Oct.

, 2011 Fall , KAIST

1
Design of RF and Microwave Filters II
EE542 Microwave Engineering Class
S.-O. Park
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
2
Outline
1. Lumped Filter Implementation
2. Filter Implementation
3. Stepped-Impedance Low-Pass Filters
4. Coupled Line Filters
5. Filters Using Coupled Resonators
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
3
Low-pass Filter
~
L
Z
2
V
C 1
V
R
G
V
G
Z
~
G
V
G
V Filter
2
V
G
V
G
Z
R
C
L
Z
2
V
1 2
3 4
Cascading four ABCD-networks.
( )
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1
1
1
1
G
L
G G L
L
L
R A B R
R C D j C
R R j C R R
R
j C
R
e
e
e
( ( ( ( (
=
( ( ( ( (

(
| |
+ + + +
( |
\ .
(
=
(
+ (
(

EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
4
RF Filter Parameter
G
V
G
Z
R
C
L
Z
2
V
1 2
3 4
Cascading four ABCD-networks.
( )
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1
1
1
1
G
L
G G L
L
L
R A B R
R C D j C
R R j C R R
R
j C
R
e
e
e
( ( ( ( (
=
( ( ( ( (

(
| |
+ + + +
( |
\ .
(
=
(
+ (
(

EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
5
Low-Pass Filter Frequency Response
Frequency Response from the ABCD
Definitions:
2
1
2
0 i
V
A
V
=
=
So the Transfer Function is Simply:
( )
( )
1 1
1
G
H
A j R R C
e
e
= =
+ +
Corresponding Phase is:
Group Delay:
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
1
Im
tan
Re
H
H
e
| e
e

(
=
(
(

( )
g
d
t
d
| e
e
=
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
6
High-Pass Filter
~
G
Z
G
V
R
L
L
Z
(a) High-pass filter with load resistance (b) Network and input/output voltages
G
Z
G
V
R
L
L
Z
2
V
( )
1 0 1 0
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 1 0 1
1 1
1

1 1
1
G
L
G G L
L
L
R A B R
C D
R j L
R R R R
j L R
j L R
e
e
e
( (
( ( (
( (
=
( ( (
( (

( (

(
| |
+ + + +
( |
\ .
(
=
(
+ (
(

EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
7
High-Pass Filter Frequency Response
Frequency Response from the ABCD
Definitions:
2
1
2
0 i
V
A
V
=
=
So the Transfer Function is simply:
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
1
G
L
H
A
R R
j L R
e
e
= =
| |
+ + +
|
\ .
For
: e
( )
2
1
1
L
G
G L G
L
V R
R R
V R R R
R
= =
+
+ +
+
Inductive Influence can be neglected
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
8
FILTER IMPLEMENTATION
Richards Transformation
tan tan ,
tan ,
tan ,
1 tan ,
p
L
L
l
l
v
jX j L jL l
jX j C jC l
l
e
|
|
|
|
| |
O = =
|
\ .
= O =
= O =
O = =
Figure 8.34 (p. 407)
Richards transformation.
(a) For an inductor to a short-circuited stub.
(b) For a capacitor to an open-circuited stub.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
9
4 l =
Distributed Lines as series and shunt Resonators;
Short circuited line. <parallel resonance>
4

0
0 0
0
tan
tan
tan
L
in
L
Z jZ l
Z Z jZ l
Z jZ l
|
|
|
+
= ~
+
Now assume that at and
0
e e =
let
0
e e e = +A
Then, for TEM line,
0
0
2 2
p p
l l
l
v v
e e t t e
|
e
A A
= + = +
0 0 0
0
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
cot cot cot
2 2
tan
2 2 4 4
in
e
Y j Y l jY l jY
jY jY jY jY
t t e
| | |
e
e e e t e t e t t e
e e e e e e
| |
A
= = = ~ +
|
\ .
| | | | | |
A A
= + ~ ~ =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
The input admittance of
a shunt resonant circuit is,
( )
0
2
in
Y j C e e = +
4

0
, Z |
l
in
Y
Short-Circuited Line 4
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
10
( )( ) ( )
2 2
0 0
0
2 2
0
2 2
0 0 0
0
1 2
1 2
2 2

in
Y j C j C j C j C j C
LC
e e e e e
e e e e e
e e e e e
e e e e e e e e e e e
e e e
| | | | A
| |
= = = = = A
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
= + = A A ~ A
= + A let
0
0
0 0
2 ,
2 4
Y
C Y C
t t
e e
= =
The capacitance of the equivalent circuit as,
The inductance of the equivalent circuit can be found as
2
0
1
L
C e
=
4

0
, Z |
l
in
Y
in
Y
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
11
Short-Circuited Line 4
L C G
in
Z
at
0

4
l

e e = =
0
0
2
in
Z
Z
l j
et
o
e
~
| |
A
+
|
\ .
0
, , Z | o
l
in
Z
(6.29)
The input impedance can be written as
0
2
0 0 0
1
, ,
4
Z
R C L
l Z C
t
o e e
= = =
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 4 2
C Z
Q RC
G l Z l
e t t |
e e
o e o o
= = = = =
2
1 1
1
2
in
in
in
Y G j C
Z
Y
j C
R
e
e
= + A
= =
+ A
(

