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Transient Heat Conduction+SemiInfinite

1) This document discusses one-dimensional transient heat conduction in various geometries like plates, cylinders, and spheres. It presents the governing equations, boundary conditions, and analytical solutions using separation of variables. 2) Dimensionless parameters like Fourier number, Biot number, and error functions are used to non-dimensionalize the solutions and present them graphically in the form of Heisler charts. 3) Transient heat conduction in semi-infinite solids is also analyzed, with the solution presented in terms of the error function and a relationship derived for surface heat flux as a function of time.

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En Csak
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398 views22 pages

Transient Heat Conduction+SemiInfinite

1) This document discusses one-dimensional transient heat conduction in various geometries like plates, cylinders, and spheres. It presents the governing equations, boundary conditions, and analytical solutions using separation of variables. 2) Dimensionless parameters like Fourier number, Biot number, and error functions are used to non-dimensionalize the solutions and present them graphically in the form of Heisler charts. 3) Transient heat conduction in semi-infinite solids is also analyzed, with the solution presented in terms of the error function and a relationship derived for surface heat flux as a function of time.

Uploaded by

En Csak
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6. ONE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSIENT CONDUCTION For Bi > 0.

.1, lumped capacity is not applicable Spatial temperature variations must be accounted for
Example: One-dimensional transient conduction in a plate or in long cylinder or in a sphere
= heat transfer coefficient /2 = half thickness of plate To = initial temperature T = ambient temperature a = thermal diffusivity

Governing Equations
T T T T & ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + Q = c zdr x x y y z z t For one-dimensional, no energy generation and constant conductivity, heat conduction equation becomes: 2T 1 T = (6.1) 2 a t x

Boundary conditions on both sides:

T x

= T T
x =0,

x =0,

) = (T

(a) (b)

Initial condition:

T(x,0) = To

For symmetrical heating or cooling, only one half of the plate and x=0 placed on the axis of the plate.

T =0 x x=0

x=0

x=/2

(c)

T + = T T = T T x = 2 w x x= 2

) (

Solution to the equation


2T 1 T = 2 a t x
(6.1)

Analytical Fourier method of separation of variables.

Graphical Representation of Solutions: Non-dimensional Form (Heislers Charts)


2T 1 T = 2 a t x
T(x,0) = To

Plates

T + = T T = T T x = 2 w x x= 2

) (

The form of the equation and boundary conditions shows that the temperature T(x,t) depends on:

Two variables: x and t Six physical quantities: , , /2, T ,To and a


T T = f x, t, T ,a, , 0 T , 2

To map the effects of all quantities on T(x,t) can be tedious (boring) and time consuming Alternate approach: Express the result in nondimensional form (by independent dimensionless groups) using Buckingham theorem: Required number of dimensionless groups is equal to the total number of physical quantities n (x,t,,a) minus the number of primary dimensions m required to express the dimensional n quantities.

T T = f x,t,T0 T , ,a,, 2

8 quantities 4 primary dimensions m, s, W, K

Define the following 4 dimensionless variables

Time: Distance:

Fo =

t
2

L x X= L

= Fourier number
Characteristic dimension L for a plate is /2
To T T T

Temperature:

L Bi = = Biot number Relation between two variables and six quantities is replaced by relation between four dimensionless groups = f(X, Fo; Bi)

Heisler charts: Equations of the analytical solution


are used to construct charts to determine transient temperature in plates

Fig. 1: Transient temperature at the center, Tc Fig. 2:Transient temperature at other locations in
terms of Tc

Tc T = c (T0 T )

=
c

T T
c o

1 = Bi L
t L2

T T

For given time t calculate Fo Calculate Bi Determine c temperature at the center

Fo =

Fig. 1: Center-plane transient temperature of a plate of thickness 2L

T T
c

T T

T T = (T c T )
Surface temperature

1/Bi = /L
Fig. 2: Temperature distribution in a plate of thickness 2L

Fig. 3 Center transient temperature of a cylinder

Surface temperature
Fig. 4 Temperature distribution in a Cylinder of radius
ro terms of To

Fig. 5 Center transient temperature of a sphere

Fig. 6 Temperature distribution of a sphere in terms of

To

Multi-dimensional Transient Conduction in bars, prisms, short cylinders etc.


Superposition of 1D solution product solution A short cylinder is the intersection of a long cylinder and a plane wall of the thickness that equals the height of the cylinder.

Similarly, a long rectangular bar is the intersection of two plane walls of the thickness a and b

Product solution:

T ( r , x , t ) T T T short 0

cylinder

T ( x , t ) T T ( r , t ) T = T T plane . T T infinite 0 0
wall

cylinder

Remind:

T(0,t) T c = To T

for x, r=0

Temperature in the center of a finite (short) cylinder:

T (0,0 , t ) T c = T T short 0

= c,plane .c,infinite
wall cylinder

cylinder

Similarly for other locations:

1 = centre .surface
1 2 3 4

cylinder

plane . wall

2 = surface .surface
cylinder

plane . wall

3 = center .center
cylinder

plane . wall plane . wall

4 = surface .center
cylinder

TRANSIENT CONDUCTION IN SEMIINFINITE SOLID


Sudden cooling of surface

Position of no temperature change

Solution procedure
Equation for temperature distribution T=f(x,t)
T T =a 2 T x
2
x=0

B.C.: One initial condition: at t=0, T=T0 , for all x One boundary condition: at t>0, T=Tw for x=0

Solution
T ( x,t ) Tw x = erf = erf T0 Tw 2 at 2
erf - Gauss error function New variable (a)

x = at

T ( x,t ) Tw T0 Tw

Practical impact

T ( x,t ) Tw T0 Tw

/2 = 1,825 For /2 > 1,825, i.e.

for x > 3,65 at


T(x) - Tw > 0.99(To - Tw) i.e. T ( x ) To

Heat flux transferred on the surface


Fourier law

T q & w = x x =0

[W/m2]

After differentiation of (a)

T ( x,t ) Tw x erf = erf = T0 Tw 2 at 2

T0 Tw T = at x x =0
Heat flux

(Tw T0 ) q &w = at

1 &w q t

What about an amount of heat [J]??

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