UNIVERSIDAD AUTNOMA DEL ESTADO DE HIDALGO ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE CD. SAHAGN LICENCIATURA EN CONTADURA ENGLISH V LIC.

ALBA CECILIA GARRIDO MELNDEZ JUANA ISABEL AGUILAR BLANCAS

C.E.-DIC. 2012 ENE. 2013

07/12/2012

INDEX
1. PRONOUNS 2. ADJETIVES 3. ARTICLES 4. WH-QUESTINS 5. SIMPLE PAST 6. SIMPLE PRESENT 7. SIMPLE FUTURE 8. PAST PERFECT 9. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS 10. PAST PERFECT PROGRESIVE 11. PAST CONTINUOS 12. SIMPLE PRESENT VS PAST PERFECT 13. PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS 14. PRESENT CONTINUOS 15. MODALS 16. AUXILIARY 17. PREPOSITIONS 18. COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES 19. PREFIXES AND SUFIXES 20. FIRST CONDITIONAL 21. SECOND CONDITIONAL 22. USED TO 23. RELATIVE CLAUSES 24. LINKING WORDS OR CONNETING WORDS 25. NUMBERS CARDINALS AND NUMBERS ORDINALS 26. MONTS 27. DAYS OF WEEK 28. SEASON OF THE YEAR 29. GIVING DIRECTIONS 30. FAMILY MEMBERS 31. OCUPATIONS 32. VERBS IRREGULARS

1. - PRONOUNS
SINGULAR subjective 1st person 2nd person 3rd person I you he she it objective Me You Him her it possessive my, mine your, yours his her, hers its PLURAL subjective objective we you they us you them possessive our, ours your, yours their, theirs

Example: I am twenty-nine years old. You live in Barcelona. She has got a dog. He makes the bed every morning. We sing a good song at the disco. They write an e-mail to the teacher. We are going to tell the truth to the women. Exercise 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
He It They It We He They She she

is dreaming. (George) is green. (the blackboard) are on the wall. (the posters) is running. (the dog) are watching TV. (my mother and I) are in the garden. (the flowers) is riding his bike. (Tom) is from Bristol. (Victoria) has got a brother. (Diana)
you

10) Have

got a computer, Mandy? de Diciembre de 2012, de

Bibliographic Pronouns. (s.f.). Recuperado el 04 http://www.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htm

2. - ADJETIVES

Adjectives are words used to describe people, things, events etc. They are used in connection with nouns and pronouns. Adjectives can be used in two ways: 1) before nouns: (attributive position) Examples: A nice day an old song A blue sky A young man 2) in the complement of a sentence -after some verbs like is , seem, look, and a few other verbs- (predicative position) Examples: She is beautiful He is old It seems all right They look tired Exercise 1) He quickly reads a book. 2) Mandy is a pretty girl. 3) The class is terribly loud today. 4) Max is a good singer. 5) You can easily open this tin. 6) It's a terrible day today. 7) She sings the song well. 8) He is a careful driver. 9) He drives the car carefully. 10) The dog barks loudly. Bibliographic http://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/Adjectives.htm http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/adjectives_adverbs/adjective_adverb.ht m

3. - ARTICLES

If the following word begins with a vowel, we speak [ begins with a consonant, we speak [ ]. [ ] [ ]

], if the following word

the following word starts with a spoken the following word starts with a spoken consonant vowel the girl the book the school the unit Here a [ ] is pronounced at the beginning of the word. the following consonant a boy a school a girl a unit word starts with a the English girl the orange book the old school The uncle Here a [ ] is pronounced at the beginning of the word.

We use an if the following word starts with a vowel. the following word starts with a vowel an aunt an old school an American girl an uncle

Mind the pronunciation of the following word. This u sounds like a consonant, so we This u sounds like a vowel, so we use an. use a.

Exercise The articles a/an and the in Englisch Fill in the article >a<, >an< or >the< where necessary. Choose >x< where no article is used.

1) I like

the

blue T-shirt over there better than

the

red one.

2) Their car does 150 miles 3) Where's

hour.

USB drive I lent you last week? Bristol?

4) Do you still live in

5) Is your mother working in 6) Carol's father works as

old office building? electrician. kilo. breakfast?

7) The tomatoes are 99 pence 8) What do you usually have for 9) Ben has
a an

terrible headache. whole afternoon free to explore the city.

10) After this tour you have

Bibliographic Learning-English.online. (s.f.). Recuperado el 04 de Diciembre de 2012, de http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/nouns_articles/a_the.htm

4.- QH-QUESTIONS
Quistin Word what Function asking for something asking for confirmation what...for when where which information about Example What es yogur ame? What? I can't hear you. Yo dad wat? What did you do that for? When did he leave? Where do they live? Which colour do you

repetition

or

asking for a reason, asking why asking about time asking in or at what place or position asking about choice

want? who asking what or which person or people (subject) asking what or which person or people (object) asking about ownership asking for what...for reason, asking Who opened the door?

whom

Whom did you see? Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it? Why do you say that? Why don't I help you? How does this work? How was your exam? see examples below How far is Pattaya from Bangkok? How long will it take? How many there? cars are

whose

why why don't how

making a suggestion asking about manner asking about condition or quality

how + adj/adv how far how long how many

asking about extent or degree Distance length (time or space) quantity (countable)

how much how old

quantity (uncountable) Age

How much money do you have? How old are you?