2
l
t
| =
at 1st resonance)
( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0 0
1 2
2 2
in
j l
Z
Z Z
l j l j
o et e
o et e o t e e
+ A
~ ~
+ A + A
0 0
2
0 0 0 0
4
, ,
1 2 4
in
Z Z R l
Z R C L
j RC l Z C
t
e o e e te
= = = = =
+ A
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
12
The open-circuited Line
0
0 0
0
cot tan
tan
tan
in in
in eq eq
Z
Z jZ l Y jY l
j l
Y
B C C l
| |
|
e |
e
= = =
= =
0
0
0
tan ( )
( ) tan
L
in
L
Z jZ l V l
Z Z
I l Z jZ l
|
|
+
= =
+
in
Y
0
Y
in in
Y jB =
Open
l
Open-circuited Transmission Line
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
13
The equivalence between them is satisfied by ensuring that the susceptance
slope parameter B'
0
2
B
B
e e
e
e
=
c
' =
c
for a each circuit is equal.
( )
0
0
0
2
1
2
2 2
B C C C
L
e e
e e
e
e
=
| |
' = + = =
|
\ .
Likewise, the susceptance slope parameter of the corresponding distributed circuit is
( )
0
0
2
cot
2 4
l
Y l
Y l
B
l
| t
|
t |
|
=
c
' = =
c
For open-circuited line,
4

2
2
2
2
1
cot csc
sin
1
tan sec
cos
z z
z z
z z
z z
c
= =
c
c
= =
c
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
14
0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
2
cot tan
2 2 4
1
1
in
in
Z jZ l jZ jZ jZ
j
Z jx j L j L
C C
e t e t e t e
|
e e e e
e e
e e
| | | |
A A
= ~ + ~ =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= = =
|
\ .
reactance slope parameters of the circuit are equal.
The quantity is defined by
0
0
0
2
2
1
2
X
X
X L L
C
e e
e e
e
e
e
e
e
=
=
c
' =
c
| |
' = + =
|
\ .
its reactance slope parameters is
( )
( )
0
0
2
cot
2 2 4
l
Z l
Z l
X
l
| t
|
t |
|
=
| | c
' = =
|
|
\ .
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
15
Waveguide as a Resonator
Low losses => tanh
Close to the frequency at which:
=>
Now, , and
l l o o ~
I
f
I
I
A
~ A + = =
f
f
f f l l
g
t t t | ) / tan( tan : 2 /
0
( / )
in
Z Z l j f f o t
I
= + A
'
'
0
C
L
Z =
' ' '
/ ) 2 / ( C L R = o
t e | = = l C L l
r
' '
22
0 0
tanh tan
tanh( )
1 tan tanh
in
l j l
Z Z j l d Z
j l l
o |
| o
| o
+
= + =
+
in
Z
L
R
C
0
, , Z | o
l
in
Z
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
16
Series, R L C 2
in
Z R j L e ~ + A
0
0
2
0 0
1
, ,
2
Z
R Z l L C
L
t
o
e e
= = =
0 0
0
2
2 2
L Z
Q
R Z l l
e t t |
o o o
= = = =
( at 1st resonance) l | t =
Smaller Larger.
Q o
(6.27)
((6.25))
in
Z
L
R
C
0
, , Z | o
l
in
Z
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
17
Waveguide as a Resonator
We get: (waveguide)
(series resonant circuit near resonance)
-Relation:
-Quality factor:
f l jL
l R
Z
In
A + ~
'
'
2
f L j R Z
In
A + ~ 2
2 /
'
l R R =
2 /
'
l L L =
L C
2
/ 1
I
= e
o
| e e
2
'
'
= = =
I I
R
L
R
L
Q

shorted 4 /
g

open 2 /
g


parallel resonator


open 4 /
g

shorted 2 /
g


series resonator

23
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
18
tan in X l | =
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
2
t
t
3
2
t
2t
5
2
t
2 l l
l
v
t e
|

= =
Equivalent
lumped-circuit
behavior of X
in
Figure. Normalized input reactance versus for a short-circuited, lossless transmission line.
l |
Normalized input reactance versus
l |
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
19
0
X
r
e
L
C
e
L C
(a)
L
C
L C
(b)
0
B
r
e
e
Figure. Frequency variation of reactance and susceptance for series and parallel resonant
circuits(resonant frequency ).
1 LC e =
X and B for series and parallel resonant circuits at Resonant
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
20
2, 4
Transmission Line Resonators
( )
0
0
tanh
tanh tan

1 tan tanh
in
Z Z j l
l j l
Z
j l l
o |
o |
| o
= +
+
=
+
Short-Circuited Line
2
0
, , Z | o
l
in
Z
0
2 l e e = =
lossless :
0
0 , tan
in
Z jZ l o | = =
Short-circuited lossy transmission line
low loss : 0
tan
1 tan
in
l j l
Z Z
j l l
o |
o |
+
=
+
1, I o <<
at
we discuss the use of transmission lines to realize the RLC resonator
for a resonator, we are interested in Q and therefore,
we need to consider lossy transmission lines
tanh(jx)=jtan(x)
note that tanh(A+B)=(tanh A + tanh B)/(1+ tanh A tanh B),
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
21
0
0 0
tanh( )
sinh cos cosh sin tanh tan

cosh cos sinh sin 1 tan tanh
in
Z Z j l
l l j l l l j l
Z Z
l l j l l j l l
o |
o | o | o |
o | o | | o
= +
+ +
= =
+ +
tanh l l o o ~
0
let e e e = +A
0
,
p p p
l l l
l
v v v
e e e
|
A
= = +
0
2
p
v
l
t

e
= =
0
l
et
| t
e
A
= +
0 0 0
tan tan tan l
et et et
| t
e e e
| |
A A A
= + = ~
|
\ .
cosh( ) cosh cos sinh sin
sinh( ) sinh cos cosh sin
x iy x y i x y
x iy x y i x y
+ = +
+ = +
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
22
( )
( )
0
0 0
0 0
1
in
l j
Z Z Z l j
j l
o et e
et
o
et e o e
+ A | |
A
~ +
|
+ A
\ .

