What is Microprocessor? Give the power supply & clock frequency of 8085?

Ans:A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions and provides result as output. The power supply of 8085 is +5V and clock frequency in 3MHz. What are the functions of an accumulator? Ans:The accumulator is the register associated with the ALU operations and sometimes I/O operations. It is an integral part of ALU. It holds one of data to be processed by ALU. It also temporarily stores the result of the operation performed by the ALU. 4. List the 16 bit registers of 8085 microprocessor. Ans:Stack pointer (SP) and Program counter (PC). 5. List the allowed register pairs of 8085. Ans: B-C register pair D-E register pair H-L register pair List out the five categories of the 8085 instructions. Give examples of the instructions for each group. Ans: Data transfer group MOV, MVI, LXI. Arithmetic group ADD, SUB, INR. Logical group ANA, XRA, CMP. Branch group JMP, JNZ, CALL. Stack I/O and Machine control group PUSH, POP, IN, HLT. Explain the difference between a JMP instruction and CALL instruction. Ans: A JMP instruction permanently changes the program counter. A CALL instruction leaves information on the stack so that the original program execution sequence can be resumed. 13. Explain the purpose of the I/O instructions IN and OUT. Ans: The IN instruction is used to move data from an I/O port into the accumulator. The OUT instruction is used to move data from the accumulator to an I/O port. The IN & OUT instructions are used only on microprocessor, which use a separate address space for interfacing. 14. What is the difference between the shift and rotate instructions? Ans: A rotate instruction is a closed loop instruction. That is, the data moved out at one end is put back in at the other end. The shift instruction loses the data that is moved out of the last bit locations. What are the Control signals used for DMA operation? Ans:-HOLD & HLDA. 17. What is meant by Wait State?

Ans:-This state is used by slow peripheral devices. The peripheral devices can transfer the data to or from the microprocessor by using READY input line. The microprocessor remains in wait state as long as READY line is low. During the wait state, the contents of the address, address/data and control buses are held constant. 18. List the four instructions which control the interrupt structure of the 8085 microprocessor. Ans:DI ( Disable Interrupts ) EI ( Enable Interrupts ) RIM ( Read Interrupt Masks ) SIM ( Set Interrupt Masks ) 19. What is meant by polling? Ans:-Polling or device polling is a process which identifies the device that has interrupted the microprocessor. 20. What is meant by interrupt? Ans:-Interrupt is an external signal that causes a microprocessor to jump to a specific subroutine. 21. Explain priority interrupts of 8085. Ans:-The 8085 microprocessor has five interrupt inputs. They are TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR. These interrupts have a fixed priority of interrupt service. If two or more interrupts go high at the same time, the 8085 will service them on priority basis. The TRAP has the highest priority followed by RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5. The priority of interrupts in 8085 is shown in the table. TRAP 1 RST 7.5 RST 6.5 RST 5.5 INTR How many machine cycles does 8085 have, mention them Ans:The 8085 have seven machine cycles. They are Opcode fetch Memory read Memory write I/O read I/O write Interrupt acknowledge Bus idle 32. Explain the signals HOLD, READY and SID Ans:HOLD indicates that a peripheral such as DMA controller is requesting the use of address bus, data bus and control bus. READY is used to delay the microprocessor read or write cycles until a slow responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data.SID is used to accept serial data bit by bit Explain LDA, STA and DAA instructions 2 3 4

Ans:LDA copies the data byte into accumulator from the memory location specified by the 16-bit address. STA copies the data byte from the accumulator in the memory location specified by 16-bit address. DAA changes the contents of the accumulator from binary to 4-bit BCD digits. 35. Explain the different instruction formats with examples Ans:The instruction set is grouped into the following formats One byte instruction -MOV C,A Two byte instruction -MVI A,39H Three byte instruction -JMP 2345H 36. What is the use of addressing modes, mention the different types Ans:The various formats of specifying the operands are called addressing modes, it is used to access the operands or data. The different types are as follows Immediate addressing Register addressing Direct addressing Indirect addressing Implicit addressing Give the register organization of 8085 Ans: W(8) Temp. Reg Z(8) B(8) C(8) D(8) E(8) H(8) L(8) Stack Pointer Temp. Reg Register Register Register Register Register Register (16)

