Applied Calculus
Applied Calculus
JAMSHORO.
FIRST TERM FIRST YEAR (1
ST
TERM) B.E.(ME, EL, ES, TL, BM, CS, SW, CH, PG, MN,
MT & IN) FOR 07-BATCH REGULAR EXAMINATION 2007.
Dated: 22-05-2007. Time Allowed: 03 Hours. Max.Marks-80.
NOTE. ATTEMPT ANY FIVE QUESTIONS. ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS.
Q.No.
01. (a) Define function. Does the area of circle, A=r
2
defines the concept of function? The
cost of producing x chips of computer is given by C(x)=x
2
+5x+5 rupees, find the cost
of producing (i) 5 chips (ii) 5
th
chip .
(b) Without using L-hospital rule Evaluate any two of the following:
(i)
x
Lim
x x
x
2 4
0
(ii)
x Sin
x x
Lim
x
1
0
1 1
+
(iii)
h
x h x
Lim
h
cos ) cos(
0
+
(c) Find the value of U so that given function f(x) is continuous. Where
f(x) =
>
=
< < +
2 2
2 6
2 2
2
x if x
x at
x if a x
02. (a) Define derivative of function and its physical meaning with suitable example. If two
resistors are connected in series and if R
1
is increasing at rate of 5/sec and R
2
is
decreasing at rate of 2/sec, find change in R.
(b) Differentiate (tan x)
cot x
w.r.t (cot x)
tan x
.
(c) A dynamite blast blows a heavy rock with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec, it reaches at
height of s=100t-5t
2
ft after t sec, find
(i) how high does the rock go? (ii) when it reaches the ground again?
03. (a) State Rolles Theorem and give its geometrical interpretation. Find c by Rolles
Theorem (if possible) for f(x) = x
2
-7x +12 on [3,4].
(b) Define tangent and normal to the curve y=f(x). Find the equation of tangent and
normal for x
2
y+y
2
x=10 at the point (1,2).
(c) Assume that the spider is spinning a circular web and suppose that the radius of the
web is changing at rate of 8mm/hour, find the rate at which the area and the
circumference of web is increasing when radius is 25mm.
04. (a) State and Prove Leibnitz Theorem, hence find the nth derivative of x
2
y
2
.
(b) Define curvature and radius of curvature. What will be the curvature of any straight
line? Find the radius of curvature for x
2
y-x
2
-y
2
=0 at (2,2).
(c) Define Maxima and Minima of f(x). Discuss working rules for maxima and minima
for f(x,y)=0. The output P of battery is given by P=VI-RI
2
, where V is voltage in
volts, I is current in amperes and R is resistance in ohms. Find the maximum current
and maximum output of battery when V=4 volts and R=8 ohms.
Cont'd on P/-2.
APPLIED CALCULUS
( - 2 - )
05. (a) Define homogenous function with suitable examples. State and prove Eulers
Theorem. Verify Eulers Theorem for u=
2 2
y x + .
(b) If u=ln .
2 2
6 6
|
|
\
|
+
+
y x
y x
prove that x 4 =
y
u
y
x
u
.
(c) Define total differential for f(x,y)=0. According to heat law, a rectangular plate
expands in such a way that its length changes from 5.4 cm to 5.7 cm and its breadth
changes from 4cm to 4.3 cm, find approximate change in the area of the plate.
06. (a) Evaluate any two of the following:
(i)
+ + ) sin 2 )( sin 1 (
cos
x x
xdx
(ii)
+ + ) 3 ( ) 2 ( x x
dx
(iii) dx
x
x
e
x
\
|
cos 1
sin 1
(b) Prove that
=
+
0
2
2 2 2 2
2 sin cos ab x b x a
xdx
(c)
Define improper integrals, hence evaluate
+
,
1
2
x
dx
also evaluate (3,4).
07. (a) Define integrand, integration and integral. To test learning a teacher asks the students
to memorize table of 1 to 20. Assume that the rate at which table is memorized is
given by
t
e
dt
dm
3 . 0
4 . 5
= tables/minute, where m is number of tables memorized and t
is time in minutes, how many tables will be memorized after 7 minutes.
(b) Find the volume of the solid of revolution by revolving the curve y=2x
2
about the
x-axis on the interval [1,2].