Exercises Open Questions asking for reason, asking why how come How come I can't see What - When - Where - Why - Who How. Choose the right option. (informal) is the concert? her? 1) ................. What Who Why When 2) ................. is Cristiano Ronaldo from? How When Where Why 3) ................. are you so happy? I'm getting married! When How What Why 4) ................. is your brother? He is still sick. Why How Where What 5) ................. are you late? Because of the traffic. Where When Why How

Bibliographic English Club 15 years. (n.d.). Retrieved Diciembre 04, http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/wh-question-words.htm

2012,

from

5. - SIMPLE PAST
Positive Negative Question

no differences I spoke. I did not speak. Did I speak? For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For regular verbs, just add ed. Exceptions in Spelling when adding ed Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example after a final e only add d love loved final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit admitted or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel travelled final y after a consonant becomes i hurry hurried Use of Simple Past action in the past taking place once, never or several times Example: He visited his parents every weekend. actions in the past taking place one after the other Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down. action in the past taking place in the middle of another action Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

Exercise Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past).

Last year I (spend) It(be)

spent

my holiday in Ireland.
visited

great. lots of

I(travel) around by car with two friends and we(visit) interesting places. In the evenings we usually (go) One night we even (learn) We (be)
w ere learned w ent

to a pub.

some Irish dances.

very lucky with the weather. a lot. some beautiful rainbows.

It(not / rain) But we (see)

did not rain

Where (spend / you)

your last holiday?

Bibliographic
English Grammasr 4U ONLINE. up/grammar/simple-past/exercises (s.f.). Obtenido de http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-

6. - SIMPLE PRESENT
FORM [VERB] + s/es in third person Examples: You speak English. Do you speak English? You do not speak English USE 1 Repeated Actions Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples: I play tennis. She does not play tennis. Does he play tennis? The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. The train does not leave at 9 AM. USE 2 Facts or Generalizations The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples: Cats like milk. Birds do not like milk. Do pigs like milk? California is in America. New York is a small city. IT IS NOT IMPORTANT THAT THIS FACT IS UNTRUE. USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. Examples: When do we board the plane? The party starts at 8 o'clock. When does class begin tomorrow? USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs. Examples: I am here now. She is not here now. He needs help right now. He does not need help now. He has his passport in his hand. Do you have your passport with you? ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: You only speak English. Do you only speak English? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: Once a week, Tom cleans the car. ACTIVE Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. PASSIVE Exescise 1. I usually 2. They
visit go

(go) to school. (visit) us often.

3. You 4. Tom

play w orks

(play) basketball once a week. (work) every day.

5. He always 6. She never

(tell) us funny stories. (help) me with that!

7. Martha and Kevin 9. Linda

(swim) twice a week.

8. In this club people usually 10. John rarely

(dance) a lot.

(take care) of her sister. (leave) the country.

Bibliographic Englishpage. (s.f.). Recuperado el 04 de Diciembre de 2012, http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.html http://www.really-learn-english.com/simple-present-exercises.html#01

7. - SIMPLE FUTURE
Form of will Future positive negative question

no differences I will speak. I will not speak. Will I speak? Use of will Future A spontaneous decision Example: Wait, I will help you. An opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future Example: He will probably come back tomorrow. A promise Example: I will not watch TV tonight. An action in the future that cannot be influenced Example: It will rain tomorrow. Conditional clauses type I Example: If I arrive late, I will call you. Exercise They / call / us Positive: They will call us. Negative: They will not call us. Question: Will they call us? She / remember / us Positive: She will remember us.

Negative: She will not remember us. Question: Will she remember us? You / be / in Australia Positive: You will be in Australia. Negative: You will not be in Australia. Question: Will you be in Australia? Bibliographic English Grammasr 4U ONLINE. (s.f.). Obtenido de http://www.ego4u.com/en/cramup/grammar/simple-past/exercises

8. - PAST PERFECT Form of Past Perfect Simple Positive Negative Question

no differences I had spoken. I had not spoken. Had I spoken?

Exceptions in Spelling when adding ed Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed Example

after final e, only add d

love loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit admitted or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i

hurry hurried

Use of Past Perfect Action taking place before a certain time (putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration) Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack Exercise Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple). The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we had built.( Built) He had not been to Cape Town before 1997. (not/be) When she went out to play, she had already done her homework. (do / already) My brother ate all of the cake that our mum had made. (make) The doctor took off the plaster that he had put on six weeks before. (put on) The waiter brought a drink that I had not ordered. (not / order) I could not remember the poem we had learned the week before. (learn) The children collected the chestnuts that had fallen from the tree. (fall) Had he phoned Angie before he went to see her in London? (he / phone) She had not ridden a horse before that day. (not / ride) Bibliographic (s.f.). Obtenido de http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfectsimplehttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-simple/exercises in the past

9.- PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form

A: He had been talking. N: He had not been talking. Q: Had he been talking?