0
since 1 l eo e A
2 ,
in
Z R j L e = + A
0
R Z l o =
0
0
2
Z
L
t
e
=
2
0
1
C
L e
=
0
0
2 2
L
Q
R l
e t |
o o
= = =
0
tanh( )
in
Z Z j l o | = +
2
N
0 0
tanh tan
tanh( )
1 tan tanh
in
l j l
Z Z j l d Z
j l l
o |
| o
| o
+
= + =
+
tanh l l o o ~
0 0 0
tan tan tan l
et et et
| t
e e e
| | A A A
= + = ~
|
\ .
Short-Circuited Line 2
in
Z
L
R
C
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
23
Short-Circuited Line
4
L C G
in
Z
at
0

4
l

e e = =
0
0
2
in
Z
Z
l j
et
o
e
~
| |
A
+
|
\ .
0
, , Z | o
l
in
Z
(6.29)
The input impedance can be written as
0
2
0 0 0
1
, ,
4
Z
R C L
l Z C
t
o e e
= = =
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 4 2
C Z
Q RC
G l Z l
e t t |
e e
o e o o
= = = = =
2
1 1
1
2
in
in
in
Y G j C
Z
Y
j C
R
e
e
= + A
= =
+ A
(

2
l
t
| =
at 1st resonance)
( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0 0
1 2
2 2
in
j l
Z
Z Z
l j l j
o et e
o et e o t e e
+ A
~ ~
+ A + A
0 0
2
0 0 0 0
4
, ,
1 2 4
in
Z Z R l
Z R C L
j RC l Z C
t
e o e e te
= = = = =
+ A
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
24
Open-Circuited Line 2
at
0

2
l

e e = =
0
0

in
Z
Z
l j
et
o
e
~
| |
A
+
|
\ .
L C G
in
Z
0
, , Z | o
l
in
Z
(6.33)
for an open-circuited line
the input impedance for the open-circuited l/2 line
can be rewritten as:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
1 tan tanh
tanh tan
in
j l l
Z Z
l j l
| o
o |
+
=
+
( )
0 0
cot coth
in
Z jZ l Z j l | o | ' = = +
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
2
0 0 0 0
1
1 2
2 1
, ,
2
in
in
j l
Z
Z Z
l j l j
R
Z
j RC
Z
R Z l C L
Z C
et e o
o et e o et e
e
t
o
e e te
+ A
~ ~
+ A + A
=
+ A
= = = =
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
25
l
1 n =
2 n =
V
0
0
0
2 2
C
Q RC
G l
e t |
e
o o
= = = =
0
2
0 0 0
1
, ,
2
Z
R C L
l Z C
t
o e e
= = =
( at 1st resonance)
l | t =
2
1 1
1
2
in
in
in
Y G j C
Z
Y
j C
R
e
e
= + A
= =
+ A
0
, , Z | o
l
in
Z
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
26
0
X
r
e
L
C
e
L C
(a)
L
C
L C
(b)
0
B
r
e
e
Figure. Frequency variation of reactance and susceptance for series and parallel resonant
circuits(resonant frequency ).
1 LC e =
X and B for series and parallel resonant circuits at Resonant
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
27
The open-circuited Line
0
0 0
0
cot tan
tan
tan
in in
in eq eq
Z
Z jZ l Y jY l
j l
Y
B C C l
| |
|
e |
e
= = =
= =
0
0
0
tan ( )
( ) tan
L
in
L
Z jZ l V l
Z Z
I l Z jZ l
|
|
+
= =
+
in
Y
0
Y
in in
Y jB =
Open
l
Open-circuited Transmission Line
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
28
TABLE 8.7 The Four Kuroda Identities

( ) a
( ) b
( ) c
( ) d
2
1
Z
1
Z
2
Z
1
Z
2
Z 1
Z
1
Z
2
1
Z
2
2
Z
n
1
2
Z
n
2
1
n Z 2
2
1
n Z
2
2
Z
n
1
2
Z
n
2
1: n
2
1
n Z
2
:1 n
2
2
1
n Z
2
2 1
1 where n Z Z = +
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
29
The two circuit of identity (a) in Table 8.7 can
be redrawn as shown in Figure 8.35; we will
show that these two networks are equivalent
by showing that their ABCD matrices are
identical. From Table 4.1, the ABCD matrix
of a length l of transmission line with charac-
teristic impedance Z
1
is
1
1
1
2
1
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
1 1





l jZ l
A B
j
C D l l
Z
Bj Z
j
Z
| |
| |
(
(
(
=
(
(


O
(
(
=
O
( + O

where . Now the open-circuited
shunt stub in the first circuit in Figure 8.35
has an impedance of
so the ABCD matrix of the entire circuit is
tan l | O =
2 2
cot jZ l jZ | = O
( )
1
2
2 1
1
2 1 2
1 2 2
1 0 1
1
1 1 1
1
1
.
1 1
1 1





L
j Z
A B
j j
C D
Z Z
j Z
Z
j
Z Z Z
O
( (
(
( (
=
O O
(
( ( + O


O
(
(
=
( O + O + O

EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
30
The short-circuited series stub in the second
circuit in Figure 8.35 has an impedance of
so the ABCD
matrix of the entire circuit is
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
tan , j Z n l j Z n | = O
( )
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1 2
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
1
1
1
1
1 0 1
1
1
.
1
1