Program Counter (16) 39. Define stack and explain stack related instructions Ans:The stack is a group of memory locations in the R/W memory that is used for the temporary storage of binary information during the execution of the program. The stack related instructions are PUSH & POP 40. Why do we use XRA A instruction Ans:The XRA A instruction is used to clear the contents of the Accumulator and store the value 00H. 41. Compare CALL and PUSH instructions Ans: CALL PUSH 1.When CALL is executed the microprocessor automatically stores the 16-bit address of the 1.PUSH The programmer uses the instruction to save the

contents of the register instruction next to CALL on the pair on the stack stack. 2. When PUSH is 2.When CALL is executed the executed the stack stack pointer is decremented by pointer is decremented two by two 42. What is Microcontroller and Microcomputer Ans:Microcontroller is a device that includes microprocessor; memory and I/O signal lines on a single chip, fabricated using VLSI technology. Microcomputer is a computer that is designed using microprocessor as its CPU. It includes microprocessor, memory and I/O. 43. Define Flags Ans:The flags are used to reflect the data conditions in the accumulator. The 8085 flags are S-Sign flag, Z-Zero flag, AC-Auxiliary carry flag, P-Parity flag, CYCarry flag, D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 44. How does the microprocessor differentiate between data and instruction? Ans:When the first m/c code of an instruction is fetched and decoded in the instruction register, the microprocessor recognizes the number of bytes required to fetch the entire instruction. For example MVI A, Data, the second byte is always considered as data. If the data byte is omitted by mistake whatever is in that memory location will be considered as data & the byte after the data will be treated as the next instruction. 45. Compare RET and POP Ans: RET POP 1.POP transfers the contents of 1.RET transfers the contents the top two locations of the stack of the top two locations of to the specified register pair the stack to the PC 2. When POP is executed the SP 2.When RET is executed the is incremented by two SP is incremented by two 3.No conditional POP 3.Has 8 conditional instructions RETURN instructions

46. What is assembler?

Ans:The assembler translates the assembly language program text which is given as input to the assembler to their binary equivalents known as object code. The time required to translate the assembly code to object code is called access time. The assembler checks for syntax errors & displays them before giving the object code.

47. What is loader?

Ans:The loader copies the program into the computers main memory at load time and begins the program execution at execution time.

48. What is linker? Ans:A linker is a program used to join together several object files into one large object file. For large programs it is more efficient to divide the large program modules into smaller modules. Each module is individually written, tested & debugged. When all the modules work they are linked together to form a large functioning program. 49. What is interrupt service routine?

Ans:Interrupt means to break the sequence of operation. While the CPU is executing a program an interrupt breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions & diverts its execution to some other program. This program to which the control is transferred is called the interrupt service routine. 50.What are the various programmed data transfer methods?

Ans:

i) Synchronous data transfer

ii) Asynchronous data transfer iii) Interrupt driven data transfer What are the signals used in input control signal & output control signal?

Ans: Input control signal

STB (Strobe input) IBF (Input buffer full) INTR(Interrupt request)

Output control signal

OBF (Output buffer full) ACK (Acknowledge input) INTR(Interrupt request)

57. What are the features used mode 2 in 8255?

Ans:The single 8-bit port in-group A is available. 1. The 8-bit port is bi-directional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available. 2. Three I/O lines are available at port C, viz PC2-PC0. 3. Inputs and outputs are both latched. 4. The 5-bit control port C (PC3=PC7) is used for generating/accepting handshake signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A.

58. What are the modes of operations used in 8253? Ans:Each of the three counters of 8253 can be operated in one of the following six modes of operation.