Use

action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action Exercise Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect progressive). We had been sleeping for 12 hours when he woke us up. (sleep) They had been waiting at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived. (wait) We had been looking for her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom. (look for) I had not been walking for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. (not / walk) How long had she been learning English before she went to London? (learn / she) Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he had been singing in the rain too long. (sing) He had been driving less than an hour when he ran out of petrol. (drive) They were very tired in the evening because they had been helping on the farm all day. (help) I had not been working all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night. (not / work) They had been cycling all day so their legs were sore in the evening. (cycle) Bibliographic http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-progressive/exercises

11.- PAST CONTINUOS

12.- SIMPLE PRESENT VS PAST PERFECT

regular verbs: infinitive + ed Example: I worked

regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example:I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked Exceptions

Exceptions when adding 'ed':

when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved

after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted

final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled

after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played

Certain time in the past or just / already / yet? Simple Past certain time in the past Example: I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago. Certain event in the past or how often so far? Simple Past certain event in the past Example: He went to Canada last summer. Emphasis on action or result? Simple Past Emphasis on action Example: I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.) Exercise Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
1.

Present Perfect Simple just / already / not yet Example: I have just phoned Mary.

Present Perfect Simple whether / how often till now Example: Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to Canada twice.

Present Perfect Simple Emphasis on result Example: I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.)

2.
3. 4.

5.
6.

7.

I have just finished my homework. (just / finish) Mary has already written five letters. (already / write) Tom moved to this town in 1994. (move) My friend was in Canada two years ago. (be) I have not been to Canada so far. (not / be) But I have already travelled to London a couple of times. (already / travel) Last week, Mary and Paul went to the cinema. (go)

8.

I can't take any pictures because I have not bought a new film yet. (not / buy) Did they spend their holiday in New Zealand last summer? (they / spend) Have you ever seen a whale? (you / ever / see)

9.

10.

Bibliographic (s.f.). Obtenido de http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex08 PRESENT PERFECT

Form of Present Perfect Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they I have spoken.

I have not spoken.

Have I spoken?

he / she / it

He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken?

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d

love loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit admitted or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i

hurry hurried

Use of Present Perfect

puts emphasis on the result Example: She has written five letters.

action that is still going on Example: School has not started yet.

action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked dinner.

finished action that has an influence on the present Example: I have lost my key.

action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Example: I have never been to Australia. Exercise Write sentences in present perfect simple. They / ask / a question - They have asked a question. He / speak / English - He has spoken English. I / be / in my room - I have been in my room. We / not / wash / the car - We have not washed the car. Annie / not / forget / her homework - Annie has not forgotten her homework. Write questions in present perfect simple. They / finish / their homework - Have they finished their homework? Sue / kiss / Ben - Has Sue kissed Ben? The waiter / bring / the tea - Has the waiter brought the tea? Marilyn / pay / the bill - Has Marilyn paid the bill? You / ever / write / a poem - Have you ever written a poem? Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence. They have talked about art at school. - Where have they talked about art? Jane has got a letter. - What has Jane got? Oliver has cooked dinner. - Who has cooked dinner? Caron has read seven pages. - How many pages has Caron read?

You have heard the song 100 times. - How often have you heard the song? Bibliographic (s.f.). Obtenido de http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfectsimple http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-perfect-simple-1

13.- PRESENT PERFECT

14.- PRESENT CONTINUOUS 15.- MODALS 1) can Use Examples ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to) I can speak English. permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) Can I go to the cinema? request Can you wait a moment, please? offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow. suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend? possibility It can get very hot in Arizona. 2) could Use Examples ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to) I could speak English. permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to) I could go to the cinema. polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please? polite request * Could you wait a moment, please? polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow. polite suggestion * Could we visit Grandma at the weekend? possibility * It could get very hot in Montana. 3) may Use Examples possibility It may rain today. permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) to the cinema? polite suggestion May I help you?

May I go

4) might Use Examples possibility (less possible than may) * hesitant offer * Might I help you?

It might rain today.

5) must Use Examples force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today. possibility You must be tired. advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt. 6) must not/may not Use Examples prohibition You mustn't work on dad's computer. You may not work on dad's computer. 7) need not Use Examples not necessary tonight.

I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant

8) ought to Use Examples adviceYou ought to drive carefully in bad weather. obligation You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room. 9) shall instead of will in the 1st person Use Examples suggestion Shall I carry your bag? 10) should Use Examples adviceYou should drive carefully in bad weather. obligation You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

11) will Use Examples wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would) Will you please shut the door? prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday. promise I will stop smoking.

spontaneous decision Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will. habits She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking. 12) would Use Examples wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please? habits in the past Sometimes he would bring me some flowers. Exercise Choose the right modal verb There is plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. You needn't buy any. It's a hospital. You mustn't smoke. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He must be tired after such haed work. He may prefer to get some rest. I could speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I canjust say a few things in the language. The teacher said we can read this book for our own pleasure as it is optional. But we can read it if we don't want to. Can you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I can't. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you need to work hard. . Take an umbrella. It might rain later. You shouldn't leave small objects lying around . Such objects may be swallowed by children. People mustn't walk on grass. Drivers must stop when the traffic lights are red. May I ask a question? Yes, of course. You needn't take your umbrella. It is not raining. Can you speak Italian? No, I can't. Bibliographic http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-modals.php http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/hilfsverben2.htm

16.- AUXILIAR Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive.