R
Z
j j Z
A B
n
n
j n
C D
Z
Z
Z Z
n
j n
Z
Z Z
O
(
O
(
( (
(
=
( (
O
( + O

(


O
(
+
(
=
(
O
+ O
( O

The result in (8.80a) and (8.80b) are identical
if we choose
The other identities in Table 8.7 can be proved
in the same way.
2
2 1
1 . n Z Z = +
Figure 8.35 (p. 408)
Equivalent circuits illustrating Kuroda
identity
(a) in Table 8.7.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
31
EXAMPLE 8.6 Low-Pass Filter Design Using Stubs
Design a low-pass filter for fabrication using
microstrip lines. The specifications are: cutoff
frequency of 4GHz, third order, impedance of
50 , and a 3dB equal-ripple characteristic.
Solution
From Table 8.4, the normalized low-pass
prototype element values are
O
1 1
2 2
3.3487 ,
0.7117
g L
g C
= =
= =
Figure 8.36a (p. 409) Filter design procedure
for Example 8.5.
(a) Lumped-element low-pass filter
prototype.
(b) Using Richards transformations to
convert inductors and capacitors to series and
shunt stubs.
(c) Adding unit elements at ends of
filter.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
32
3 3
4
3.3487 ,
1.0000
L
g L
g R
= =
= =
Figure 8.36b (p. 410)
(d) Applying the second Kuroda identity.
(e) After impedance and frequency scaling.
(f) Microstrip fabrication of final filter.
with the lumped-element circuit shown in
Figure 8.36a.
The next step is to use Richards transformations
to convert series inductors to series stubs, and
shunt capacitors to shunt stubs, as shown in
Figure 8.36b.
According to (8.78), the characteristic impedance
of a series stub (inductor) is L, and the characteristic
impedance of a shunt stub (capacitor) is 1/C. For
commensurate line synthesis, all stubs are /8 long
at . (It is usually most convenient to work
with normalized quantities until the last step in the
design.)
The series stubs of Figure 8.36b would be very
difficult to implement in microstrip form, so we will
use one of the Kuroda identities to convert these to
shunt stubs. First, we must add unit elements at
either end of the filter, as shown in Figure 8.36c.
These redundant elements do not affect filter
performance since

c
e e =
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
33
they are matched to the source and load
(Z
0
=1) Then we can apply Kuroda identity
(b) from Table 8.7 to both ends of the filter.
In both cases we have that
2 2
1
1
1 1 1.299
3.3487
Z
n
Z
= + = + =
16GHz, as a result of the periodic nature of
Richards transformation.
Impedance and Admittance Inverters
As we have seen, it is often desirable to use
only shunt, elements which implementing a
filter with a particular type of transmission line.
The Kuroda identity can be used for conversions
of this form, but another possibility is to use
impedance or admittance (j) inverters[1],[4],[7].
such inverters are especially useful for bandpass
or bandstop filters with narrow(<10%)bandwidths.
The conceptual operation of impedance and
admittance is illustrated in Figure 8.38; since
these inverters essentially form the inverse of the
load impedance or admittance, they can be used
to transform series-connected elements to shunt-
connected elements, or vice versa. This procedure
The result is shown in Figure 8.36d.
Finally, we impedance and frequency
scale the circuit, which simply involves
multiplying the normalized characteristic
impedances by 50 and choosing the
line and stub lengths to be /8 at 4GHz.
The final circuit is shown in Figure 8.36e,
with a microstrip layout in Figure 8.36f.
The calculated amplitude response of the
lumped-element version. Note that the
passband characteristics are very similar
up to 4 GHz, but the distributed-element
filter has a response which repeats every

O
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
34
Figure 8.37 (p. 411) Amplitude responses
of lumped-element and distributed-element
low-pas filter of Example 8.5.
Figure 8.38a/b (p. 412) Impedance and
admittance inverters.
(a) Operation of impedance and admittance
inverters.
(b) Implementation as quarter-wave transformers.
will be illustrated in later sections for bandpass
and bandstop filters.
In its simplest form, a j or K inverter can be
constructed using a quarter-wave transformer
of the appropriate characteristic impedance, as
shown in Figure 8.38b. This implementation also
allows the ABCD matrix of the inverter to be
easily found from the ABCD parameters for a
length of transmission line given in Table 4.1.
Many other types of circuits can also be used as
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
35
Figure 8.38c/d (p. 412) Impedance and
admittance inverters.
(c) Implementation using transmission lines
and reactive elements.
(d) Implementation using capacitor networks.
J or K inverters, with one such alternative
being shown in Figure 8.38c. Inverters of
this form turn out to be useful for modeling
the coupled resonator filters of Section 8.8.
The lengths, /2, of the transmission line
sections are generally required to be negative
for this type of inverter, but this poses no
problem if these lines can be absorbed into
connecting transmission lines on either side.
u
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
36
STEPPED-IMPEDANCE LOW-PASS FILTERS
Approximate Equivalent Circuits for Short
Transmission Line Sections
Figure 8.39 (p. 413) Approximate equivalent
circuits for short sections of transmission lines.
(a) T-equivalent circuit for a transmission line
section having
(b) Equivalent circuit for small and large Z
0
.
(c) Equivalent circuit for small and small Z
0
.
11 22 0
12 21 0
11 12 0 0
cot ,
1
cos .
cos 1
tan ,
sin 2
A
Z Z jZ l
C
Z Z jZ l
C
l l
Z Z jZ jZ
l
|
|
| |
|
= = =
= = =

( | |
= =
|
(
\ .
Now assume a short length of line
(say < /4)
l | t
0
0
0
0
0
0
tan ,
2 2
1
sin .
,
0,
0,
( ),
( ) ,



inductor
capac itor
h
l
l
X
Z
B l
Z
X Z l
LR
B l
Z
X
CZ
B Y l l
R
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
=

