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CH 101 CH 21 Lecture Notes Lipids

Lipids are not water soluble and contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen and phosphorus. They include fatty acids, fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and steroids. Cell membranes are composed of 40-50% lipids such as phospholipids and sphingolipids, which provide structure and separate the cell from its surroundings.

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460 views6 pages

CH 101 CH 21 Lecture Notes Lipids

Lipids are not water soluble and contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen and phosphorus. They include fatty acids, fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and steroids. Cell membranes are composed of 40-50% lipids such as phospholipids and sphingolipids, which provide structure and separate the cell from its surroundings.

Uploaded by

kishan kunwar
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chem 101 Chapter 21 Lecture Notes Lipids

W09 rt

General Properties
1. Not water soluble
2. Are soluble in non-polar organic solvents such as acetone, ether, carbon
tetrachloride
3. Contain C, H, O, sometimes N and P
4. On hydrolysis yield fatty acids

Fatty Acids
• Straight chain acids (COOH)
C3H7COOH butyric, butter fat: C17H35COOH stearic-lard, peanut oil:
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\COOH
• Even number of C’s from natural sources
• Saturated - solid
• Unsaturated
1. Lower melting point. Generally liquids at room temperature. OILS.
2. Mono and poly unsaturated
3. Naturally occurring are cis in form.
4. Partially hydrogenated oils

Chem. 101 Ch. 21 Lipids W09rt pg. 1 of 6


Lipid Classification
•Simple- made of fatty acid and alcohol--Alcohol usually glycerol
•Complex – made of fatty acid, alcohol and something else (P or N)
•Precursor – hydrolysis products of simple and complex lipids
•Derived- made from metabolic processes
–Ketone bodies, steroids, prostoglandins
–

Simple Lipids--Fats and Oils


•Simple lipids of 3 fatty acids and glycerol -the 3 fatty acids do not have to be the same.
•Fats – saturated fatty acid – solid
Made by hydrogenation of double bonds, alkenes.
•Oils – unsaturated fatty acid - liquid

Chem. 101 Ch. 21 Lipids W09rt pg. 2 of 6


Uses of fats in the body
•Produce more energy than carbohydrates or protein
–9 kcal/g vs 4 kcal/g
•Not water soluble, but form temporary emulsion in water
–Mayonnaise is permanent emulsion of oil and water by using egg white as an
emulsifying agent.
–Lecithin keeps cream emulsified in ice for ice cream
– bile emulsifies fat for digestion

Chemical Reactions of fats


Saturation test – Reaction with I2. Alkenes (unsaturated components) react with I2 and the
amount of unsaturation can be determined

Hydrolysis- react with water to make glycerol and fatty acids (rancid)
fat + H2O  glycerol + 3RCOOH
|
O
O CH2OCR CH2OH RCOOH
1. NaOH, H2 O
R'COCH O HOCH + R'COOH
2. HCl, H2 O CH2OH
CH2OCR'' R''COOH
A triglyceride  1,2,3­Propanetriol Fatty acids
(Glycerol, glycerin)

Reverse of the prep reaction for a triglyceride!!

Saponification - react with base to make glycerol, soap (sodium salt of a fatty acid)
fat + base (NaOH or KOH)  glycerol + 3RCOO–1Na+1

Detergents contain sulfuric acid groups instead of carboxylic acid groups on the fatty
acid.
C11H23COSO3H + NaOH  C11H23COSO3-1Na+ + H2O

How Soaps Work-- soap forms micelles allowing the oils to be soluble in the center and
the outer ends of the fatty acid to dissolve in water.

Chem. 101 Ch. 21 Lipids W09rt pg. 3 of 6


Waxes
Fatty acid plus a long chain alcohol R–COO–R’ ; What functional group is present?

O
ll
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\C–O–/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\

ESSENTIAL Fatty acids Linoleic and Linolenic acids

FA needed by the body but cannot be synthesized by the body.


• Linoleic and Linolenic acids are found in plant and fish oils.
• Found to produce substances (prostaglandins) that regulate blood pressure, blood
clotting, and inflammation response, among others.

Complex Lipids
Phosphoglycerides--glycerol is the alcohol, with phosphoric acid cont. a N compound in
place of a FA

Sphingolipids-- Sphingosine as the alcohol a myelin contains the phospho-N compound,


the glycolipid includes a carbohydrate in plas of the phospho-N part of the molecule

CH3–(CH2)12–CH=CH–CHOH–CH2NH2

Chem. 101 Ch. 21 Lipids W09rt pg. 4 of 6


Cell Membranes
40-50% are lipid, 50-60% protein- lipids provide structural support for the cell,
separation of cell from extracellular fluid, and a support structure for proteins.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane

Derived Lipids

Prostaglandins

Prostacyclin and Thromboxanes


Leukotrienes
Steroids-High MW 4-ring compounds. With an OH group, they are called sterols

• Cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in the human body, and also the most
important.
• It is a component in plasma membranes in all animal cells.
• It is the precursor of all steroid hormones and bile acids.

HO
Chem 101 Chapter 21 Group Work Lipids

Chem. 101 Ch. 21 Lipids W09rt pg. 5 of 6


W09
Name _________________________

1. T or F Lipids are water soluble. If false, give the correction below to make it a true
statement.

2. T or F Fatty acids have a polar and nonpolar end of the molecule. If false, give the
correction below to make it a true statement.

3. What functional group is formed by the reaction of an alcohol group and a carboxylic
acid?
___________________

4.T or F A triglyceride is a simple lipid. If false, give the correction below to make it a
true statement.

5. Explain the difference between a glycerophospholipid and a sphingomyelin. Both are


considered phospholipids.

6. A cell membrane is composed of ~1/2 lipids. These lipids are classified as


a. simple b. complex d. derived

7. T or F Oils and fats dissolve in the center of a soap micelle where the nonpolar “tail”
of the FA resides. If false, give the correction below to make it a true statement.

8. T or F Cholesterol is an example of a simple lipid. If false, give the correction below


to make it a true statement.

Chem. 101 Ch. 21 Lipids W09rt pg. 6 of 6

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