INTRODUCTION

Prestressed Concrete:
- A creation of internal stresses in a structure in order to improve its
performance. Such stresses are designed to counter-act stresses
induced by external loads.
- Concrete is strong and ductile in compression, it is weak and
brittle in tension, and hence its response to external loads is
improved by pre-compression.
- Prestressed concrete is a type of Reinforced Concrete in which
steel has been tensioned against the concrete.
In this method, the prestressing tendons are initially tensioned between
fixed abutments and anchored.

With the formwork in place, the concrete is cast around the highly
stressed steel tendons and cured.

When the concrete has reached its required strength, the wires are cut or
otherwise released from the abutments.

As the highly stressed steel attempts to contract, the concrete is
compressed.

Prestress is imparted via bond between the steel and the concrete.

Pretensioned concrete members are often precast in pretensioning beds
long enough to accommodate many identical units simultaneously.
Prestressed Methods:

Two different procedures for prestressing concrete were developed:
(a) Pretensioned Concrete
Pretensioning
b- Post-tensioned concrete
In this method, the concrete is cast around hollow ducts which are fixed to any
desired profile.

The steel tendons are usually in place, unstressed in the ducts during the concrete
pour.

When the concrete has reached its required strength, the tendons are tensioned.

Tendons may be stressed from one end with the other end anchored or may be
stressed from both ends.

The tendons are then anchored at each stressing end.

The concrete is compressed during the stressing operation and the prestress is
maintained after the tendons are anchored by bearing of the end anchorage plates
onto the concrete.

After the tendons have been anchored and no further stressing is required, the
ducts containing the tendons are often filled with grout under pressure.

In this way, the tendons are bonded to the concrete and are more efficient in
controlling cracks and providing ultimate strength.

In some situations, however, tendons are not grouted for reasons of economy
and remain permanently unbonded.
Stresses Calculations
P prestressing force
P
j
prestressing force at the jack before transfer
P
i
prestressing force immediately after transfer
P
e
effective prestressing force after time-dependent losses


Stages
a - Initial Stage, P
i
, M
D
(self weight moment)
b- Final Stage, Service, P
e
, M
total
= M
D
+M
SD
+M
L
M
D
= Self weight moment
M
SD
= Super imposed D.L.
M
L
= Live load moment

Tendon profiles
1- Basic Concept
2- C-line Method

- Line of pressure or thrust concept
- The beam is analyzed as if it were plain concrete
- The prestressing force is assumed as external load
- Use statics to find stresses
Reinforced Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
is almost constant a In Reinforced Concrete

max
varies from zero to a a In Prestressed Concrete
3- Load Balancing Method
Example- 1

A pre-tensioned T-beam (8ST24) will carry load W
SD
+ W
L
= 420 b/ft

A
P
= Prestressing Area = 12 (1/2 diameter strands)

f
pu
= ultimate strength of the prestressing strands = 270 ksi

f
pi
=0.7 f
pu
=189 ksi

f
pe
= 150 ksi.
Given the properties of the section 8ST24 are as follows:
A
C
= 474 in
2
r
2
= 45.44 in
2
c
t
= 5.94 in
c
b
= 18.06 in
S
t
= 3626 in3
S
b
= 1193 in3
W
D
= 494 lb/ft

Find the concrete fiber stresses at mid span due to:
a) Initial Conditions
b) Final Conditions
Solution
1. Basic Concept
I nitial Conditions P
i
, M
D
P
i
= f
Pi
x A
p
=0.7(270,000)(1.836) = 347,004 lb
Final Service Stage P
e
, M
T
2- C-Line Method
a) I nitial conditions P
i
, M
D
P
i
= 347004 lb.
M
D
= 3035136 in-lb.
b) Final stage P
e
, M
T
3- Load Balancing Method
Initial conditions P
i
, W
D
W
D
= 494
w
ub
= 494 - 824.59 = - 330.59 lb/ft
lb in
l
w M
ub ub
. 4 . 2031122 12
8
64
59 . 330
8
2 2
= = =
b) Final stage

P
e
= 275400 lb.
w
T
= w
D
+ w
SD
+ w
L
= 494 +420 = 914 lb/ft
= 654.3 lb/ft
Example -2
A pretensioned simply supported 10LDT24 double T-beam without topping has
a span of 64 ft and the geometry is shown below.
The beam is subjected to a uniform superimposed gravity dead load (W
SD
)
and live load (W
L
) summing to 420 plf. The initial prestress before losses is
f
pi
= 0.7 f
u
=189,000 psi, and the effective prestress after losses is f
pe
=150,000
psi.
Assume that ten in. diameter seven wire strand tendons with 108-D1
strand pattern are used to prestress the beam.
Compute the extreme fiber stresses at the midspan due to:
a- the initial full prestress and no external gravity load. (using the basic
concept method)
b- the final service load conditions when prestress losses have taken place.
(using the three methods)
Solution
Section properties are as follows:
plf W
in in S
in in
in in C
in r in I in A
D
b
b
c c
359
607 , 3 S 264 , 1
77 . 7 e 77 . 14 e
23 . 6 C 77 . 17
04 . 50 469 , 22 449
3 t 3
e c
t
2 2 4 2
=
= =
= =
= =
= = =
a- initial Conditions at Prestressing
lb P
lb f A P in A
e
pi ps i ps
500 , 229 000 , 150 53 . 1
170 , 289 000 , 189 53 . 1 53 . 1 153 . 0 10
2
= =
= = = = =
The midspan self-weight dead-load moment is


lb in
wl
M
D
= = = 696 , 205 , 2 12
8
) 64 ( 359
8
2 2
) ( 70
607 , 3
696 , 205 , 2
)
04 . 50
23 . 6 77 . 14
1 (
449
170 , 289
) 1 (
2
C psi
S
M
r
ec
A
P
f
t
D t
c
i
t
=