(c) The project rate of increase in Mehran University of Engineering and Technology is
estimated by , 0 , ) 4 ( 3000
3 / 2
> + =
t t
dt
dE
where E(t) is projected enrolment in t years.
If the enrollment is 300 at t=0, find projected enrollment of 5 years.
08. (a) What do you mean by scalar and vector point function? Define gradient, divergence
and curl. Find the unit normal to the surface
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=25 at (2,2,1).
(b) Define Solenoidal and irrotational vectors. Find the constant P so that the vector
(3x+y)i
+(py+3z)j
+(5z+3x)k
= xi
+yj
+zk
is irrotational.
(c) A particle moves in a straight line so that its components are given by x=e
t
, y=sin t
and z=cos t Find the velocity and acceleration of particle at t=0, also find the
magnitude of velocity and acceleration at t=0 OR
Prove that div r
=3 and r
n
= nr
n-2
r
, where r
is position vector in R
3
.
---------------THE END----------------
ID.No./Seat No.
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
JAMSHORO.
FIRST TERM FIRST YEAR (1
ST
TERM) B.E.(ME, EL, ES, TL, CS, SW, CH, PG, MN, MT &
IN) REGULAR EXAMINATION 2009 OF 09-BATCH.
Dated: 19-05-2009. Time Allowed: 03 Hours. Max.Marks-80.
NOTE. ATTEMPT ANY FIVE QUESTIONS.
Q.No. Marks
01 (a) Define continuous and discontinuous function. (05)
A psychologist needs volunteers for collecting the data for his experimental work. He offers
to pay Rs.300/= per hour for volunteer who works up to 8 hours daily. Those who work more
than 8 hours are paid Rs.400/= for additional hour. Write down the function W(x), where x
represents the hours worked. Find W(10) and W(20).
(b) Define continuity of a function f(x). The amount of drug that remains in a (05)
persons bloodstream t hours after being injected is given by:
< <
<
< +
=
9 6 ,
6 3 , 4
3 0 , 3
) (
2
t t
t t
t t
t A
Is the amount of drug in persons bloodstream continuous at time t = 3 hours
and t =6 hours after it was being taken by patient?
(c) Evaluate any TWO of the following limits: (06)
(i)
2
2
0 2
5 6
4
x x
x
Lim
x
+
+
(ii) ( )
x
x
x Lim
tan
sin
(iii)
|
\
|
1
3
1
1
3
1
x x
Lim
x
02 (a) A bicycle manufacturer estimates that it can price its bicycles at P=140 -0.02x (05)
dollars each, where x is the number of bicycles sold. The cost of producing x
bicycles is 900 0.01 x
2
dollars. Determine the marginal profit when 20 bicycles are made.
What is the marginal profit on the sale of 20
th
bicycle?
(b) A rocket is launched straight up. There is an observation station 7 miles from (06) the
launch site. At what rate is the distance between the rocket and the station increasing when
the rocket is 24 miles high and traveling at 200 miles per hour?
(c) If y Sin
-1
x x Tan
-1
y = 0, find dy/dx. (05)
03 (a) State Leibniz Theorem. Use is to show that if ( ), arccos 2 sin x y = then (05)
( ) ( ) ( ) + + =
+ + n n n
y n y x n y x 4 1 2 1
2
1 2
2
(b) Find the nth derivative of
) 2 )( 1 ( x x
x
(05)
(c) Show that the function 4=tan
-1
2 2
2
y x
xy
\
|
+
=
y x
y x
u show that =
u
y
u
y
x
u
x cot 2 (05)
(c) The dimensions of a rectangular block of wood were found to be 10, 12, and (05)
20 inches, with a possible error of 0.05 in each of the measurements. Find
(approximately) the error in the surface area of the block caused by errors in the
individual measurements.
06 (a) At a certain instant the radius of a right circular cylinder is 6 inches and is (05)
increasing at the rate 0.2 in/sec while the altitude is 8 inches and is decreasing at the
rate 0.4 in/sec. Find the time rate of change of the volume at that instant.
(b) A manufacturer of aquarium wants to make a large rectangular box shaped (05)
aquarium that will hold
3
64 ft of water. If the material for the base costs $20 per square foot
and the material for the sides costs $10 per square foot, find the
dimensions for which the cost of the materials will be the least.