The verb "be" The verb be can be used as an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound tenses and the passive voice. Note that be is an irregular verb: Simple Present: I am, he/she/it is, we/you/they are Simple Past: I/he/she/it was, we/you/they were Past Participle: been You can tell that in the following sentences be is an auxiliary because it is followed by another verb (the full verb). (For progressive forms use the "-ing" form of the full verb; for passive voice, use the past participle of the full verb.) Progressive Forms Present Progressive: He is playing football. Past Progressive: He was playing football. Present Perfect Progressive: He has been playing football. Past Perfect Progressive: He had been playing football. Simple Present/Past: The house is/was built. Present/Past Perfect: The house has/had been built. Future I: The house will be built. "be" as a full verb The verb be can also be a full verb. In this case, it's not followed by another verb. If be is used as a full verb, we do not need an auxiliary in negative sentences or questions. positive sentence: They are fifteen years old. negative sentence: They are not fifteen years old. question: Are they fifteen years old? The verb "have" The verb have, too, can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb to form compound tenses in active and passive voice. (Use the past participle of the full verb.)

Compound Tenses - Active Voice Present Perfect Simple: He has played football. Past Perfect Simple: He had played football. Present Perfect Progressive: He has been playing football. Past Perfect Progressive: He had been playing football. Compound Tenses - Passive Voice Present/Past Perfect: The house has/had been built. Note that have is an irregular verb, too: Simple Present: I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has Simple Past: I/he/she/it/we/you/they had Past Participle: had "have" in positive sentences As a full verb have indicates possession. In British English, however, we usually use have got (have being the auxiliary, got the full verb). full verb: I have a car. auxiliary verb: I have got a car. "have" in negative sentences and questions When we use have as a full verb, we must use the auxiliary do in negative sentences and questions. If we use have got, however, we do not need another auxiliary. have as a full verb: I do not have a car. Do I have a car? have as an auxiliary verb: I have not got a car. Have I got a car? The verb "will" The verb will can only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses.

The auxiliary verb "will" Future I: He will not play football. Future II: He will have played football. The verb will remains the same for all forms (no "s" for 3rd person singular). The short form for negative sentences is won't.' Examples: I will, he will I will not = I won't The verb "do" The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be, will, have got and modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.) The auxiliary "do" in negative sentences Simple Present: He does not play football. Simple Past: He did not play football. The auxiliary "do" in questions Simple Present: Does he play football? Simple Past: Did he play football? The verb do is irregular: Simple Present: I/we/you/they do, he/she/it does Simple Past: I/he/she/it/we/you/they did The full verb "do"

As a full verb we use do in certain expressions. If we want to form negative sentences or questions using do as a full verb, we need another do as an auxiliary. positive sentence: She does her homework every day. negative sentence:

She doesn't do her homework every day. question: Does she do her homework every day? Sentences without the auxiliary "do" In the following cases, the auxiliary do is not used in negative sentences/questions: the full verb is "be" Example: I am not angry. / Are you okay? the sentence already contains another auxiliary (e.g. have, be, will) Example: They are not sleeping. / Have you heard that? the sentence contains a modal verb (can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, should) Example: We need not wait. / Can you repeat that, please? the question asks for the subject of the sentence Example: Who sings that song? Exercise Is the bold verb an auxiliary or a full verb? I am hungry. full verb They will help you. auxiliary verb We do not know his address. auxiliary verb My friend Amy does a lot of sports. full verb How much is it? full verb I am reading an interesting book at the moment. auxiliary verb Will you be there? auxiliary verb She has never been to London. auxiliary verb Does he speak English? auxiliary verb They have a cat and a dog. full verb Bibliographic http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary-verbs http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary-verbs/exercises?default 17.- PREPOTITIONS Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).

Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips). The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English: Prepositions Time English Usage Example on days of the week on Monday in months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour at for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night at the weekend at half past nine since from a certain point of time (past till now) since 1980 for over a certain period of time (past till now) for 2 years ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago before earlier than a certain point of time before 2004 to telling the time ten to six (5:50) past

telling the time ten past six (6:10) to / till / until marking the beginning and end of a period of time from Monday to/till Friday till / until in the sense of how long something is going to last He is on holiday until Friday. by in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time I will be back by 6 oclock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages. Prepositions Place (Position and Direction) English UsageExample in room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world at meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work on attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane

on TV, on the radio by, next to, beside left or right of somebody or something Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. under on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else the bag is under the table below lower than something else but above ground the fish are below the surface over covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall above higher than something else, but not directly over it a path above the lake across getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side walk across the bridge swim across the lake through something with limits on top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel to movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house towards movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) go 5 steps towards the house onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table from

in the sense of where from a flower from the garden Other important Prepositions English UsageExample from who gave it a present from Jane of who/what does it belong to what does it show a page of the book the picture of a palace by who made it a book by Mark Twain on walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle on foot, on horseback get on the bus in entering a car / Taxi get in the car off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi by rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horseriding) prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus at for age she learned Russian at 45 about for topics, meaning what about we were talking about you Exercise Exercise on Prepositions Place Complete the exercise according to the picture. In the picture, I can see a woman.