EE542 Microwave Engineering,

Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
37
EXAMPLE 8.7 Stopped-Impedance Filter Design
Design a stepped-impedance low-pass filter
having a maximally flat response and a cutoff
frequency of 2.5GHz. It is necessary to have
more than 20dB insertion loss at 4.0GHz.
The filter impedance is 50 ; the highest
practical line impedance is 150 , and the
lowest is 10 .
To use Figure 8.26, we calculate
O
O
O
4.0
1 1 0.6,
2.5
c
e
e
= =
then the figure indicates N=6 should give the
necessary attenuation at 4.0 GHz. Table 8.3
gives the low-pass prototype values as
g
1
= 0.517 = C
1
,
g
2
= 1.414 = L
2
,
g
3
= 1.932 = C
3
,
g
4
= 1.932 = L
4
,
g
5
= 1.414 = C
5
,
g
4
= 0.517 = L
6
,
1 1
0
0
2 2
3 3
0
0
4 4
5 5
0
0
6 6
5.9 ,
27.0 ,
22.1 ,
36.9 ,
16.2 ,
l
h
l
h
l
h
Z
l g
R
R
l g
Z
Z
l g
R
R
l g
Z
Z
l g
R
R
l g
Z
|
|
|
|
|
|
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
38
Figure 8.40 (p. 414) Filter design for Example 8.6.
(a) Low-pass filter prototype circuit. (b) Stepped-impedance implementation. (c) Microstrip
layout of final filter.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
39
The final filter circuit is shown in Figure 8.40b,
where
Note that in all cases. A layout in
microstrip is shown in Figure 8.40c.
Figure 8.41 shows the calculated amplitude
response, compared with the response of the
corresponding lumped-element filter. The
passband characteristics are very similar, but
the lumped-element circuit gives more
attenuation at higher frequencies. This is
because the stepped-impedance filter
elements depart significantly from the lumped-
element values at the higher frequencies. The
stepped-impedance filter may have other
passbands at higher frequencies, but the
response will not be perfectly periodic because
the lines are not commensurate.
Figure 8.41 (p. 415)
Amplitude response of the stepped-impedance
low-pass filter of Example 8.6, with (dotted line)
and without (solid line) losses. The response of
the corresponding lumped-element filter is also
shown.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
40
Figure 8.42 (p. 417)
Definitions pertaining to coupled line filter section.
(a) A parallel coupled line section with port voltage
and current definitions. (b) A parallel coupled line
section with even- and odd-mode current sources.
(c) A two-port coupled line section having a
bandpass response.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2
2 1 2
3 3 4
4 3 4
1 1 2 2 1 2
3 3 4 1 4 3
,
,
,
.
1 1
, ,
2 2
1 1
, .
2 2


I i i
I i i
I i i
I i i
i I I i I I
i I I i I I
= +
=
=
= +
= + =
= + = +
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
41
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2
0 3 0 4 0 4 0 3
11 22 33 44 0 0
12 21 34 43 0 0
13 31 24 42 0 0
14 41 23 32 0 0
cot
2
csc .
2
cot ,
2
cot ,
2
csc ,
2
csc .
2

e e o o
e e o o
e o
e o
e o
e o
j
V Z I Z I Z I Z I
j
Z I Z I Z I Z I
j
Z Z Z Z Z Z
j
Z Z Z Z Z Z
j
Z Z Z Z Z Z
j
Z Z Z Z Z Z
u
u
u
u
u
u

= + +

+ +

= = = = +

= = = =

= = = =

= = = = +
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
42
( )
0 0
j z j l
V z V e V e
| | +
= +
l
0
z
( ) ( )
0
,
,
V z I z
Z |
+

L
V
L
Z
L
I
0
z
0
cot
e
in e
Z jZ l | =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1
0 0 1
1
0 1
3 3
, 2 cos
0 0 2 cos
cot
2
cos sin
cos
sin

j z l j z l
a b e
e
e
a b e in
e e
e
a b e
j l j l
a b e e
v z v z V e e
z l V l z
v v V l i Z
jZ l Z i
V i j
l l
l z
v z v z jZ i
l
v z v z V e e V
| |
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
+
+
+
+
+ +
(
= = +

= =
= = =
| |
= =
|
\ .

= =
( = = + =

At
2 cos z |
l
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
43
Similarly, the voltages due to current sources
driving the line in the even mode are
3
i
First consider the line as being driven in the
even mode by the current sources. If the
other ports are open-circuited, the impedance
seen at port 1 or 2 is
1
i
0
cot . 8.88
e
in e
Z jZ l | =
The voltage on either conductor can be
expressed as
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
2 cos . 8.89
j z l j z l
a b e
e
v z v z V e e
V l z
| |
|
+
+
( = = +

=
so the voltage at port 1 or 2 is
( ) ( )
1 1
1
0 0 2 cos .
e
a b e in
v v V l i Z |
+
= = =
This result and (8.88) can be used to rewrite
(8.89) in terms of as
1
i
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
0 1
cos
.
sin
8.90
a b e
l z
v z v z jZ i
l
|
|

= =
( ) ( )
3 3
0 3
cos
.
sin
8.91
a b e
z
v z v z jZ i
l
|
|
= =
Now consider the line as being driven in the
odd mode by current If the other ports are
open-circuited, the impedance seen at 1 or 2 is
2
. i
0
cot . 8.92
o
in o
Z jZ l | =
The voltage on either conductor can be
expressed as
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 cos . 8.93
j z l j z l
a b e
e
v z v z V e e
V l z
| |
|
+
+
( = = +

=
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
44
Then the voltage at port 1 or port 2 is
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0 2
2 2
0 2
4 4
0 4
1 2 3 4
1
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4
1 11 1 13 3, 3 31 1 33 3,
2 11 13
11
0 0 2 cos .
cos 1
.
sin
cos
.
sin
0 0 0 0
cot csc .

o
a b in
a b o
a b o
a a a a
e o e o
i
v v V l i Z
z
v z v z jZ i
l
z
v z v z jZ i
l
V v v v v
j Z i Z i j Z i Z i
V Z I Z I V Z I Z I
Z Z
Z Z
|
|
|
|
|
u u
+
= = =

