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(800) 537-1919 (847) 719-0000 FAX (847) 719-0200 Compact Disc ( Books and Modes ) Red Book (CD-DA) Allows for up to 74 minutes of digital sound. Sample rate of 44.1Khz, or 44,100 samples per second. Transfer rate of 150 kilobytes per second. Also known as "single-speed" or 1X. Can contain up to 99 tracks. Red book audio is also referred to as CD-DA (Compact Disc-Digital Audio). Introduced by Sony and Philips in 1980, the Red Book standard was simply designed to be a universal medium for distributing digitized music. Data on a audio CD is organized into frames. Each frame contains up to 24 bytes of user data, synchronization, LECC (Logical Error Correction Code), and data for control and display. Frame are interleaved with other frames into a single, spiral so that scratches or defects will not destroy a single frame beyond correction. Rather, a scratch will destroy a small portion of many frames, all of which can be recovered in other frames. A Red Book disc is divided into three areas: Lead In, Program, and Lead Out. Every track's location is recorded into the disc's TOC (Table of Contents) which is stored in the Lead In area of every disc. The Red Book CD was to become the template for which all other "book standards" were created. Yellow Book ( Mode 1, Mode 2 ) Yellow Book is the standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs, Yellow Book was the first extension of the Red Book. Yellow Book allowed CDs to contain 650MB of computer data instead of only digital audio data. The Yellow Book standard is currently defined by two data subsets. Mode 1 Mode 2 The Yellow Book standard defines two data types. Mode 1 describes CD-ROM data with Logical Error Correction Code (LECC), which provides room for 2,048 bytes of user data and is the mode used to store data that is unforgiving of error, like computer programs or databases. Mode 2 describes sector data stored without LECC, which provides increased room for 2,336 bytes of user data. This mode is typically used for data that is more tolerant of error, like audio, video, or graphics. Most CD-ROM discs that contain computer programs or data archives are written using Yellow Book, Mode 1, ISO 9660 Level 1, for the DOS or Windows platform. Though these discs can also be accessed on Macintosh and UNIX platforms, they will not behave like Apple or UNIX natives volumes. Yellow Book, Mode 1, ISO 9660 Level 1 is the most widely utilized standard since it will allow virtually all PC's to access it's data. Mode 2 will permit the "combining" of Mode1 and Mode2 data on a single disc. Mode 2 is primarily the entertainment portion of the Yellow Book standard. CD-ROM/XA, Bridge discs (including Photo CD, Karaoke CD, and Video CD), and Green Book, or CD-i, fall under the Mode2 standard of Yellow Book. Mode2 discs are intended to be play on dedicated consumer electronics platforms.