(c) Evaluate any TWO of the following integrals. (06)
+ + +
+ +
3 ) 2 (
) (
) 4 )( 3 (
) 1 (
) (
) 1 (
ln ) (
2
2
2
2
x x
dx
iii dx
x x
x
ii dx
x
x
i
07 (a) The enrolment E of students in a university increases at the rate of (05)
3 / 2
) 4 ( 3000 /
+ = t dt dE , where t is the time in years. If the enrolment at time t = 0 is
1500, find the enrolment of students after 15 years.
(b) Find the area bounded by the curves: y = x
3
and y = x. (05)
Show the area graphically.
(c) Show that: = ) 2 / 1 ( and hence evaluate
|
\
|
2
5
,
2
7
. (06)
08 (a) An acceleration of a particle is given by: ( ) ( )
3 2
2 f t t i t j t k = +
uur
(05)
Find the velocity and displacement vector given that ( )
0 = + +
uur
f i j k
and ( )
0 2 3 = +
ur
f i j k
(b) Define gradient of a scalar function. Also give its geometrical interpretation. (06)
Find a unit vector normal to the surface ( )
2 2 2
, , x y z x y xy z xyz = + + at ( ) 1, 2,1
(c) Evaluate r ln
2
where r is a position vector. (05)
----------------THE END--------------
ID.No./Seat No.
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
JAMSHORO.
FIRST TERM FIRST YEAR (1
ST
TERM) B.E.(ME, EL, ES, TL, BM, CS, SW, CH, PG, MN,
MT & IN) REGULAR EXAMINATION 2008 OF 08-BATCH.
Dated: 20-05-2008. Time Allowed: 03 Hours. Max.Marks-80.
NOTE. ATTEMPT ANY FIVE QUESTIONS.
Q.No. Marks
1 (a) The cost on producing x radios is C(x) = 0.4 x
2
+ 7x + 95 $. The revenue (04)
received is R(x) = 40x $. What is the profit function? Find P(24) and P(25).
What is the profit on the sale of 25
th
radio?
(b) The monthly charge (in dollars) for x kilowatt hours (KWK) of electricity (04) used
by a commercial customer is given by the following function:
>
< <
<
<
+
+
+
+
=
1500
1500 750
750 5
5 0
0321 . 0 345 . 131
, 1058 . 0 795 . 20
, 7109 . 0 19 . 22
, 7109 . 0 72 . 5
) (
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x C
Is the monthly charge continuous at the consumption of 5 KWH and 1500 KWH of the
electricity?
(c) Evaluate any TWO of the following: (08)
x e lt iii
x
lt ii n lt i
x
x
x x
x
x
x
cot ) 1 ( ) ( ,
2 4
) ( , ) (cot ) (
0 0
sin
2 (a) Soya Supreme ghee company produces bags of 5 kilo ghee but due to daily (05) increase in
prices the company decides to stop the production when marginal cost of ghee reaches Rs. 700
.If the cost function is given by ( )
2
0.01 200 50 C x x x = + + rupees how many bags of ghee the
company produces before it halts the production?
(b) A labor is using 20 m long ladder for painting a bungalow. If the bottom of (05) ladder
slips at rate of 2/3 m/sec, at what rate the top of ladder sliding down the wall if top of ladder is
12 m from the ground.
(c) State the Leibnitzs theorem and use it to show that if ,
1
sin 3 x
e y
= then (06)
D y n xy n y x
n n n
= + +
+ +
) 9 ( ) 1 2 ( ) 1 (
2
1 2
2
3 (a) Show that the function
1
2 2
2
( , ) t an
xy
f x y
x y
| |
=
|
\
satisfies the Laplace (05) equation
f
xx
+ f
yy
= 0.
(b) State the Mean Value Theorem and give its geometrical interpretation. (06)
Verify the Mean Value Theorem for the function
( ) ( )( )
1
1 2 0,
2
f x x x x on
(
=
(
(c) Expand ln (x + 1) into Taylor series about x = 1. Also expand e
x
into (05)
Maclurins series.