The woman is sitting at a table. She is sitting on a chair. There is another chair opposite the woman. Her feet are under the table The woman is holding a cup in her hands. On the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator, an appointment calendar, two pens and a muffin. The woman is looking at her laptop. The woman's bag is under the table. COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES Introduction Comparatives and Superlatives are special forms of adjectives. They are used to compare two or more things. Generally, comparatives are formed using -er and superlatives are formed using -est. This page will explain the rules for forming regular comparatives and superlatives, and also show some basic ways of using them. 1. Forming comparatives and superlatives How these forms are created depends on how many syllables there are in the adjective. Syllables are like sound beats. For instance, sing contains one syllable, but singing contains two sing and ing. Here are the rules: Adjective form Comparative Superlative Only one syllable, ending in E. Examples: wide, fine, cute Add -r: wider, finer, cuter Add -st: widest, finest, cutest Only one syllable, with one vowel and one consonant at the end. Examples: hot, big, fat Double the consonant, and add -er: hotter, bigger, fatter Double the consonant, and add -est: hottest, biggest, fattest Only one syllable, with more than one vowel or more than one consonant at the end. Examples: light, neat, fast Add -er: lighter, neater, faster Add -est: lightest, neatest, fastest Two syllables, ending in Y. Examples: happy, silly, lonely Change y to i, then add -er: happier, sillier, lonelier Change y to i, then add -est: happiest, silliest, loneliest Two syllables or more, not ending in Y. Examples: modern, interesting, beautiful Use more before the adjective: more modern, more interesting, more beautiful Use most before the adjective: most modern, most interesting, most beautiful 2. How to use comparatives and superlatives Comparatives Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with than, or you can use a conjunction like but. Jiro is taller than Yukio.

Yukio is tall, but Jiro is taller. Superlatives Superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlative sentences usually use the, because there is only one superlative. Masami is the tallest in the class. Yukio is tall, and Jiro is taller, but Masami is the tallest. Excercise Some of the answers are incorrect or incomplete. Keep going! 1. Joe is shorter than Ed. (short) 2. Al is the shortest . (short) 3. Ed is the thinnest . (thin) 4. Joe is thinner than Al. (thin) 5. Al has the most colourful clothes. (colourful) 6. Al is than Joe. (heavy) 7. Ed is the heavier lightest . (light) 8. Joe is happier than Ed. (happy) 9. Ed is the most mysterious . (mysterious) 10. Joe is more energetic than Ed. (energetic) PREFIXES Prefixes and suffixes Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them. Prefixes Prefixes are added to the beginning of an existing word in order to create a new word with a different meaning. For example: word prefix new word happy ununhappy cultural multimulticultural work overoverwork

space cybercyberspace market supersupermarket Suffixes Suffixes are added to the end of an existing word. For example: word suffix new word child -ish childish work -er worker taste -less tasteless idol -ize/-ise idolize/idolise like -able likeable The addition of a suffix often changes a word from one word class to another. In the table above, the verb like becomes the adjective likeable, the noun idol becomes the verb idolize, and the noun child becomes the adjective childish. Some prefixes and suffixes are part of our living language, in that people regularly use them to create new words for modern products, concepts, or situations. For example: word prefix or suffix new word security biobiosecurity

clutter dedeclutter media multimultimedia email -er emailer Email is an example of a word that was itself formed from a new prefix, e-, which stands for electronic. This modern prefix has formed an ever-growing number of other Internet-related words, including e-book, e-cash, e-commerce, and e-tailer. http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/regcom1.htm http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/prefixes-and-suffixes Exercise 1. PREFIXES like DIS/IN/IM/IR/UN/IL/MIS are used to give an opposite/negative meaning to a word. Task: Find the opposites of the words on the right and write them down. POSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE LOYAL DISLOYAL HONEST DISHONEST REGULAR IRREGILAR LEGAL ILLEGAL COMPLETE INCOMPLETE REPLACE ABLE IRREPLEACLE ABLE EFFECTIVE INEFFECTIVE POPULAR UNPOPULAR FORTUNE MISFORTUNE DIFFERENT INDIFFERENT KIND UNKIND http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3677#a THE FIRST CONDITIONAL We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen. If we take John, he'll be really pleased. If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.

If they tell us they want it, we'll have to give it to them. If Mary comes, she'll want to drive. The 'if' clause can be used with different present forms. If I go to New York again, I'll buy you a souvenir from the Empire State Building. If he's feeling better, he'll come. If she hasn't heard the bad news yet, I'll tell her. The "future clause" can contain 'going to' or the future perfect as well as 'will'. If I see him, I'm going to tell him exactly how angry I am. If we don't get the contract, we'll have wasted a lot of time and money. The "future clause" can also contain other modal verbs such as 'can' and 'must'. If you go to New York, you must have the cheesecake in Lindy's. If he comes, you can get a lift home with him. http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/firstconditional/menu.php Exercise Correct! Well done. Your score is: 1%. 1. If you don't study (not study), you will fail (fail) the test. 2. We will die (die) if we don't get (not get) help soon! 3. If you look (look) in the fridge, you will find (find) some cold drinks. 4. If there is (be) no oil in the engine, the car will break (break) down. 5. I will lend (lend) you my umbrella if you need (need) it. 6. The sea level will rise (rise) if the planet gets (get) hotter. 7. If you eat (eat) your sandwiches now, you won't have (not have) anything for lunch! 8. You will be (be) safe in an accident if you wear (wear) your seatbelt. 9. If he saves (save) all his money, he will be able to go (be able to go) on holiday to Canada. 10. I will not come (not come) with you if you don't bring (not bring) John! SECOND CONDITIONAL The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations. If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park. If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity. If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place. If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease. Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .) If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.