1. Mode 0 (Interrupt on terminal count) 2. Mode 1 (Programmable monoshot) 3. Mode 2 (Rate generator) 4. Mode 3 (Square wave generator) 5. Mode 4 (Software triggered strobe) 6. Mode 5 (Hardware triggered strobe)

59. What are the different types of write operations used in 8253? Ans:There are two types of write operations in 8253

(1) Writing a control word register (2) Writing a count value into a count register

The control word register accepts data from the data buffer and initializes the counters, as required. The control word register contents are used for

(a) Initializing the operating modes (mode 0-mode4) (b) Selection of counters (counter 0- counter 2) (c) Choosing binary /BCD counters (d) Loading of the counter registers.

The mode control register is a write only register and the CPU cannot read its contents. 60. Give the different types of command words used in 8259a?

Ans:The command words of 8259A are classified in two groups 1. Initialization command words (ICWs) 2. Operation command words (OCWs) 61. Give the operating modes of 8259a?

Ans: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) Cascade mode Define scan counter? Special Edge Special and Reading Poll Fully Buffered Nested level 8259 Automatic Specific Mask Triggered End Fully of Automatic EOI Nested Interrupt Mode (EOI) Rotation Mode Rotation Mode Mode Status command Mode mode

Ans: The scan counter has two modes to scan the key matrix and refresh the display. In the encoded mode, the counter provides binary count that is to be externally decoded to provide the scan lines for keyboard and display. In the decoded scan mode, the counter internally decodes the least significant 2 bits and provides a decoded 1 out of 4 scan on SL0-SL3.The keyboard and display both are in the same mode at a time.

63. What is the output modes used in 8279? Ans: 8279 provides two output modes for selecting the display options.

1.Display Scan In this mode, 8279 provides 8 or 16 character-multiplexed displays those can be organized as dual 4-bit or single 8-bit display units.

2.Display Entry 8279 allows options for data entry on the displays. The display data is entered for display from the right side or from the left side. 64. What are the modes used in keyboard modes?

Ans:

1. 2. 3.

Scanned Scanned Scanned

Keyboard

mode

with with special

2 N-key

Key

Lockout. Rollover. Mode.

Keyboard Keyboard

Error

4. Sensor Matrix Mode.

65. What are the modes used in display modes? Ans:1. Left Entry mode

In the left entry mode, the data is entered from the left side of the display unit. 2. Right Entry Mode.

In the right entry mode, the first entry to be displayed is entered on the rightmost display. 66. What is the use of modem control unit in 8251?

Ans: The modem control unit handles the modem handshake signals to coordinate the communication between the modem and the USART.

67. Give the register organization of 8257? Ans: The 8257 perform the DMA operation over four independent DMA channels. Each of the four

channels of 8257 has a pair of two 16-bit registers. DMA address register and terminal count register. Also, there are two common registers for all the channels; namely, mode set registers and status register. Thus there are a total of ten registers. The CPU selects one of these ten registers using address lines A0- A3. 68. What is the function of DMA address register?

Ans: Each DMA channel has one DMA address register. The function of this register is to store the address of the starting memory location, which will be accessed by the DMA channel. Thus the starting address of the

memory block that will be accessed by the device is first loaded in the DMA address register of the channel. Naturally, the device that wants to transfer data over a DMA channel, will access the block of memory with the starting address stored in the DMA Address Register. 69. What is the use of terminal count register?

Ans: Each of the four DMA channels of 8257 has one terminal count register. This 16-bit register is used for ascertaining that the data transfer through a DMA channel ceases or stops after the required number of DMA cycles. 70. What is the function of mode set register in 8257?

Ans: The mode set register is used for programming the 8257 as per the requirements of the system. The function of the mode set register is to enable the DMA channels individually and also to set the various modes of operation. 71. What is interfacing?

Ans:

An interface is a shared boundary between the devices which involves sharing information.

Interfacing is the process of making two different systems communicate with each other.