APPLIED
4 (a) Define tangent and normal to any curve .Find the equation of tangent for (06)
( )
2 2 2
0 x x y y + = at x = 1/2.
Contd on P/-2.
( - 2 - )
4 (b) Find the radius of curvature at the given point to the curve: (06)
( )
3 3
3 ; 3 / 2, 3 / 2 x y axy a a + =
(c) A builder plans to construct a gutter from a long sheet of metal by (04)
making two folds of equal size (see the figure). The folds are made to create
perpendicular sides.
The metal is 28 centimeters wide and 500 centimeters long. How much ( ) x should be
turned up for each side in order for the gutter to hold the most water?
5 (a) State the Euler Theorem. If
5 5
l n ,
x y
u
x y
| |
=
|
+
\
show that
4
u u
x y
x y
+ =
(05)
(b) Approximate the change in the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle of legs 6 (05)
and 8 units. When the shorter leg is increased by 1/2 units and long leg is decreased
by 1/4 units.
(c) Define Maxima and Minima of f(x , y) = 0 and its working rules. (06) ABC
builders advertise for some housing project. If x, y represent the amount (in thousands
of rupees) spent on newspaper and T.V advertisements respectively. The companys
profit based on advertisement is given by
P(x, y) =-2x
2
xy y
2
+8x +9y +10
How much amount should the company spend on each type of advertisement in order to
maximize the profit and what will be the maximum profit?
6 Evaluate any THREE of the following integrals: (16)
( )
1
1
tan
1
x
i dx
x
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
2 4 2
2
0
1
( )
1 4 1
1
x d x x x d x
i i ii i d x i v
x x x x
x
+
+
7 (a) The rate at which petroleum consumed in Pakistan was approximately (05)
( ) 21 281 c t t = + million barrels per year from 1983 ( ) 0 t = to 1987 ( ) 4 t = Determine the total
amount of petroleum consumed from 1983 to 1987.
(b) Determine the area enclosed between the two curves 5, y x y x = + = from (06) x = 0 to x =
4. Show the area graphically.
(c) Evaluate
2
0
cot
cot tan
x
dx
x x
(05)
8. Do as directed. (Any Four) (16)
(i) The out put P of battery is given by P = V I R I
2
,where V is voltage in volts,
I is current in amperes and R is resistance in ohms. Find the maximum current
in battery if V= 4 volts and R = 8 ohms.
Sheet of metal
(ii) Find the volume of parallelepiped whose adjacent sides are represented by the
vectors
3 4 , 2 3 4 , a i j b i j k = + = + +
r r
and
3 5 c i j k = + +
r
.
(iii) Find a unit vector normal to the surface ( )
3 2 2 2
, , 9 x y z x y z yx = at ( ) 1, 2,1
(iv) Find the directional derivative of
2 2 2
( , , ) 4 x y z x y z = at ( ) 1, 2,1 in the direction
of
2 2 + + i j k
(v) For what value of constant C, the vector function
( ) ( )
3 2 = + + + +
ur
f x y i Cy z j zk is Solenoidal.
(vi) A particle moves so that its displacement at time t is given by:
( )
2cos 2sin = + + x t ti tj tk Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration
of the particle at 0 = t
-------------THE END-------------
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO.
DEPARTMENT OF BASIC SCIENCES AND RELATED STUDIES.
1
ST
TERM 1
ST
YEAR REGULAR EXAMINATION 2008
DESCIPLINES: ES-I BATCH:08 MAX. MARKS: 80
TIME: 03 HOURS DATED: 00-00-2008
NOTE: ATTEMPT ANY FIVE QUESTIONS. MARKS ARE LISTED AGAINST EACH QUESTION
QUESTION MARKS
Q#1(a) Evaluate any TWO of the following limits: (06)
(i)
2
2
0 2
5 6
4
x x
x
Lim
x
+
(ii)
1
1
2
0
Cosx
e
Lim
x
x
(iii)
x
x
x
Lim
tan
0
1
|
\
|
Q#1(b) The flow of current is given as under: (05)
I(t) = t
2
+ 1, 0 < t < 1
= 2 t , 1 < t < 2
= t
2
1, t > 2
where t is the time in seconds. Does the current flow continuous at t = 1, at t = 2.
What will be the value of current at t = 5 seconds?