If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day. If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems. Note the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice. If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live. If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications. The Second Conditional is also used to talk about 'unlikely' situations. If I went to China, I'd visit the Great Wall. If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes. If you were in my position, you'd understand. Note that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. Compare these examples. Otto thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn't. Otto If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house. Peter If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house. Otto If I get promoted, I'll throw a big party. Peter If I got promoted, I'd throw a big party. Otto If my team win the Cup, I'll buy champagne for everybody. Peter If my team won the Cup, I'd buy champagne for everybody. Note that the 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous. If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train. If she were coming, she would be here by now. If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy. Note that the main clause can contain 'would' 'could' or 'might. If I had the chance to do it again, I would do it differently. If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant. If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him. Exercise Use a prefixes to find the opposite of these verbs: 1- wrap unwrap 2- use misuse 3- agree disagree 4- engage disengage 5- behave misbehave 6- understand

misunderstand 7- fold unfold 8- spell misunderstand 9- connect disconnect 10- close disclose Put the words in brackets in the appropriate form (use a prefixes or a suffixes): He was acting in a very childish way. (child) She looked unhappy .She started to cry. (happy) He passed his exam. He was successful for the second time. (succeed) The team that he supported were able to win the championship . (champion) I couldn't find any weakness in his theory. (weak) He wants to be a mathematician when he grows up. (mathematics) There were only a handful of people at the match. (hand) The road was too narrow, so they had to widen it. (wide) I think that you should reconsider your decision. It may not be the best thing to do. (consider) You need a combination of motivation, organization and hard work to realize your dreams.(combine) USED TO FORM [used to + VERB] Example: I used to go to the beach every day. It is better not to use "used to" in questions or negative forms; however, this is sometimes done in informal spoken English. It is better to ask questions and create negative sentences using Simple Past. USE 1 Habit in the Past

"Used to" expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now. Examples:

Jerry used to study English. Sam and Mary used to go to Mexico in the summer. I used to start work at 9 o'clock. Christine used to eat meat, but now she is a vegetarian. USE 2 Past Facts and Generalizations

"Used to" can also be used to talk about past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. Examples: I used to live in Paris. Sarah used to be fat, but now she is thin. George used to be the best student in class, but now Lena is the best. Oranges used to cost very little in Florida, but now they are quite expensive. "Used to" vs. Simple Past Both Simple Past and "Used to" can be used to describe past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however, "used to" is preferred when emphasizing these forms of past repetition in positive sentences. On the other hand, when asking questions or making negative sentences, Simple Past is preferred. Examples: You used to play the piano. Did you play the piano when you were young? You did not play the piano when you were young. ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: Jerry used to pay the bills. Active The bills used to be paid by Jerry. Passive Exercise 1. I used to have eggs for breakfast. 2. My brother used to work in a bank. 3. They are used to listening to loud noise because they live in the city centre. 4. There used to be a bakery in this street. 5. Mr and Mrs Mc Donald are used to going to Japan every year. 6. I am used to running 15 miles every day. 7. She is used to working with computers. 8. Paul used to play football. 9. Andrew is used to playing video games.

10. You are used to studying English. http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english39054.php Linking words Relative clauses In addition As well as Also Too Furthermore Moreover Apart from In addition to Besides Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and. "We discussed training, education and the budget." Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. "We also spoke about marketing." You can use also with not only to give emphasis. "We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition." We don't usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence. "As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition." "We are interested in costs as well as the competition." Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well. "They were concerned too." "I, too, was concerned." Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to. "Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." "Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making. "Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition." Summarising In short In brief

In summary To summarise In a nutshell To conclude In conclusion We normally use these words at the beginning of the sentence to give a summary of what we have said or written. Sequencing ideas The former, the latter Firstly, secondly, finally The first point is Lastly The following The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points. "Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term." Firstly, secondly, finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas. It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly". Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point and so on. The following is a good way of starting a list. "The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen." Giving a reason Due to / due to the fact that Owing to / owing to the fact that Because Because of Since As Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun. "Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%." "Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks."

If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that. "Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25." "Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfill all its orders." Because / because of Because of is followed by a noun. "Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed." Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, "Because it was raining, the match was postponed." "We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive." Since / as Since and as mean because. "Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." Giving a result Therefore So Consequently This means that As a result Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way. "The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff." So is more informal. Contrasting ideas But However

Although / even though Despite / despite the fact that In spite of / in spite of the fact that Nevertheless Nonetheless While Whereas Unlike In theory in practice But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence. "He works hard, but he doesn't earn much." "He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much." Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence. "Although it was cold, she went out in shorts." "In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts." Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use the fact that. "Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees." Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway. "The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.) "The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year." While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other. "While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown." "Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down." "Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol." In theory in practice show an unexpected result.