72. List the operation modes of 8255 Ans: a) I.O Mode

i. ii. Mode

Mode 1-Strobed

0-Simple Input/Output (Handshake

Input/Output. mode)

iii. Mode 2-Strobed bidirectional mode b) Bit Set/Reset Mode.

73. What is a control word? Ans: It is a word stored in a register (control register) used to control the operation of a program digital device. 74. What is the purpose of control word written to control register in 8255?

Ans: The control words written to control register specify an I/O function for each I.O port. The bit D7 of the control word determines either the I/O function of the BSR function.

75.What is the size of ports in 8255? Ans:

Port-A : 8-bits Port-B : 8-bits Port-CU : 4-bits Port-CL : 4-bits

76. Distinguish between the memories mapped I/O peripheral I/O?

Ans: Memory Mapped I/O 16-bit device address Data transfer between general-purpose register I/O port. Peripheral MappedI/O 8-bit device address any Data is transfer only between accumulator and and I.O port

The memory map (64K) is The I/O map is independent of the memory shared between I/O device and map; 256 input device and 256 output device system memory. can be connected More hardware is required to Less hardware is required to decode 8-bit decode 16-bit address address Arithmetic or logic operation Arithmetic or logical operation cannot be can be directly performed with directly performed with I/O data I/O data

77. What is memory mapping?

Ans: The assignment of memory addresses to various registers in a memory chip is called as memory mapping.

78. What is I/O mapping? Ans:The assignment of addresses to various I/O devices in the memory chip is called as I/O mapping.

79. What is an USART? Ans:USART stands for universal synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. It is a programmable communication interface that can communicate by using either synchronous or asynchronous serial data. 80.What is the use of 8251 chip?

8251 chip is mainly used as the asynchronous serial interface between the processor and the external equipment.

81. What is 8279? Ans:The 8279 is a programmable Keyboard/Display interface.

82. List the major components of the keyboard/Display interface. a. b. c. d. CPU interface section 83. What is Key bouncing? Keyboard Scan Display section section section

Ans: Mechanical switches are used as keys in most of the keyboards. When a key is pressed the contact bounce back and forth and settle down only after a small time delay (about 20ms). Even though a key is actuated once, it will appear to have been actuated several times. This problem is called Key Bouncing. 84.Define HRQ?

Ans: The hold request output requests the access of the system bus. In non- cascaded 8257 systems, this is connected with HOLD pin of CPU. In cascade mode, this pin of a slave is connected with a DRQ input line of the master 8257, while that of the master is connected with HOLD input of the CPU. 85. What is the use of stepper motor?

Ans:A stepper motor is a device used to obtain an accurate position control of rotating shafts. A stepper motor employs rotation of its shaft in terms of steps, rather than continuous rotation as in case of AC or DC motor. 86. What is TXD?

Ans: TXD- Transmitter Data Output This output pin carries serial stream of the transmitted data bits along with other information like start bit, stop bits and priority bit.

87. What is RXD? Ans: RXD- Receive Data Input This input pin of 8251A receives a composite stream of the data to be received by 8251A. 88. What is meant by key bouncing?

Ans:Microprocessor must wait until the key reach to a steady state; this is known as Key bounce. 89. What is swapping?

The procedure of fetching the chosen program segments or data from the secondary storage into the physical memory is called swapping.

90. Write the function of crossbar switch? Ans: The crossbar switch provides the inter connection paths between the memory module and the processor. Each node of the crossbar represents a bus switch. All these nodes may be controlled by one of these processors or by a separate one altogether.

All Addressing Modes in 8085 Microprocessor With Example

Addressing Modes of 8085 To perform any operation, we have to give the corresponding instructions to the microprocessor. In each instruction, programmer has to specify 3 things: Operation to be performed. Address of source of data. Address of destination of result. The method by which the address of source of data or the address of destination of result is given in the instruction is called Addressing Modes. The term addressing mode refers to the way in which the operand of the instruction is specified.