= =
= =
= + + +
= + +
= + = +
=
( ) ( )
( )
2
33
2 2
2 2
0 0 0 0
0 0
1
csc cot .
2
1
,
2

e o e o
i e o
Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
u u = +
=
0 0
1 2
0 0
11 33 0 0 11
2
13 0 0 13
cos cos .
cos cos ,
e o
e o
e o
e o
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
u u
| u

= =
+

= = =
+
which shows is real for
where
|
1 2 1
u u u t u < < =
( ) ( ) 1 0 0 0 0
cos
e o e o
Z Z Z Z u = +
Figure 8.43 (p. 420)
The real part of the image impedance of
the bandpass network of Figure 8.42c.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
45
( ) ( )
3 3
a b
v l v l =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3 0
0 3
3 0
3 3
0 3
2 2
0 2
4 4
0 4
2 cos cot
cot
2
cos sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
e e
e in in e
e
e e
a b e
a b o
a b o
V l i Z Z jZ l
jZ l i
V i jZ
l l
z
v z v z jZ i
l
l z
v z v z jZ i
l
z
v z v z jZ i
l
| |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+
+
= = =
| |
= =
|
\ .
= =

= =
= =
Total voltage at port 1 is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
1
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4
0 0 0 0
cot csc
a a a a
e o e o
V v v v v
j Z i Z i j Z i Z i u u
= + + +
= + +
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
46
Figure 8.44 (p. 421)
Equivalent circuit of the coupled line section
of Figure 8.42c.
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
0 0
2
2
0 0
0
2 2
0
2
0
cos sin cos sin
0
sin sin
0 cos cos
cos 1
sin cos sin
1
sin cos





jZ jZ
A B B j J
j j
C D j J
Z Z
JZ j JZ
JZ J
j J JZ
JZ
u u u u
u u
u u
u
u u u
u u
( (

( (
( (
=
( (
( (


+
=

( )
( )
( )
0
2 2 2
0
2 2 2
0
2
0
0
0
1
sin cos
sin 1 cos
,
1 sin cos
2 : .
1
cos sin cos

i
i
JZ
JZ J
B
Z
C
JZ J
Z JZ
A JZ
JZ
u u
u u
u u
u t
| u u
(
(
(
(
+
(

= =

= =
= = +
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
47
( )
( )
( )
2
0 0 0
0 0
0
0 0 0
2
0 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 0
1
,
2
1
,
1 ,
1 .
e o
e o
e o
e
o
Z Z JZ
Z Z
JZ
Z Z JZ
Z Z JZ JZ
Z Z JZ JZ
=
+
= +

(
= + +

(
= +

EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
48
TABLE 8.8 Ten Canonical Coupled Line Circuits
Circuit Image Impedance Response
u
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
u
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
u
1 i
Z 2 i
Z
1
Re
i
Z
0
2
t
t
3
2
t
1
Re
i
Z
0
2
t
t
3
2
t
1
Re
i
Z
0
2
t
t
3
2
t
( ) ( )
0
1
2 2
2
0 0 0 0
0 0
2
1
2 cos
cos
oe o
i
e o e o
e o
i
i
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
u
u
=
+
=
( ) ( )
0
1
2 2
2
0 0 0 0
2 sin
cos
oe o
i
e o e o
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z Z
u
u
=
+
( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 0 0 0
1
cos
2sin
e o e o
i
Z Z Z Z
Z
u
u
+
=
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
49
TABLE 8.8 Ten Canonical Coupled Line Circuits
Circuit Image Impedance Response
All pass
All pass
u
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
u
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
u
1 i
Z
2 i
Z
1
Re
i
Z
0
2
t
t
3
2
t
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0
1
0
0 0
2
1
cos
sin
oe o e o e o
i
oe o
e o
i
i
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
u
u
+
=
+
=
0 0
1
2
e o
i
Z Z
Z
+
=
0 0
1
0 0
2
e o
i
e o
Z Z
Z
Z Z
=
+
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
50
TABLE 8.8 Ten Canonical Coupled Line Circuits
Circuit Image Impedance Response
u
u
u
u
All pass
All stop
All stop
All stop
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
1 i
Z
2 i
Z
1 0 i oe o
Z Z Z =
0 0
1
0 0
0 0
2
1
2
cot
e o
i
e o
e o
i
i
Z Z
Z j
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
u =
+
=
1 0
tan
i oe o
Z j Z Z u =
1 0
cot
i oe o
Z j Z Z u =
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
51
Figure 8.45(a-c) (p. 422)
Development of an equivalent circuit for
derivation of design equations for a coupled line
bandass filter.
(a) Layout of an N + 1 section coupled line
bandpass filter.
(b) Using equivalent circuit of Figure 8.44 for
each coupled line section.
(c) Equivalent circuit for transmission lines of
length 2
Figure 8.45 (d-f) (p. 422)
Development of an equivalent circuit for
derivation of design equations for a coupled
line bandass filter.
(d) Equivalent circuit for the admittance
inverters. (e) Using results of (c) and (d) for
the N = 2 case. (f) Lumped-element circuit for
a bandpass filter for N = 2.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
52
2 2 2 2
11 11 12 11 11 12
12 12 12 12
11 11
12 12 12 12
1 0
0 1
1 1


8.109


Z Z Z Z Z Z
A B
Z Z Z Z
C D Z Z
Z Z Z Z
( (
( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (

( (

Equating this result to the ABCD parameters for a transmission line of length 2 and chacacteristic
impedance gives the parameters of the equivalent circuit as
u
0
Z
0
12
11 22 12 0
1
,
sin2
cot 2 .
8.110a
8.110b
jZ
Z
C
Z Z Z A jZ
u
u

