EngineeringGeoscience ERTH2404

Dr.JasonMah

InstructorInformation
JasonMah
BASc inMechanicalEngineering PhDinEarthSciences

Officehours
Room2120Herzberg,5:30PM 7:00PM Emailforappointment

Email:[email protected]
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CourseInformation
Lectures:Mon&Wed,4:05 5:25 TextRequired:GeologyforEngineersand EnvironmentalScientists,3rdEd.,A.E.Kehew
Availableatthebookstore Textonreserveinlibrary

Labs:5Sections
ODD/EVEN(labseveryotherweek)

Labmanualrequired:Coursepack
AvailableatScienceStores,room118Steacie
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CourseEvaluation
Evaluation Theoryexams Midtermexam Feb27 Finalexam (Endofterm) Laboratorywork Labexam (March4 15) LabQuizzes Lab4Assignment Lectures 35% beforethestudybreak Lectures afterthestudybreak Labs1,2,3 Labs1,2,3,4 (handedinfor grading) 35% 15% 10% 5% Total 100%

Apassinggrademustbeachievedinthelabtocompletethecourse.
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ImportantDates
Nolabsthisweek January14:StartofEVENlabgroup January31:Lastdaytowithdrawwithfullfee adjustment February27:MidtermExam(duringclass) March4 15:Labexam(duringlab) April8:Lastlecture
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StudentAccommodation
Disability,pregnancy,religiousobligations Mayeffecttimingforexams,labs Alertmeduringfirsttwoweeksofclassif needaccommodation DeadlineisJan21,2013foracademic accommodationsforthelabexam EquityServiceswebsite: http://carleton.ca/equity/accommodation
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OtherInformation
CuLearn
Allcourseinformationpostedonline SignonthroughCarletonwebsitemainpage DiscussionGroupavailable

Deferredexams
Notificationrequiredwithin5workingdays Contactme(notClaireSamson)

Plagiarism
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AsaCourtesy

Whyshouldyoutakethiscourse?
Studyofourplanet: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere; interactions Everythingisrelated Implicationsofearth scienceproblemsto engineering
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ImpactofPlanetonOrganisms
1989Loma Prieta Earthquake: Oakland, Cypress freeway

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ImpactofPlanetonOrganisms

2011Thoku,Japan,earthquakeandtsunami
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ImpactofPlanetonOrganisms

2012 Stromboli volcano, Italy

ImpactofPlanetonOrganisms

2012,HurricaneIrene,NewYork
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ImpactofHumansonPlanet

Landsubsidence(San JoaquinValley)

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ImpactofHumansonPlanet

OilSpill
Left:DeepHorizonoffshoredrillunit,BP2008 Right:OilTankerExxonValdez,1989
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ImpactofHumansonPlanet
Climate change Ozone depletion Airpollution Acidrain

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CourseTopics
GeologicalTime MineralsandRocks Platetectonics,volcanoes,earthquakes Rockmechanicsandstructures Massmovement Hydrology Earthresources
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CourseObjectives
Attheendofterm,youwillbe:
Abletodescribeearthmaterialsandprocesses frombothengineeringandgeologicalperspectives Awareoftheimpactofgeologicalprocesseson engineeringwork Familiar with thespecialized vocabulary ofearth sciences

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Lecture1:GeologicTime
4.5Byearsof history recordedin rocks

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Readingassignment
PleasereadKehews booktocomplementthe materialpresentedinthislecture: Chapter2,p.2327;p.6072;

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Lecturecontents
TheoriginoftheSolarSystem Relativedating Absolutedating Geologicaltimescale

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Lectureobjectives
Toreviewthetimescaleappliedtogeological processes Toreviewthedifferencebetweenrelativeand absolutegeologicaldating Toreviewtheprinciplebehind radiometricdating Toplacerockunitsandgeologicaleventsin chronologicalorderusingStenosRules ToreviewCanadasgeologicalhistory
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TheoriginoftheSolarSystem
Modelmustaccountforthefollowing observations:
Allplanetsrotateinsamedirectionaroundthe Sun
Theorbitsofallplanetslieinthesameplane,the invariableplane(Earthsorbitalplaneistheeclipticplane) Thedistributionofplanetarybodies: Terrestrialplanets,asteroidbelt,giantplanets,comets Planetshavedifferent: Rotationperiods,spindirections,obliquity
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TheoriginoftheSolarSystem
ClassicalModel
1. 2. 3. 4. FormationofSolarNebula Planetesimals Planetaryaccretion Planetarydifferentiation

TheSolarNebula(Kant,1755)
Thesunandplanetsarebornfromarotatingdisk ofcosmicgasanddust,thesolarnebula
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1.SolarNebular
Thesolarnebularisinfluencedbygravity,gas pressure,androtation Masscollapsesatcentre formingtheSun Cloudspinsfasterandflattenstoformadisk, constrainingtheplanets:
ExplainswhyallplanetsorbittheSuninthesame direction Explainswhyallplanetshavetheirorbitsinthe sameplane
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2.Planetesimals
Massflowbetweensunanddiskceases Accretionofplanetesimals (diameter1km)
Sourcesofenergy: Gravitationalenergy Impactenergy

Controllingfactor:falloffinTwithdistance fromthesun
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3.Planetaryaccretion
Planetsresultingfromaccretionfromasmallnumber oflargeplanetesimals inthefinalstage Disruptionofspinandobliquity Allplanetsformed:
Atthesametime(4.6Ga),inarelativelyshorttime
Nebula Planetesimals Planetaryaccretion

