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Introduction To MATLAB (Basics) : Reference From: Azernikov Sergei Mesergei@tx - Technion.ac - Il

The document provides an introduction to MATLAB basics including getting help, the workspace, matrices, basic operations on matrices, logical conditions, flow control including if, switch, for and while statements, scripts and functions, visualization and graphics, and image processing. Key MATLAB data types and functions are explained with examples.

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Raju Reddy
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85 views

Introduction To MATLAB (Basics) : Reference From: Azernikov Sergei Mesergei@tx - Technion.ac - Il

The document provides an introduction to MATLAB basics including getting help, the workspace, matrices, basic operations on matrices, logical conditions, flow control including if, switch, for and while statements, scripts and functions, visualization and graphics, and image processing. Key MATLAB data types and functions are explained with examples.

Uploaded by

Raju Reddy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to MATLAB (Basics)

Reference from: Azernikov Sergei [email protected]

MATLAB Basics
Where to get help? 1) In MATLABs prompt type: help, lookfor,helpwin, helpdesk, demos. 2) On the Web: http://www.mathworks.com/support
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MATLABs Workspace
who,whos - current variables in workspace save - save workspace variables to *.mat file load - load variables from *.mat file clear all - clear workspace variables

Matrices in MATLAB
Matrix is a main MATLABs data type How to build a matrix? A = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9 ]; Creates matrix A with size 3x3. Special matrices : zeros(n,m), ones(n,m),eye (n,m)
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Basic Operations on Matrices


All the operators in MATLAB defined on matrices : +, -, *, /, ^, sqrt, sin, cos etc. Element wise operators defined with preceding dot : .*, ./, .^ . size(A) - size vector sum(A) - columns sums vector sum(sum(A)) - all the elements sum
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Logical Conditions
== , < , > , (not equal)~= ,(not)~ find(condition) - Returns indexes of As
elements that satisfies the condition.

Logical Conditions(cont.)
Example:
>> A = [1 2; 3 4], I = find(A<4) A= 1 3 2 4

I= 1 2 3
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Flow Control
MATLAB has five flow control constructs:
if statements switch statements for loops while loops break statements
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if
IF statement condition. The general form of the IF statement is IF expression statements ELSEIF expression statements ELSE statements END
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if(cont.)
Example:

if I == J A(I,J) = 2; elseif abs(I-J) == 1 A(I,J) = -1; else A(I,J) = 0; end


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switch
SWITCH - Switch among several cases based on expression. The general form of the SWITCH statement is:
SWITCH switch_expr CASE case_expr, statement, ..., statement CASE {case_expr1, case_expr2, case_expr3,...} statement, ..., statement ... OTHERWISE, statement, ..., statement END

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switch (cont.)
Note:

Only the statements between the matching CASE and the next CASE, OTHERWISE, or END are executed. Unlike C, the SWITCH statement does not fall through (so BREAKs are unnecessary).

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for
FOR Repeat statements a specific number of times. The general form of a FOR statement is: FOR variable = expr, statement, ..., END
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for (cont.)
Example: FOR I = 1:N, FOR J = 1:N, A(I,J) = 1/(I+J-1); END END
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while
WHILE Repeat statements an indefinite number of times. The general form of a WHILE statement is: WHILE expression statements END
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while (cont.)
Example: E = 0*A; F = E + eye(size(E)); N = 1; while norm(E+F-E,1) > 0, E = E + F; F = A*F/N; N = N + 1; end
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Scripts and Functions


There are two kinds of M-files:
Scripts, which do not accept input arguments or return output arguments. They operate on data in the workspace. Functions, which can accept input arguments and return output arguments. Internal variables are local to the function.
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Functions in MATLAB

FUNCTION Add new function. New functions may be added to MATLAB' s vocabulary if they are expressed in terms of other existing functions.
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Functions in MATLAB (cont.)