= =
) ( 277 , 2
264 , 1
696 , 205 , 2
)
04 . 50
77 . 17 77 . 14
1 (
449
170 , 289
) 1 (
2
C psi
S
M
r
ec
A
P
f
b
D b
c
i
b
= +

+ = + + =
b - Final Conditions at Service Load
Midspan moment due to superimposed dead and live load is
lb in M Moment Total
lb in M M
T
L SD
= + =
= = +
. 176 , 786 , 4 480 , 580 , 2 696 , 205 , 2
. 480 , 580 , 2 12
8
) 64 ( 420
2
) ( 898
607 , 3
176 , 786 , 4
)
04 . 50
23 . 6 77 . 14
1 (
449
500 , 229
) 1 (
2
C psi
S
M
r
ec
A
P
f
t
T t
c
e
t
=

= =
) ( 594
264 , 1
176 , 786 , 4
)
04 . 50
77 . 17 77 . 14
1 (
449
500 , 229
) 1 (
2
T psi
S
M
r
ec
A
P
f
b
T b
c
e
b
+ = +

+ = + + =
i- Basic Method
ii- C-line Method
. 08 . 6 77 . 14 85 . 20 e . 85 . 20
500 , 229
176 , 786 , 4
in e a in
P
M
a
e
T
= = = ' = = =
) ( 594 )
04 . 50
77 . 17 08 . 6
1 (
449
500 , 229
) 1 (
) ( 898 )
04 . 50
23 . 6 08 . 6
1 (
449
500 , 229
) 1 (
2
2
T psi
r
c e
A
P
f
C psi
r
c e
A
P
f
b
c
e
b
t
c
e t
+ =

+ =
'
=
=

+ =
'
+ =
iii- Load Balancing Method
plf
l
Pa
W
ft e a midspan at
b
c
552
) 64 (
231 . 1 500 , 229 8
8
231 . 1 7 7 . 14 ,
2 2
=

= =
=
' '
= =
lb in
l W
M plf W
plf W W W W
ub
ub ub
L SD D T
= = = = =
= + = + + =
. 688 , 394 , 1 12
8
) 64 ( 227
8
227 552 779
779 420 359
2 2
) ( 594
264 , 1
688 , 394 , 1
449
500 , 229
) ( 898
607 , 3
688 , 394 , 1
449
500 , 229
T psi
S
M
A
P
f
C psi
S
M
A
P
f
b
ub
c
b
t
ub
c
t
+ = + = +
'
=
= =
'
=
2 - Example

A T-shaped simply supported beam has the cross-section shown in the given
figure below. It has a span of 36 ft (11m), is loaded with a
gravity live-load unit intensity W
L
= 2,500 plf (36.5 kN ), and is
prestressed with twelve -in.-dia seven wire stress-relieved strands.

Compute the concrete fiber stresses a service load by each of the following
methods:
(a) Basic concept
(b) C-line
(c) Load balancing






Assuming that the tendon eccentricity at midspan is e
c
= 9.6 in.

f '
c
= 7,000 psi

f
t
= 12 = 1004 psi (max. allowable tensile stress in concrete)

f
c
= 0.45 f '

c
= 0.45 (7000) = 3150 psi (max. allowable compressive stress)

f
pe
= 160 ksi
'
c
f
Solution


(a) Basic Concept Method

A
ps
= 12 x 0.153 = 1.836 in
2

P
e
= A
ps
. f
pe
= 1.836 x 160000 = 293760 lb.
. . 600 , 020 , 1 12
8
36 525
2
in lb M
D
=

=
0 . 0 =
SD
M
in lb M
L
. 000 , 860 , 4 12
8
36 2500
2
=

=
in lb M M M M
L SD D T
. 600 , 880 , 5 = + + =
OK 3150 ) ( 4 . 2036
2109
600 , 880 , 5
5 . 73
57 . 17 6 . 9
1
504
293760
psi C psi f
t
< =
)
`

=
OK 1004 ) ( 8 . 443
2908
600 , 880 , 5
5 . 73
43 . 12 6 . 9
1
504
293760
psi T psi f
b
< + = +
)
`

+ =
(b) C-Line Method
in e
P
M
e
e
T
42 . 10 6 . 9
760 , 293
600 , 880 , 5
'
= = =
OK 3150 ) ( 7 . 2034
5 . 73
57 . 17 42 . 10
1
504
293760
psi C psi f
t
< =
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
OK 1004 ) ( 3 . 444
5 . 73
57 . 17 42 . 10
1
504
293760
psi T psi f
b
< + =
|
.
|

\
|

=
(c) Load Balancing Method
ft lb w w w w
L SD D T
/ 3025 2500 0 . 0 525 = + + = + + =
ft lb
l
a P
w
b
/ 6 . 1450
36
12
6 . 9
293760 8
8
2 2
'
=

= =
ft lb w
ub
/ 3 . 1574 6 . 1450 3025 = =
in lb
l w
M
ub
ub
. 504 , 060 , 3 12
8
36 3 . 1574
8
2 2
=

= =
OK 3150 ) ( 0 . 2034
2109
504 , 060 , 3
504
293760
psi C psi f
t
< = =
OK 1004 ) ( 0 . 444
2981
504 , 060 , 3
504
293760
psi T psi f
t
< + = + =