Addressing Modes in 8085 There are five addressing modes in 8085. 1. Immediate Addressing Mode: - An immediate is transferred directly to the register. Eg: - MVI A, 30H (30H is copied into the register A) MVI B,40H(40H is copied into the register B). 2. Register Addressing Mode: - Data is copied from one register to another register. Eg: - MOV B, A (the content of A is copied into the register B)

MOV A, C (the content of C is copied into the register A). 3. Direct Addressing Mode: - Data is directly copied from the given address to the register. In this mode, the address of the operand is given in the instruction itself. LDA is the operation. 2500 H is the address of source. Accumulator is the destination. Eg: - LDA 3000H (The content at the location 3000H is copied to the register A). 4. Indirect Addressing Mode: - The data is transferred from the address pointed by the data in a register to other register. Eg: - MOV A, M (data is transferred from the memory location pointed by the regiser to the accumulator). 5.Implied Addressing Mode: - This mode doesn't require any operand. The data is specified by opcode itself.

Architecture Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor

This is the functional block diagram of the 8085 Microprocessor.

This is the function al Block Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor. Acumulator:-It is a 8-bit register which is used to perform airthmetical and logical operation. It stores the output of any operation. It also works as registers for i/o accesses. Temporary Register:-It is a 8-bit register which is used to hold the data on which the acumulator is computing operation. It is also called as operand register because it provides operands to ALU. Registers:-These are general purposes registers. Microprocessor consists 6 general purpose registers of 8-bit each named as B,C,D,E,H and L. Generally theses registers are not used for storing the data permanently. It carries the 8-bits data. These are used only during the execution of the instructions. These registers can also be used to carry the 16 bits data by making the pair of 2

registers. The valid register pairs available are BC,DE HL. We can not use other pairs except BC,DEand HL. These registers are programmed by user.

ALU:-ALU performs the airthmetic operations and logical operation. Flag Registers:-It consists of 5 flip flop which changes its status according to the result stored in an accumulator. It is also known as status registers. It is connected to the ALU. There are five flip-flops in the flag register are as follows: 1.Sign(S) 2.zero(z) 3.Auxiliary carry(AC) 4.Parity(P) 5.Carry(C) The bit position of the flip flop in flag register is:

All of the three flip flop set and reset according to the stored result in the accumulator. 1.Sign- If D7 of the result is 1 then sign flag is set otherwise reset. As we know that a number on the D7 always desides the sign of the number. if D7 is 1: the number is negative. if D7 is 0: the number is positive. 2.Zeros(Z)-If the result stored in an accumulator is zero then this flip flop is set otherwise it is reset.

3.Auxiliary carry(AC)-If any carry goes from D3 to D4 in the output then it is set otherwise it is reset. 4.Parity(P)-If the no of 1's is even in the output stored in the accumulator then it is set otherwise it is reset for the odd. 5.Carry(C)-If the result stored in an accumulator generates a carry in its final output then it is set otherwise it is reset. Instruction registers(IR):-It is a 8-bit register. When an instruction is fetched from memory then it is stored in this register. Instruction Decoder:- Instruction decoder identifies the instructions. It takes the informations from instruction register and decodes the instruction to be performed. Program Counter:-It is a 16 bit register used as memory pointer. It stores the memory address of the next instruction to be executed. So we can say that this register is used to sequencing the program. Generally the memory have 16 bit addresses so that it has 16 bit memory. The program counter is set to 0000H. Stack Pointer:-It is also a 16 bit register used as memory pointer. It points to the memory location called stack. Generally stack is a reserved portion of memory where information can be stores or taken back together. Timing and Control Unit:-It provides timing and control signal to the microprocessor to perform the various operation.It has three control signal. It controls all external and internal circuits. It operates with reference to clock signal.It synchronizes all the data transfers. There are three control signal: 1.ALE-Airthmetic Latch Enable, It provides control signal to synchronize the components of microprocessor. 2.RD- This is active low used for reading operation. 3.WR-This is active low used for writing operation. There are three status signal used in microprocessor S0, S1 and IO/M. It changes its status according the provided input to these pins.