"In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have enough time." Exercise Dear Mirabel, the sooner, the better, because ofafter all ! I haven't written to you for ages. For that reason I feel rather ill at ease (mal l'aise). To this endMoreover, I haven't written to Nigel either ! By comparisonAs a matter of fact I am very embarrassed : I agreed to marry your brother because ofin spite of his age sincebut I must confess that it is now impossible. As a resultIn other words, I have met Walter and we have immediately fallen in love. DespiteFurthermore, Walter is American and wants me to live in Boston with him... On the other handOn the one hand, I 'll miss my friends and family in other wordson the other hand, I' ll lose Walter if I don't go. If notTherefore, I have made up my mind. I will go to Boston... unlessfor I love Walter and he loves me. In the same wayThis is why I won't marry Nigel... I hope it won't have any effect on our friendship. In spite ofIn any case, I would be very happy to have you at home in Boston. Nevertheless, I would understand if you didn't come. In the same wayIn the first place, Nigel is your brother, that is to sayin the second place, it's a long way from Bath to Boston. However, you've been my friend for so many years that you're like a sister to me. 'Angela'.

Asking for and Giving Directions How do I get to ? What's the best way to ? Where is ? Go straight on (until you come to ). Turn back./Go back. Turn left/right (into -street). Go along Cross Take the first/second road on the left/right It's on the left/right. straight on opposite near next to between

at the end (of) on/at the corner behind in front of (just) around the corner traffic lights crossroads, junction signpost Exercise

1. 5. 9.

2. 6. 10.

3. 7.

4. 8.

James leaves the school and turns right left . He walks along Lake Street Queen Street . He takes the second the first turning on the left on the right . Then he goes straight on turns left . He goes past goes as far as Station Road. Monika lives in Park Street Station Road . Her house is opposite next to the cinema, behind near the supermarket.

1.

2.

3.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=6787#a

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/directions Members of a Family father dad mother mum , mummy , mom (amerik.) parent parents child children son daughter brother sister grandfather granddad , grandpa grandmother grandma , granny grandson granddaughter grandchild uncle aunt cousin nephew niece boyfriend girlfriend fianc fiance bride groom, bridegroom wife husband spouse father-in-law mother-in-law parents-in-law son-in-law daughter-in-law brother-in-law sister-in-law godfather godmother godson

goddaughter godchild History of a Family be pregnant expect a baby give birth to born birthday baptize bring up, raise go to school be proud of move be engaged marry , get married be married to be married with two children divorced widowed widow widower die late Exercise Write down the term for the opposite sex? mum - dad brother - sister son - daughter uncle - aunt grandmother - grandfather granddaughter - grandson nephew - niece wife - husband boyfriend - girlfriend cousin - cousin accountant contador actor actor actress actriz air hostess azafata architect arquitecto astronaut astronauta au-pair, babysitter niera

baker panadero bank clerk empleado bancario beekeeper apicultor barberbarbero, peluquero (de hombre) bookseller librero bricklayer albail bus driver conductor de autobs butcher carnicero chemist farmacutico chimney-sweeper deshollinador consultant asesor cook cocinero customs officer oficial de aduanas dentistdentista disc jockey, DJ disc jockey, DJ doctor mdico driver conductor driving instructor instructor de manejo dustman basurero electrician electricista employee empleado engineer ingeniero factory worker obrero farmeragricultor fashion designer diseador de moda firefighter , fireman bombero fisherman pescador gardener jardinero graphic designer diseador grfico hairdresser peluquero (de mujer) inspector inspector interior designer diseador de interiores jeweller joyero journalist periodista judge juez lawyerabogado librarian bibliotecario lifeguard salvavidas, socorrista lorry driver camionero mechanic mecnico model modelo mailman (US) cartero nanny niera nurse enfermera office worker oficinista painter pintor photographer fotgrafo

pilot piloto plumber fontanero, plomero policeman polica policewoman mujer polica politician poltico postman cartero psychiatrist psiquiatra psychologist psiclogo receptionist recepcionista reporter reportero sailor marinero salesman vendedor scientist cientfico secretary secretario security guard guardia de seguridad shepherd pastor shoemaker zapatero singer cantante soldiersoldado sports instructor instructor de deportes stockbroker agente de bolsa student estudiante surgeon cirujano tailor sastre taxi driver taxista teacher profesor, maestro technician tcnico telemarketer, telesales person persona que vende por telfono tourist guide gua turstica translator traductor university lecturer profesor universitario vet (GB), veterinarian (US) veterinario waiter camarero waitress camarera watchmaker relojero writer escritor

Thick the correct option 1. They sentence you in court, when you break the law. judges doctors 2.- You watch them in uniforms, protecting you from criminals. postman policemen 3.- They can save your life in swimming pools and the ocean too. pilots lifeguards 4.- They defend people's rights in front of the judge . teachers lawyers 5.- They can become any person they want in plays and movies they act. actors waiters 6.- Their only weapon to fight fire is water. firefighters astronauts http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4574#a