Yellow Book Standards ISO 9660 ISO 9660 (International Standards Organization) is The file and directory naming standard that refined *High Sierra to be readable on any platform, regardless of the content format. ISO-9660 specifies each file name consist of three components: name, extension and version. A name or extension may consists of zero or more characters of the set [A thru Z], [0 thru 9] and the _ (underscore). The version number ranges from 1 to 32767. There are three levels of this standard defined by ISO-9660: Files are listed in alphabetical order. A directory name consists of one or more characters of the set [A thru Z], [0 thru 9] and the _ (underscore). The Volume Name of the disc can contain up to 11 of the set [A thru Z], [0 thru 9] and the _ (underscore). Directories are sorted alphabetically. File extensions and levels supported by the ISO 9660 specification are: *High Sierra High Sierra was the first attempt at making the Yellow Book standard readable on any computer platform. No longer used, creating a disc for general distribution with High Sierra could create a disc that is not playable on most drives. ISO 9660 Level 1 - Known as the "DOS" Character set, the number of characters is restricted to 8 and the number of characters of the extension is restricted to 3. Also referred to as 8.3 (eight-dot-three). ISO 9660 Level 3 - The total length of the name and extension is restricted to 30 characters (excluding the point). ISO 9660 (Joliet) - The total length of the name and extension is restricted to 64 characters. ISO 9660 Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol - Permits UNIX and variants to use the naming standards of the UNIX platform and performs like a native volume. Hybrid - Permits "Partitioning of the disc" to allow the disc to perform natively in two or more platforms, operating systems, or environments. HFS The Apple HFS standard creates CD-ROMs that perform like native Macintosh volumes. Discs manufactured under this specification will only function on Apple platforms. The total length of the name is restricted to 31 characters. No naming restrictions. CD-ROM/XA (CD-ROM/Extended Architecture) CD-ROM XA, or Extended Architecture, was developed by Sony, Philips and Microsoft and is an extension to the Yellow Book standard. A track on a CD-ROM/XA disc can contain computer data, compressed audio data, and video/picture data. Many CD-ROM drives do not support CD-ROM/XA. XA defines two types of sector data: Mode 1 data - describes CD-ROM data with Logical Error Correction Code (LECC), which provides room for 2,048 bytes of user data and is the mode used to store data that is unforgiving of error, like computer programs or databases. Mode 2 data - sector data stored without LECC, which provides increased room for 2,336 bytes of user data. This mode is typically used for data that is more tolerant of error, like audio, video, or graphics. Sectors are extended into CD-ROM XA Form 1 and Form 2 sectors. The new CD-ROM XA sectors are used for data, graphics, video and ADPCM. CDROM-XA is a "bridge format" and a CDROM-XA disc can be read on a CD-I player as well as on a PC under MSCDEX (MSCDEX becomes responsible for error correction which can hinder the performance of the disc). Delivering text, graphics, and compressed audio and video into an interleaved scheme, CD-ROM/XA makes it possible to read and deliver the text, graphics, audio and video simultaneously. Orange Book (CD-ROM) The Standard for CD-R (write-once) media. Allowed computer data to be appended to CD-R media. The Orange Book standard is the format that enables CD-R drives to record discs that regular CD-ROM drives and Audio CD players can read. Though the Orange Book specification allows a CD-R disc to be recorded in more than one session, It is not recommended that a "multi-session" disc be used as a master for "pressed CD's, Rather "Disc-at-Once," or a "single volume" disc be used. Depending on the recording method, a "mixed-mode disc" can be created to contain Yellow Book or Red Book sessions, in any order. It is possible to create a disc that places an audio track in the first track of the disc, where it can be played by Audio CD players, and CD-ROM data in the second track of the disc, where it can only be read by CD-ROM drives in computers.

Eventually "stamped multisession" discs were given their own specification and are referred to as either Blue Book or CD Plus. Green Book (CD-I) The Green Book standard was created by Sony and Philips to work on CD-I players. Compact Disc Interactive is the only specification which not only defines the disc and the data, but also the entire hardware and operating platform. CD-I was created mainly to provide entertainment by interfacing with televisions and stereo systems. Eventually CD-ROM/XA, (seen Yellow Book) with the help of Philips, Sony, and Microsoft gave CD-ROM/XA certain traits found on CD-i discs. CR-ROM/XA, also known as the "bridge disc" contained interactive capabilities, as well as a specific form of audio compression known as (ADPCM). CD-ROM/XA was to describe a standard means for making multimedia data access more efficient, especially for PC's. Interleaving audio and video data allows for better synchronization upon playback. Blue Book (CD Plus) A subset of the Orange Book specification, the Blue Book standard was designed expressly for stamped multisession discs limited to two sessions, one music and one data. Also known as CD Plus, Blue Book is a defined, licensed standard supported by Philips, Sony, Microsoft, and Apple. Discs play on CD-Audio players with no possibility of producing static and on computers with newer CD-ROM drives. Prior to the Blue Book standard, it was possible to record an Orange Book disc with Red Book audio and have the audio written to the second track. Most CD players would get fooled into thinking the first track was audio and play the data track. The result was a loud static noise that could easily damage audio playback equipment. White Book (Video CD) The White Book specification for Video CD was announced by JVC, Philips, SONY and Matsushita in July 1993. A special CD-ROM/XA subset designed to hold MPEG-1 video. White Book defines Mode 2, Form 2 data standard which creates a disc that can contain up to 74 minutes of full-motion video. Video CD can be played on personal computers with a CD drive supporting CD-ROM/ XA, CD-i players, Video CD players and DVD players. Limited with a slow playback rate and only 680MB of storage space, the DVD standard is designed to replace the troubled Video CD. MPEG stands for Motion Picture Experts Group.

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