Serial Input Output Control-There are two pins in this unit. This unit is used for serial data communication. Interrupt Unit-There are 6 interrupt pins in this unit. Generally an external hardware is connected to these pins. These pins provide interrupt signal sent by external hardware to microprocessor and microprocessor sends acknowledgement for receiving the interrupt signal. Generally INTA is used for acknowledgement. Register Section:-Many registers has been used in microprocessor.

It consists of PIPO(Parallel Input Parallel Output) register.

Instruction Set Classification

An instructionis a binary pattern designed inside a microprocessor to perform a specific function. The entire group of instructions, called the instruction set, determines what functions the microprocessor can perform. These instructions can be classified into the following five functional categories: data transfer (copy) operations, arithmetic operations, logical operations, branching operations, and machine-control operations. Data Transfer (Copy) Operations This group of instructions copy data from a location called a source to another location called a destination, without modifying the contents of the source. In technical manuals,

the term data transfer is used for this copying function. However, the term transferis misleading; it creates the impression that the contents of the source are destroyed when, in fact, the contents are retained without any modification. The various types of data transfer (copy) are listed below together with examples of each type: Types Examples 1. Between Registers. 1. Copy the contents of the register B into register D. 2. Specific data byte to a register or a memory location. 2. Load register B with the data byte 32H. 3. Between a memory location and a register. 3. From a memory location 2000H to register B. 4. Between an I/O device and the accumulator. 4.From an input keyboard to the accumulator. Arithmetic Operations These instructions perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement. Addition - Any 8-bit number, or the contents ofa register or the contents of a memory location can be added to the contents of the accumulator and the sum is stored in the accumulator. No two other 8-bit registers can be added directly (e.g., the contents of register B cannot be added directly to the contents of the register C). The instruction DAD is an exception; it adds 16-bit data directly in register pairs. Subtraction - Any 8-bit number, or the contents ofa register, or the contents of a memory location can be subtracted from the contents of the accumulator and the results stored in the accumulator. The subtraction is performed in 2's compliment, and the results if negative, are expressed in 2's complement. No two other registers can be subtracted directly. Increment/Decrement - The 8-bit contents ofa register or a memory location can be incremented or decrement by 1. Similarly, the 16-bit contents of a register pair (such as BC) can be incremented or decrement by 1. These increment and decrement operations differ from addition and subtraction in an important way; i.e., they can be performed in any one of the registers or in a memory location. Logical Operations These instructions perform various logicaloperations with the contents of the accumulator. AND, OR Exclusive-OR- Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register, or of a memory location can be logically ANDed, Ored, or Exclusive-ORed with the contents of the accumulator. The results are stored in the accumulator. Rotate- Each bit in the accumulator can be shifted either left or right to the next position. Compare- Any 8-bit number, or the contents ofa register, or a memory location can

be compared for equality, greater than, or less than, with the contents of the accumulator. Complement - The contents of the accumulator can be complemented. All 0s are replaced by 1s and all 1s are replaced by 0s. Branching Operations This group of instructions alters the sequence of program execution either conditionally or unconditionally. Jump - Conditional jumps are an important aspect of the decision-making process in the programming. These instructions test for a certain conditions (e.g., Zero or Carry flag) and alter the program sequence when the condition is met. In addition, the instruction set includes an instruction called unconditional jump. Call, Return, and Restart - These instructions change the sequence of a program either by calling a subroutine or returning from a subroutine. The conditional Call and Return instructions also can test condition flags. Machine Control Operations These instructions control machine functionssuch as Halt, Interrupt, or do nothing. The microprocessor operations related to data manipulation can be summarized in four functions: 1. copying data 2. performing arithmetic operations 3. performing logical operations 4. testing for a given condition and alerting the program sequence Some important aspects of the instruction set are noted below: 1. In data transfer, the contents of the source are not destroyed; only the contents of the destination are changed. The data copy instructions do not affect the flags. 2. Arithmetic and Logical operations are performed with the contents of the accumulator, and the results are stored in the accumulator (with some expectations). The flags are affected according to the results. 3. Any register including the memory can be used for increment and decrement. 4. A program sequence can be changed either conditionally or by testing for a given data condition. 8. Instruction Format An instructionis a command to the microprocessor to perform a given task on a specified data. Each instruction has two parts: one is task to be performed, called the operation code(opcode), and the second is the data to be operated on, called the operand.The operand (or data) can be specified in various ways. It may include 8-bit (or 16-bit ) data, an internal register, a memory location, or8-bit (or 16-bit) address. In some instructions, the operand is implicit.