= =
= = =
Then the series arm impedance is
11 12 0 0
cos2 1
cot
sin2
8.111 Z Z jZ jZ
u
u
u
+
= =
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
53
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 0 0 0
12
0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
. ,
sin 1 2
2
1
,
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0







jZ jZ jL
Z Z
Z
L C
Z L
jZ
jZ
A B
N
N
j
jN C D
N
Z
Z
e e
t e e t e e e e
t
te e e

= =
+ A
= = =

(
(
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(

(

EE542 Microwave Engineering,

Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
54
( )
12
0
sin 2
~ 2
2
jz
Z
u
t
u t u e
=
| |
=
|
\ .
at center frequeny
2 l u | =

2 2 2
p
l l l z
v
e
u | u | = = = =

( )
0
0
2
e e
e

t
+ A

( )
0
0
0
4
1
t
e e
e
e
t
e
= + A
| |
A
= +
|
\ .
2
p
v
e

t
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
0 0 0 0
12
0
0
sin2
sin 1
jZ jZ jZ
Z
e
u t e e
e
t
e

= = ~
| |
| | A
+
|
|
\ .
\ .
( )
2
0
11 12 0
0
2cos 1 1
cos 2 1
sin 2 2sin cos
cot
jZ
Z Z jZ
jZ
u
u
u u u
u
+
+
= =

=
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
55
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 0 0 0
12
0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
. ,
sin 1 2
2
1
,
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0







jZ jZ jL
Z Z
Z
L C
Z L
jZ
jZ
A B
N
N
j
jN C D
N
Z
Z
e e
t e e t e e e e
t
te e e

= =
+ A
= = =

(
(
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(

(

EE542 Microwave Engineering,

Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
56
With reference to Figure 8.45e, the admittance just to the right of the J
2
inverter is
( )
2 2 0 2
2 0 3 0 3
1 2 0
1
,
C
j C Z J j Z J
j L L
e
e
e
e e e
+ + = +
since the transformer scales the load admittance by the square of the ratio. Then the admittance
seen at the input of the filter is
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1
2 2
2
1 1 0
2 2 0 0 0 3
2
0 1 2
2 2
2
1 0 1 0
2 2 0 0 0 3
1 1
1
. 8.116
J
Y j C
j L J Z
j C L Z J
C J
j
L J Z
j C L Z J
e
e
e e e e
e
e
e e
e e e e


= + +
`
( +


)


= +
`
( +


)
These results also use the fact, from (8.114), that L
n
C
n
=1/ for all LC resonators. Now the
admittance seen looking into the circuit of Figure 8.45f is
2
0
e
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1
2 2 0
0 1
1 0
2 2 0 0 0
1 1
1
1
8.117
Y j C
j L
j L j C Z
C
j
L
j L C Z
e
e
e e
e
e
e e
e e e e
' = + +
'
' ' + +
'
= +
'
' ' ( +

EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
57
which is identical in form to (8.116). Thus,
the two circuits will be equivalent if the
following conditions are met :
1 1
2 2
1 1 1 0
2 2
1 0 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 0 3
0
2
2
1
,
,
8.118a
8.118b
8.118c
C C
L L J Z
J Z C C
L L J
J Z J
Z
J
'
=
'
'
=
'
=
We know L
n
and C
n
from (8.114);L
n
and
C
n
are determined form the element
values of a lumpes-element low-pass
prototype which has been impedance
scaled and frequency transformed to a
bandpass filter. Using the results in Table
8.6 and the impedance scaling formulas
of (8.64) allows the L
n
and C
n
values to
be written as
0
1
0 1
1
11
0 0
2 0
2
0
21
0 2 0
,
,
,
,
8.119a
8.119b
8.119c
8.119d
Z
L
g
g
C
Z
g Z
L
C
g Z
e
e
e
e
A
' =
' =
A
' =
A
A
' =
where is the fractional
bandwidth of the filter. Then (8.118) can be
solved for the inverter constants with the
following results ( for N=2):
( ) 2 1 0
e e e A =
( )
( )
1 4
1 1
1 0
1 1 1
1 4
2 2 2
2 0 1 0
2 2
1 2
2
3 0
1 2
,
2
,
2
.
2
8.120a
8.120b
8.120c
C L
J Z
LC g
C C
J Z J Z
L L
g g
J
J Z
J g
t
t
t
'
A
= =
'
'
A
= =
'
A
= =
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
58
After the J
n
s are found, Z
0e
and Z
0o
for each
coupled line section can be calculated form
(8.108).
The above results were derived for the
special case of N=2 (three coupled line
sections), but more general results can be
derived for any number of sections, and for
the case where Z
L
Z
0
(or g
n+1
1, as in the
case of an equal-ripple response with N
even). Thus, the design equations for a
bandpass filter with N+1 coupled line
sections are
= =
0 1
1
0
0 1
1
,
2
, 2,3,..., .
2 1
.
2
8.121a
for 8.121b
8.121c
n
n n
N
N N
Z J
g
Z J n N
g g
Z J
g g
t
t
t
+
+
A
=
A
= =

