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Computer Network No.12 (Wireless Introduction) From APCOMS

This document discusses wireless networking and the medium access control (MAC) protocol. It describes how wireless LANs use base stations or ad hoc configurations to connect devices without cables. The MACA protocol was introduced to address problems with carrier sensing in wireless networks like the hidden and exposed terminal problems. MACA uses RTS and CTS frames to perform virtual channel sensing and avoid collisions during data transmission. Later improvements to MACA included acknowledgement frames and separate backoff for each data stream.

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76 views

Computer Network No.12 (Wireless Introduction) From APCOMS

This document discusses wireless networking and the medium access control (MAC) protocol. It describes how wireless LANs use base stations or ad hoc configurations to connect devices without cables. The MACA protocol was introduced to address problems with carrier sensing in wireless networks like the hidden and exposed terminal problems. MACA uses RTS and CTS frames to perform virtual channel sensing and avoid collisions during data transmission. Later improvements to MACA included acknowledgement frames and separate backoff for each data stream.

Uploaded by

Naveed
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Faisal Amjad CPS 422

CPS 422 Wireless Networking


Computer Networks ‰One of the fastest growing technologies
‰Demand for connecting devices without cables is
increasing everywhere
DATA LINK LAYER ‰Wireless LANs connect roaming devices to the
Internet in campuses, offices and public places
WIRELESS LANs

Faisal Amjad CPS 422

Faisal Amjad CPS 422 Faisal Amjad CPS 422

Wireless Networking Configurations


Wireless Networking Everywhere…
‰The most common configuration is a building with
base stations strategically placed to cover the
desired areas
‰Another configuration is an Ad Hoc Network in
which there is no central access point. All the
mobile stations cooperatively form a network for
sharing data

Faisal Amjad CPS 422 Faisal Amjad CPS 422

Common Wireless Networking Configurations


MAC in Wireless Networking
‰An approach could be to use CSMA in wireless
LAN
‰Listen for other transmissions and transmit only if
no one else is doing so
‰Two problems arise out of carrier sensing
o Hidden Terminal Problem
o Exposed terminal Problem

(a) Wireless networking with a base station. (b) Ad hoc networking.

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Faisal Amjad CPS 422 Faisal Amjad CPS 422

MAC in Wireless Networking-The Problem


‰CSMA merely tells whether or not there is
activity around the station sensing the carrier
‰The problem is that a station really wants to know
whether or not there is activity around the
receiver
‰With a wire, all signals propagate to all the
stations, so only one transmission can take place at
a time
‰In a system based on short-range radio, multiple
transmissions can occur simultaneously, provided
(a) The hidden station problem. (b) The exposed station problem. the source-destination pairs are different and out
of the range of each other

Faisal Amjad CPS 422 Faisal Amjad CPS 422

MAC in Wireless Networking-The Solution MACA Procedure


‰ Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) was
introduced for wireless LANs in 1990.
‰ It was the basis for IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard
‰ Basic idea: sender sends a short frame (called Request To
Send or RTS) indicating its intention of starting a
transmission.
‰ All nearby stations (within sender’s range) avoid
transmitting their frames for the duration mentioned in
RTS frame
‰ If the intended destination is free to receive frames, it
will send another short frame (called the Clear To Send or
CTS) (a) A sending an RTS to B (b) B responding with a CTS to A
‰ All stations in the destinations vicinity also come to know
that a transmission is about to start for it, and pend their
transmission for duration mentioned in the CTS frame.

Faisal Amjad CPS 422 Faisal Amjad CPS 422

Virtual Channel Sensing Virtual Channel Sensing


‰Pending of transmissions (because the stations
know the carrier will be busy) for a known period
of time is virtual channel sensing
‰The duration for which stations in the range of
both the sender and the receiver, pend their
transmission, is through the time period mentioned
in RTS and CTS frames
‰This time period is called the Network Allocation
Vector or NAV
‰NAV is different for stations in the range of
sender and receiver

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Virtual Channel Sensing Improvements in MACA


‰MACAW was introduced (W stands for Wireless)
‰Introduced an ACK frame after each successful
data frame
‰CSMA was included so that simultaneous RTS
frame transmissions are avoided
‰Backoff algorithm was run separately for each
‰ The use of virtual channel sensing data stream, rather than each source destination
‰ C (in range of A) receives the RTS and based on information in pair
RTS creates a virtual channel busy NAV(Network Allocation
Vector).
‰ D (in range of B) receives the CTS and creates a shorter NAV.

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