Example :
The existence of a file on disk called STAT.M with: function [mean,stdev] = stat(x) %STAT Interesting statistics. n = length(x); mean = sum(x) / n; stdev = sqrt(sum((x - mean).^2)/n); defines a new function called STAT that calculates the mean and standard deviation of a vector.
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Visualization and Graphics


plot(x,y), plot(x,sin(x)) - plot 1-D function figure , figure(k) - open a new figure hold on, hold off - refreshing mesh(x_ax,y_ax,z_mat) - view surface contour(z_mat) - view z as top. map subplot(3,1,2) - locate several plots in figure axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) - change axes title(figure title) - add title to figure
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Image Proc. with MATLAB


(Please refer to Matlab Demo for more details of Image Processing Tool Box)

What Is the Image Processing Toolbox?


The Image Processing Toolbox is a collection of functions that extend the capability of the MATLAB numeric computing environment. The toolbox supports a wide range of image processing operations, including:
Geometric operations Neighborhood and block operations Linear filtering and filter design Transforms Image analysis and enhancement Binary image operations Region of interest operations
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MATLAB Image Types


Indexed images Intensity images Binary images RGB images : m-by-3 color map : [0,1] or uint8 : {0,1} : m-by-n-by-3

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Indexed Images
[x,map] = imread(' trees.tif' ); imshow(x,map);

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Intensity Images
image = ind2gray(x,map); imshow(image);

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Binary Images
imshow(edge(image));

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RGB Images

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Image Display
image - create and display image object imagesc - scale and display as image imshow - display image colorbar - display colorbar getimage- get image data from axes truesize - adjust display size of image zoom - zoom in and zoom out of 2D plot
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Some Points to Note


Pixel values are accessed as matrix elements.
2D Image with intensity values: I(row,col) 2D RGB images I(row,col,color) - Color : Red = 1; Green = 2 ; Blue = 3

Displaying images
figure, imshow(I)

Displaying pixel position and intensity information


pixval on
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Points to Note
All arithmetic operations performed on matrices may be performed on images After processing, an image matrix can be written to an output image file with the imwrite function
- imwrite(I,map,filename,fmt)

Without the map argument, the image data is supposed to be grayscale or RGB. The format fmt needs to support the particular type of image
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Image Conversion
gray2ind - intensity image to index image im2bw - image to binary im2double - image to double precisb dex im

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% Working with Images (example)


[I,map]=imread(' trees.tif' ); figure, imshow(I,map) I2=ind2gray(I,map); figure colormap(' gray' ) imagesc(I2,[0 1]) axis(' image' ) I=imread(moon.jpg' ); % read a JPEG image into 3D figure imshow(I) rect=getrect; I2=imcrop(I,rect); I2=rgb2gray(I2); imagesc(I2) % select rectangle % crop % convert cropped image to grayscale % scale data to use full colormap
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% read a TIFF image % display it as indexed image % convert it to grayscale % use gray colormap % scale data to use full colormap % for values between 0 and 1 % make displayed aspect ratio %proportional % to image dimensions %array

% between min and max values in I2 colormap(' gray' ) colorbar pixval truesize truesize(2*size(I2)) I3=imresize(I2,0.5,' bil' ); I3=imrotate(I2,45,' bil' ); I3=double(I2); % math operations imagesc(I3.^2) imagesc(log(I3)) % display squared image (pixel-wise) % display log of image
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% turn on color bar % display pixel values interactively % display at resolution of one %screen pixel % per image pixel % display at resolution of two %screen pixels % per image pixel % resize by 50% using bilinear % interpolation % rotate 45 degrees and crop to % original size % convert from uint8 to double, to %allow

MATLAB Resources on the Internet http://www.mathworks.com/products/demos/# http://www.math.siu.edu/MATLAB/tutorials.html http://math.ucsd.edu/~driver/21d -s99/MATLAB-primer.html http://www-cse.ucsd.edu/~sjb/classes/MATLAB/MATLAB.intro.html http://www.mit.edu/~pwb/cssm/ http://www.mathworks.com Interesting and very complete tutorials in: http://www.mathworks.com/academia/student_center/tutorials/la unchpad.html http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange
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Getting started with MATLAB


http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/learn_matlab/learn_matlab.shtml

MATLAB tutorial http://www.math.mtu.edu/~msgocken/intro/intro.html http://amath.colorado.edu/scico/tutorials/matlab/ MATLAB helpdesk http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/helpdesk.shtml MATLAB Primer ftp://ftp.eng.auburn.edu/pub/sjreeves/matlab_primer_40.pdf

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