurisdiction for a specific time period.

cover dispatches shall be recorded containing the 5 "W" and 1 "H"(Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How of an information. Spot report - refers to an immediate initial investigative or incident report addressed to higher headquarters pertaining to the commission of the crime, occurrence of natural or manmade disaster or unusual incidents involving loss of lives and damage of properties. Tactical interrogation report - the report rendered by an interrogator which contain the following information: 1. Personal and family background 2. Educational background 3. Professional background 4. Criminal activities,associates/armaments 5. Plans Summary of information (SOI) - an intelligence report rendered regarding any illegal activity or violation of laws