Q#1(c) A dynamite blasts and bellows a heavy rock. The rock reaches at a height of (06)
h (t) = 12 t
2
48 t + 10 feet, where t is the time in seconds. How high the
rock goes?
Q#2(a) A manufacturer of telephones determines that the cost of producing x (06)
telephones is C(x) = 500 + 15 x 0.01 x
2
dollars and revenue from the
sale of x telephones is R(x) = 75 x 0.02 x
2
dollars. Determine the marginal
profit. What production level results in a marginal profit to zero?
Q#2(b) Differentiate
|
\
|
2
1
1
2
tan
x
x
w. r. t
|
\
|
+
2
1
1
2
sin
x
x
(05)
Q#2(c) State the Leibnizs theorem. Use it to to prove that if ( )
m
x x y
2
1+ + = (05)
then (1 + x
2
) y
n+2
+ (2 n + 1) x y
n+1
+ (n
2
m
2
) y
n
= 0
Q#3(a) A 20 meter ladder is being leaning against a wall. Suppose the ladder is (06)
sliding Down the wall in such a way that the bottom of the ladder is
moving away from the wall at a rate of 3 m/s. At what rate is the
top of the ladder sliding down the wall when the top of the ladder 12 20
is 12m above the ground? m m
Q#3(b) Leaking sand forms a conical pile in which the height is always
thrice the radius (h = 3 r). Consider the moment when the radius
is 9 cm. Use differential to determine the approximate change in (05)
the volume when the radius changes by 1%, and volume of the cone h
is V= r
2
h/3.
Q#3(c) When a pill such as aspirin is swallowed; the concentration of (05)
the medicine in the blood-stream begins at zero and increases r
towards a maximum concentration.
The concentration then declines until there is none of the medicine present.
Suppose the concentration K of a particular medicine t hours after being
swallowed is K = 0.03 t/(1 + t
2
). What will be highest concentration and after
how many hours it occurs.
Q#4(a) State Rolles theorem and give its geometrical interpretation. Verify it (05)
for the function f(x) f(x) = x ( x 3) e
2x
on [0, 3].
Q#4(b) Define Curvature and Radius of Curvature. Find the radius of curvature (05)
for the curve x
2
y = 4 (x
2
- y
2
) at (6, 3).
Q#4(c) State Eulers theorem. Use it to show that if U = log
e
[(x
3
+ y
3
)/(x
2
+ y
2
)], then (06)
Then x U
x
+ y U
y
= 1.
Q#5(a) A rectangular cardboard box with top closed is being made to (06)
contain a volume of 27 ft
3
. Find the dimensions of the box that
will minimize cost of material used to make the box.
Q#5(b) A rectangular plate expands in such a way that its length changes from (05)
10 to 10.3 and its breadth changes from 8 to 8.2 .
Find an approximate value for the change in its area?
Q#5(c) If r = t
3
i + (2 t
2
+ 1) j t k, evaluate dt
dt
r d
r
2
0
2
2
(05)
Q#6(a) Define irrotational vector. Find the constants a, b, and c so that the vector (06)
V = ( x + 2 y + a z) i + (b x 3 y z) j + (4 x + c y + 2z) k is irrotational.
Q#6(b) Define a solenoid vector functions. Find the value of constant C so that (05)
the vector function f = x
2
y
2
z i + (x + C y
3
) z
2
j xyz
3
k is solenoid at (1, 2, 1).
Q#6(c) If r = x i + y j + z k is a position vector, evaluate (ln ) r . (05)
Q#7(a) Evaluate any two of the following integrals: (06)
(i)
+
dx
x x ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
(ii)
+
dx
x x
x
) 2 )(sin 1 (sin
cos
(iii)
xdx x
1 2
tan
Q#7(b) Show that
4
cos sin
sin
2 /
0
=
+
dx
x x
x
(05)
Q#7(c) Provge that (1/ 2) = .Use the relation between Beta and Gamma (05)
functions
( ) ( )
( , )
( )
m n
m n
m n
=
+
, evaluate (7/2, 9/2).
Q#8(a) Assume that a small tree will grow to maturity according to
t
dt
dh
2
1
2 + = (05)
where h is height in feet, t is time in years. How much does the tree grow
between first and fourth year. How much does it grow between fourth and
ninth year?