A
=
The even and odd mode characteristic
impedances for each section are then found form
(8.108).
EXAMPLE 8.8 Coupled Line Bandpass Filter
Design
Design a coupled line band pass filter with N=3
and a 0.5 dB equal-ripple response. The center
frequency is 2.0GHz, the bandwidth is 10%,
and Z
0
= 50 . What is the attenuation at 1.8 GHz?
Solution
The fractional bandwidth is =1. We can use
Figure 8.27a to obtain the attenuation is 1.8 GHz,
but first we must use (8.71) to convert this
frequency to the normalized low-pass form
O
A
( ) 1 :
C
e =
( ) ( )
0
0
1.8 2.0 1 1
2.11.
0.1 2.0 1.8
e
e
e
e e
= =
A
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
59
Then the value on the horizontal scale of Figure
8.27a is
1 2.11 1 1.11
C
e
e
= =
Which indicates an attenuation of about 20 dB for
N=3.
The low-pass prototype values, g
n
, are given in
Table 8.4; then (8.121) can be used to calculate
the admittance inverter constants, J
n
. Finally, the
even-and odd-mode characteristic impedances
can be found from (8.108). These results are
summarized in the following table:
n g
n
Z
0
J
n
Z
0e
( ) Z
0o
( )
1 1.5963 0.3137 70.61 39.24
2 1.0967 0.1187 56.64 44.77
3 1.5963 0.1187 56.64 44.77
4 1.0000 0.3137 70.61 39.24
O O
Note that the filter sections are symmetric
about the midpoint. The calculated response of
this filter is shown in Figure 8.46; passbands
also occur at 6 GHz, 10 GHz, etc.
Many other types of filters can be constructed
using coupled line sections; most of these are
of the bandpass or bandstop variety. One
particularly compact design is the interdigitated
filter, which can be obtained from a coupled line
filter by folding the lines at their midpoints; see
[1] and [3] for details.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
60
l.millitron 38GHz system
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
61
HUGEHES 14GHz Ku-Band Earth Station
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
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62
FILTERS USING COUPLED RESONATORS
Bandstop and Bandpass Filters Using Quarter-
Wave Resonators
Figure 8.47 (p. 427)
Bandstop and bandpass filters using shunt
transmission line resonators (u = t/2 at the
center frequency).
(a) Bandstop filter. (b) Bandpass filter.
0
cot ,
n
Z jZ u =
Figure 8.48 (p. 428)
Equivalent circuit for the bandstop filter of Figure
8.47a. (a) Equivalent circuit of open-circuited
stub for u near t/2. (b) Equivalent filter circuit
using resonators and admittance inverters. (c)
Equivalent lumped-element bandstop filter.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
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63
Bandpass Filters Using Capacitively Coupled Resonators
Figure 8.50a/b (p. 431)
Development of the equivalence of a capacitive-gap coupled resonator bandpass filter to the
coupled line bandpass filter of Figure 8.45.
(a) The capacitive-gap coupled resonator bandpass filter.
(b) Transmission line model.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
64
Figure 8.50cd (p. 431)
Development of the equivalence of a capacitive-
gap coupled resonator bandpass filter to the
coupled line bandpass filter of Figure 8.45.
(c) Transmission line model with negative-length
sections forming admittance inverters (|
i
/2 <0).
(d) Equivalent circuit using inverters and /2
resonators (| = t at e
0
). This circuit is now
identical in form with the coupled line bandpass
filter equivalent circuit in Figure 8.45b.
Bandpass Filters Using Capacitively Coupled Resonators
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
0
2
0
1 1
0 0 1
1 1
1, 1, 2,..., ,
2 2
tan 2 . .
1
1
tan 2 tan 2 .
2
for

i i i
i
i i i
i
i i i
i N
J
Z B B
Z J
Z B Z B
u t | |
|
u t

+
= + + + =
= =

( = +

EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Oct. , 2011 Fall , KAIST
65
EXMAPLE 8.10 Coupled Resonator Bandpass
Filter Design
Design a bandpass filter using capacitive
coupled resonators, with a 0.5dB equal-ripple
passband characteristic. The center frequency is
2.0GHz, the bandwidth is 10%, and the
impedance is 50 . At least 20dB of attenuation
is required at 2.2GHz.
Solution
We first determine the order of the filter to satisfy
the attenuation specification at 2.2GHz. Using
(8.71) to convert to normalized frequency gives
O
( ) ( )
0
0
2.2 2.0 1 1
1.91.
0.1 2.0 2.2
e
e
e
e e
= =
A
1 1.91 1.0 0.91.
C
e
e
= =
Then,
From Figure 8.27a, we see that N=3 should
satisfy the attenuation specification at 2.2GHz.
The low-pass prototype values are given in
Table 8.4, from which the inverter constants
can be calculated using (8.121). Then the
coupling susceptances can be found from
(8.134), and the coupling capacitor values as
0
.
n
n
B
C
e
=
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
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66
Finally, the resonator lengths can be calculated from (8.135). The following table summarizes
these results.
n g
n
Z
0
J
n
B
n
C
n n
1 1.5963 0.3137 6.96 10
-3
0.554pF 155.8
2 1.0967 0.1187 2.41 10
-3
0.192pF 166.5
3 1.5963 0.1187 2.41 10
-3
0.192pF 155.8
4 1.0000 0.3187 6.96 10
-3
0.554pF _

The calculated amplitude response is plotted in Figure 8.51. The specifications of this filter are
the same as the coupled line bandpass filter of Example 8.8, and comparison of the results in
Figures 8.51 and 8.46 shows that the responses are identical near the passband region.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
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67
Figure 8.51 (p. 433)
Amplitude response for the capacitive-gap coupled series resonator bandpass filter of
Example 8.10.
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
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68
TABLE 4.1 The ABCD Parameters of Some Useful Two-Port Circuits.
Circuit ABCD Parameters
Z
Y
0
Z |
l
:1 N
A= 1 B= Z
C= 0 D= 1
A= 1 B= 0
C= Y D= 1
A= N B= 0
C= 0 D=
A= B=
C= D=
cos l | 0
sin jZ l |
0
sin jY l | cos l |
1
N
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
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69
TABLE 4.1 The ABCD Parameters of Some Useful Two-Port Circuits.
Circuit ABCD Parameters
1
Y
2
Y
3
Y
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
A= B=
C= D=
2
3
1
Y
Y
+
3
1
Y
1 2
1 2
3
YY
Y Y
Y
+ +
1
3
1
Y
Y
+
A= B=
C= D=
1
3
1
Z
Z
+
3
1
Z
1 2
1 2
3
Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
2
3
1
Z
Z
+
EE542 Microwave Engineering,