Instruction word size The 8085 instruction set is classified into the following three groups according to word size: 1. One-word or 1-byte instructions 2. Two-word or 2-byte instructions 3. Three-word or 3-byte instructions In the 8085, "byte" and "word"are synonymous because it isan 8-bit microprocessor. However, instructions are commonly referred toin terms of bytes rather than words. One-Byte Instructions A 1-byte instruction includes the opcode and operand in the same byte. Operand(s) are internal register and are coded into the instruction. For example: Task Op code Operand Binary Code Hex Code Copy the contents of the accumulator in the register C. MOV C,A 0100 1111 4FH Add the contents of register B to the contents of the accumulator. ADD B 1000 0000 80H Invert (compliment) each bit in the accumulator. CMA 0010 1111 2FH These instructions are 1-byte instructions performing three different tasks. In the first instruction, both operand registers are specified. In the second instruction, the operand B is specified and the accumulator is assumed. Similarly, in the third instruction, the accumulator is assumed to be the implicit operand. These instructions are stored in 8-bit binary format in memory; each requires one memory location. MOV rd, rs rd <-- rs copies contents of rs into rd. Coded as 01 ddd sss where ddd is a code for oneof the 7 general registers which is the destination of the data, sss is the code of the source register.

Example: MOV A,B Coded as 01111000 = 78H = 170 octal (octal was used extensively in instruction design of such processors). ADD r A <-- A + r Two-Byte Instructions In a two-byte instruction, the first byte specifies the operation code and the second byte specifies the operand. Source operand isa data byte immediately following the opcode. For example: Task Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code Load an 8-bit data byte in the accumulator. MVI A, Data 3E Data First Byte Second Byte Assume that the data byte is 32H. The assembly language instruction is written as Mnemonics Hex code MVI A, 32H 3E 32H The instruction would require two memory locations to store in memory. MVI r,data r <-- data Example: MVI A,30H coded as 3EH 30H as two contiguous bytes. This is an example of immediate addressing. ADI data A <-- A + data OUT port 0011 1110 DATA where port is an 8-bit device address. (Port) <-- A. Since the byte is not the data but points directly to where it is locatedthis is called direct addressing. Three-Byte Instructions In a three-byte instruction, the first byte specifies the opcode, and the following two bytes specify the 16-bit address. Note thatthe second byte is the low-order address and the third byte is the high-order address. opcode + data byte + data byte For example: Task Opcode Operand Binary code Hex Code Transfer the program sequence to the memory location

2085H. JMP 2085H C3 85 20 First byte Second Byte Third Byte This instruction would require three memory locations to store in memory. Three byte instructions - opcode + data byte + data byte LXI rp, data16 rp is one of the pairs of registers BC, DE, HL used as 16-bit registers. The two data bytes are 16-bit data in L H order of significance. rp <-- data16 Example: LXI H,0520H coded as 21H 20H 50H in three bytes. This isalso immediate addressing. LDA addr A <-- (addr) Addr is a 16-bit address in L H order. Example: LDA 2134H coded as 3AH 34H 21H. This is also anexample of direct addressing. 9. Sample Programs