VERBS IRREGULARS

Infinitive

Simple Past

Past Participle

alight

alighted, alit

alighted, alit

arise

arose

arisen

awake

awoke, awaked

awoken, awaked

be

was, were

been

bear

bore

borne, born

beat

beat

beaten, beat

become

became

become

beget

begot

begotten

begin

began

begun

bend

bent

bent

bereave

bereaved, bereft

bereaved, bereft

beseech

besought, beseeched

besought, beseeched

bet

bet, betted

bet, betted

bid

bade, bid

bidden, bid, bade

bide

bade, bided

bided

bind

bound

bound

bite

bit

bitten

bleed

bled

bled

bless

blessed, blest

blessed, blest

blow

blew

blown

break

broke

broken

breed

bred

bred

bring

brought

brought

broadcast

broadcast, broadcasted

broadcast, broadcasted

build

built

built

burn

burnt, burned

burnt, burned

burst

burst

burst

bust

bust, busted

bust, busted

buy

bought

bought

can

could

(kein Participle)

cast

cast

cast

catch

caught

caught

choose

chose

chosen

cleave

cleft, cleaved, clove

cleft, cleaved, cloven

cling

clung

clung

clothe

clothed, clad

clothed, clad

come

came

come

cost

cost

cost

creep

crept

crept

crow

crowed

crew, crowed

cut

cut

cut

deal

dealt

dealt

dig

dug

dug

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

dream

dreamt, dreamed

dreamt, dreamed

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

dwell

dwelt, dwelled

dwelt, dwelled

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

flee

fled

fled

fling

flung

flung

fly

flew

flown

forbid

forbad, forbade

forbid, forbidden

forecast

forecast, forecasted

forecast, forecasted

forget

forgot

forgotten

forsake

forsook

forsaken

freeze

froze

frozen

geld

gelded, gelt

gelded, gelt

get

got

got, gotten

gild

gilded, gilt

gilded, gilt

give

gave

given

gnaw

gnawed

gnawed, gnawn

go

went

gone

grind

ground

ground

grip

gripped, gript

gripped, gript

grow

grew

grown

hang

hung

hung

have

had

had

hear

heard

heard

heave

heaved, hove

heaved, hove

hew

hewed

hewed, hewn

hide

hid

hidden, hid

hit

hit

hit

hold

held

held

hurt

hurt

hurt

keep

kept

kept

kneel

knelt, kneeled

knelt, kneeled

knit

knitted, knit

knitted, knit

know

knew

known

lay

laid

laid

lead

led

led

lean

leant, leaned

leant, leaned

leap

leapt, leaped

leapt, leaped

learn

learnt, learned

learnt, learned

leave

left

left

lend

lent

lent

let

let

let

lie

lay

lain

light

lit, lighted

lit, lighted

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

may

might

(kein Participle)

mean

meant

meant

meet

met

met

melt

melted

molten, melted

mow

mowed

mown, mowed

pay

paid

paid

pen

pent, penned

pent, penned

plead

pled, pleaded

pled, pleaded

prove

proved

proven, proved

put

put

put

quit

quit, quitted

quit, quitted

read

read

read

rid

rid, ridded

rid, ridded

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

run

ran

run

saw

sawed

sawn, sawed

say

said

said

see

saw

seen

seek

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

send

sent

sent

set

set

set

sew

sewed

sewn, sewed

shake

shook

shaken

shall

should

(kein Participle)

shear

sheared

shorn, sheared

shed

shed

shed

shine

shone

shone

shit

shit, shitted, shat

shit, shitted, shat

shoe

shod, shoed

shod, shoed

shoot

shot

shot

show

showed

shown, showed

shred

shred, shredded

shred, shredded

shrink

shrank, shrunk

shrunk

shut

shut

shut

sing

sang

sung

sink

sank

sunk

sit

sat

sat

slay

slew

slain

sleep

slept

slept

slide

slid

slid

sling

slung

slung

slink

slunk

slunk

slit

slit

slit

smell

smelt, smelled

smelt, smelled

smite

smote

smitten

sow

sowed

sown, sowed

speak

spoke

spoken

speed

sped, speeded

sped, speeded

spell

spelt, spelled

spelt, spelled

spend

spent

spent

spill

spilt, spilled

spilt, spilled

spin

spun

spun

spit

spat

spat

split

split

split

spoil

spoilt, spoiled

spoilt, spoiled

spread

spread

spread

spring

sprang, sprung

sprung

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick

stuck

stuck

sting

stung

stung

stink

stank, stunk

stunk

stride

strode

stridden

strike

struck

struck

string

strung

strung

strive

strove

striven

swear

swore

sworn

sweat

sweat, sweated

sweat, sweated

sweep

swept

swept

swell

swelled

swollen, swelled

swim

swam

swum

swing

swung

swung

take

took

taken

teach

taught

taught

tear

tore

torn

telecast

telecast, telecasted

telecast, telecasted

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

throw

threw

thrown

thrust

thrust

thrust

tread

trod

trodden

understand

understood

understood

wake

woke, waked

woken, waked

wear

wore

worn

weave

wove

woven

wed

wed, wedded

wed, wedded

weep

wept

wept

wet

wet, wetted

wet, wetted

win

won

won

wind

wound

wound

wring

wrung

wrung

write

wrote

written