Q#8(b) Find the area between two curves y = x
2
+ 2 and y = 3 x + 6. (06)
Show the area graphically?
Q#8(c) A ball is shot vertically upward from the edge of a building with (05)
initial velocity 300 ft/s. the building is 700 feet tall. Acceleration
due to gravity is -32 ft/s
2
. Determine the equations of the velocity
and distance in terms of t. How far above the ground is the ball
after 6 seconds and how fast is it going then?
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO.
DEPARTMENT OF BASIC SCIENCES AND RELATED STUDIES.
1
ST
TERM 3
RD
YEAR REGULAR EXAMINATION 2008
DESCIPLINES: ME-I BATCH:06 MAX. MARKS: 10
TIME: 1/2 HOURS DATED: 00-00-2008
PRACTICAL TEST
Q No.1 Fill IN THE BLANKS: Marks 05
(i) If x is computed as 4.56 instead of 4.58, what is the percentage absolute
error?
(ii) Newton Raphson method is known as __________ method.
(iii) The RF method is known as _________________ method
(iv) If A x = x, then and x respectively called ____________ & ________
(v)
3
y
3
= _____________________
(vi)
3
y
3
= ____________________
(vii) Relation between and E is given by _______________
(viii) Relation between E and is given by _______________
(ix) If y
n
= n
2
, what is
2
y
n
(x) Picards method is known as _____________________________
Q No. 2 TRUE OR FALSE: Marks 05
(i) For Simpsons 3/8 rules number of sub-intervals must be an even.
(ii) RF method is known as bracketing method.
(iii) Fixed point iteration method x
n+1
= g(x
n
) converges if |g`(x
o
)| 1.
(iv) N-R method converges fast if f `(x
o
) 0.
(v) A Eulers method is analytical method for solving differential equation of 1
st
order.
(vi) Euler Method for solving the 1
st
order differential equation is the most popular method.
(vii) RK methods give better approximation that all other methods used for solving
differential equations of order one.
(viii) Lagrange Interpolation method is also applicable if the data values are equally spaced.
(ix) Newton divided difference interpolation formula is better and easy to use than the
Lagrange method.
(x) Partial differential equation A U
xx
+ B U
xy
+ C U
yy
= D, where A,B, C and D are some
functions of x, y, u, U
x
, and U
y
is Parabolic differential equation if _____________.
T H E E N D
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO.
DEPARTMENT OF BASIC SCIENCES AND RELATED STUDIES.
1
ST
TERM 3
RD
YEAR REGULAR EXAMINATION 2008
SUBJECT: NACA BATCH:06 CE MAX. MARKS: 10
TIME: 1/2 HOURS DATED: 00-00-2008
PRACTICAL TEST
Q No.1 Fill IN THE BLANKS: Marks 05
(i) If x is computed as 7.56 instead of 7.59, what is the percentage absolute
error?
(ii) Bisection method is known as _____________________
(iii)
3
y
5
= _____________________
(iv)
3
y
6
= ____________________
(v) Relation between and E is given by _______________
(vi) Relation between E and is given by _______________
(vii) If y
n
= n
2
, what is
2
y
n
(viii) Power method is used to compute ______________________________ &
_____________________________________ of a square matrix A.
(ix) Newton Interpolation formulas are better than _________________ and
_________________________.
(x) For trapezoidal rule the number of sub-intervals may be ___________________
Q No. 2 TRUE OR FALSE: Marks 05
(i) Simpsons1/3 rule requires even value of n where n is number of sub-intervals.
(ii) Newton-Raphson method is known as open method.
(iii) Fixed point iteration method x
n+1
= g(x
n
) converges if |g`(x
o
)| > 1.
(iv) N-R method converges faster than RF method.
(v) Euler method is analytical method for solving differential equation of 1
st
order.
(vi) Euler Method for solving the 1
st
order differential equation is the most popular method.
(vii) R-K methods give better approximation than Euler method.
(viii) 0 = I A is said to be ___________________________.
(ix) The roots of characteristic equation are known as__________________.
(x) Lagrange Interpolation polynomial L
i
(x) is given by:
_______________________________________
T H E E N D