05 15

115Ma

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4.EarthDifferentiation
Innercore:Solidiron Outercore:Liquidiron

Mantle:Ironandmagnesium Crust:Siliconandoxygen

Densermaterialmigratesgraduallytothecentre InitialEarthhot,mostlymolten;separatesinto denseFeNialloycoreandsilicatemantle by gravity

TheoriginoftheSolarSystem

Davidson et al., 2002

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EarthsMoon
Moonlessdensethan Earth,cannothave formedatsametimeby sameprocesses Collisionmodelfor Moon;onlylessdense silicatematerialejected intoorbittoformMoon at4.53Ga

Taylor, 1994

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Meteorites
TheytellustheageoftheSolarNebula!! Stonymeteoritesareprimitive
CompositionsimilartoEarthsmantle Chondrules aresolidifieddropletsofmatterfrom theearlySolarNebula

Ironmeteoritesaredifferentiated
CompositionsimilartoEarthscore
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Meteorites
Stonymeteorite,Murchison,withabundant chondrules

Photo:D.Smith,CarletonU.

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Meteorites
Ironmeteorite,Annaheim,foundin1916,100 kmeastofSaskatoonbyafarmermowinghay
Photo:http://miac.uqac.ca/MIAC/

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TheModernEarth

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TheEarthscoreiscooling
Earth inherited Primordial Heat;also produces heatfrom radioactive decayofK, U,Th
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EarthHistory:theAgeoftheEarth
Theological,sedimentaccumulation,Earth coolingrates,radioactivedecay
106 = 1 million years

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EarthHistory:theAgeoftheEarth
JamesHutton(1726 1797)
Founderofmoderngeology Majorcontribution:
Earthscoreishot Basedonerosionrates,theEarthisseveralordersof magnitudeolderthanpreviouslythought

Keyfieldevidence:unconformityat Siccar Point

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EarthHistory:theAgeoftheEarth
Siccar Point, Scotland Layerstiltedinto verticalposition byregional compression

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Relativedating
Relativedating:taskofplacingrockunitsand geologicaleventsinchronologicalorder
intheirpropersequence

Weusefourlawstoguiderelativedatingin geology

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StenosRules
NicholasSteno,16381686
1.Principleoforiginalhorizontality 2.Principleoflateralcontinuity 3.Principleofsuperposition 4.Principleofcrosscuttingrelationships

StenosRules123applytosedimentary rocks

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PrincipleofOriginalhorizontality
Layersofsediments are alwaysdepositedin horizontalsheets
Acceptableassumptionfor scale<100kms Whenlayersaredepositedone aftertheotherwithout interruption,theyare conformable(continuous, unbrokenstrata) Ifnot,theyhavebeen disturbed
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PrincipleofLateralcontinuity
Sediments aredepositedincontinuous horizontalsheetsuptothepointwherethey terminateagainstasolidsurface

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Rules1&2

conformable layers
Ref.:Kehew,A.E.1995.GeologyforEngineers&Environmental Scientists.2nd Edition.Fig.1.1.Shown with permission.

Oldersurfacepredating sedimentdeposition

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PrincipleofSuperposition
Inundeformed sedimentaryrocks, eachlayerisolder thantheoneaboveit Iflayersarefoldedor inclinedatalarge angle,theyhavebeen disturbed afterdeposition
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PrincipleofSuperposition

Ref.:Kehew,A.E.1995.GeologyforEngineers&Environmental Scientists.2nd Edition.Fig.1.1.Shownwithpermission.

Time increasing

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Younger

Older Timeincreasing

GrandCanyon,Arizona

Source:UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey(USGS)

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Lawofincludedfragments
Iffragmentsofonematerialarefoundin another,thentheincludedfragmentsmustbe older

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Principleof Crosscuttingrelationships
Anyevent thatcutsor breaksarock mustbe youngerthan thatrock
Fault Dyke
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Unconformities
InmostplacesonEarth,thereisnocomplete setofconformablelayers:
Surfacesleftbyhaltsinsedimentationarecalled unconformities
Angularunconformity:olderlayerdipatanangle differentfromyoungerlayer Disconformity: thenewlayersareparalleltotheolder layersbutthereisatimegap inbetween Nonconformity:theerosionsurfaceisanigneousor metamorphicrock
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Unconformities
Depositionof SequenceAin conformablelayers

Deformation& metamorphismof sequenceA

Unconformities
Upliftand erosionofA Erosionalsurface Depositionof sequenceB Nonconformity
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B A

Unconformities
Deformation,uplift anderosionofA andB Erosionalsurface

B A

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Unconformities
Angular unconformity Depositionof sequenceC
Inconformable layers

C B A

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Unconformities
Intrusionofigneous bodyDthroughA,B, andC Aistheoldest Distheyoungest
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D A

C B

Example:Determinetheorderof relativeageofeachunit
E

unconformity

unconformity
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Example:Determinetheorderof relativeageofeachunit

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Answer
8 7 5 6 3 2 1 4

1 = oldest, 8 = youngest

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JamesHutton:revisited
KeyobservationatSiccar Point,Scotland
Horizontallayersoverlayverticallayers

Horizontal layer

Vertical layer

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Next!
Howdowedeterminehowoldrocksare?

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