A Sanskrit Manual For High Schools

A SANSKRIT
MANUAL
FOR HIGH SCHOOLS
PART
R.
ANTOINE,
S.J.,
M.A.
PRICE
Rs. 1.50
Approved by the Council for the Indian School Examination (1 2th January, 7967).
Certificate
A SANSKRIT MANUAL
FOR HIGH SCHOOLS
PART
I
BY
R.
ANTOINE,
S.J.,
M.A.
Sixth Edition
1968
XAVIER PUBLICATION
CALCUTTA
16
Published by Xavier Publication 30, Park Street, Calcutta 16
1953
1st.
edition
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3000
1956 1958
3961
2nd. edition
3rd. edition
4th. edition
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10000
1963
1968
5th. edition
6th. edition
Printed by Sri G. C. Ray at Navana Printing Works Private Ltd, 47, Ganesh Chunder Avenue, Calcutta-13.
CONTENTS
LESSON
1.
... THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET ... THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( vercftj ) MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN sr NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE ... THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( %Tft[ ) ... INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE THE SIXTH CONJUGATION (^rft) MASCULINE NOUNS IN 5 AND 3 ... ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( ^Rift* ) ... LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE FEMININE NOUNS IN on AND f
...
PAGE
...
1
4
2.
3.
...
8
13
4.
...
5.
...
18
6.
...
22
7.
...
27
8.
PRESENT TENSE
9.
MIDDLE VOICE
(
onsFtafr
33
THE IMPERFECT TENSE
&^) ACTIVE AND

...
10.
MIDDLE. FEMININE NOUNS IN ^ AND 3 MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN ^ IMPERATIVE MOOD ( 3feJ ...
38
...
43
11.
FEMININE NOUNS IN gj POTENTIAL MOOD
( fafafcre)
...
...
48
12.
13.
14.
NEUTER NOUNS IN 5, 3 AND ^c AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS PASSIVE VOICE
...
...
53
...
53
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

PASSIVE VOICE
(cont.)
....
^^ AND 9?^
...
...
63
15.
NOUNS ENDING
IN
CONSONANTS
70
LESSON
16. 17.
PAGE
(cont.)
...
...
NOUNS WITH ONE STEM
75
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL Orre spjtaO
NOUNS WITH Two STEMS

18.
19.
...
...
...
...
80
84
PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES
20.
THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES ... ... NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH Two STEMS
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
...
...
89
(cont.)
...
93
21. 22.
23.
24.
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS ... NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS (cont ) THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE ... ... INDECLINABLE PA^TîmciPLE ( ^rr AND &n} LOCATIVE AND GENITIVE ABSOLUTE ...
g^ ( g^ ) THE SUBORDINATE-CLAUSE ... THE ADVERB-CLAUSE ... ... VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ... ...
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
...
98
101
105
109
25.
INFINITIVE IN
...
115 119 124
26.
...
...
136
151
...
...
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
164
PREFACE
The purpose of
of Sanskrit grammar.
this
It is
Manual
is
not to give
an exhaustive treatment
Its
meant as a practical method of teaching and
learning Sanskrit through the
medium of English.
:
composition
is
based
on
the
two following principles

1.
The
effort
of memory which the study of languages demands
becomes a mere
drudgery
when
its
rational
usefulness
is
not
clearly
shown and immediately given practical scope. An instrument, however beautiful, remains cumbersome as long as it cannot be utilized.
2. The drudgery of memory work is amply repaid by the capacity which the student acquires of expressing himself in the language which he learns. That is why greater stress has been laid on translation from
English into Sanskrit than on translation from Sanskrit into English.
This
First
Part covers the matter of the
first
three years
(Standards
IV
to
slow.
VI or Classes VI to VIII j. The vocabulary should be

The
The beginnings should be extremely

learnt
by small
doses
(five
to
eight
words a day) and frequent

first
repetitions should be given.
ten lessons could conveniently

is
form the
syllabus of the
first
year.
Their treatment
Lessons
veiy analytical.
will require
to
26 are more compact and
more time
third year.
to be
assimilated.
They should be
distributed over the second
and
In this sixth
edition, besides
correcting
the
few printing mistakes

the
had escaped our scrutiny, we have suggestion of colleagues and well-wishers.
which
incorporated
valuable
RA., SJ.
LESSON
1.
THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

The Vowels There
They
are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit are divided into simple vowels and diphthongs.
last,
alphabet,
Every simple vowel, except the

long form.
(
shows a short and a
short
Simple vowels 1.
I
long
:8?afiû^r^l __.____ _~
8TT
^ u ^
The Sanskrit consonants are classified according to the organs of pronunciation. There are five categories : those pronounced from the throat are called gutthose pronounced from the palate are called palatals turals those pronounced from the roof of the mouth are called cerethose pronounced from the teeth are called dentals brals those pronounced from the lips are called labials The Sanskrit names for those five categories are
2.
;
Diphthongs The Consonants

:
IT
ai sft
aft
an
Each category contains seven consonants 5 mutes, 1 semivowel and 1 sibilant. The five mutes of each category are divided 2 hard mutes one non-aspirate, the other aspirate as follows 3 soft mutes, one non-aspirate, the second aspirate and the third The semi-vowels are soft, the sibilants are hard. nasal.
:
:
MUTES
SANSKRIT
N.B.
MANUAL
each consonant to
facilitate the
An
V has been added to

:
pronunciation.
Besides the consonants given above, the following
should be noted
anusvara
a dot
any
its
of the five
class
j^
nasals followed
above a vowel, standing for final *T^ or for by one of the first four mutes of
3fif=anga
:
own
^=kam
visarga
:
ff =simha
3T
a double dot
:
standing for a final Sôr a final T

at the beginning
avagraha
of a
a stroke
the sign S marking the elision of
word ^sfq
below a consonant îndicates that
it.
it
stands by
itself
without any vowel following

3.
Consonants followed by vowels

consonant, the consonant loses written in an abbreviated form.
-3?
-3TT
When
a vowel follows a
is
its
stroke and the vowel
is
is
not written at
written as T
written as
written as
all
*H-3? =*T
3 i 3?T=$T
-^
is is
is
*H-^ =fa
*!+f
ft
-f
written as*Y
9
-3
-3
is
written as
Note
-^|
is
*+
3=5
written as^
written as
^C
is
is is is
-^
-IT
written as
^
:
written as^
written as
written as*t
'T-h
-^
-3?T
^ =
is is
-aft
written as^
THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

4.
Compound consonants When two

is
or
more consonants have
to be written without intervening vowels, the following general

principle
followed
All consonants, except the last of the group, drop their final
vertical line
:
w + r=wr
^+ttf1=^ H+q=T *L-H=W

;
;
The combination
line
of
consonants which have no

its
final vertical
;
assumes a form of
own. 3^+3;=^;
*&-}
cT=Tfi
The consonant ^ has a special treatment in combination when it follows a consonant, it is written as
When
5.
it
precedes
c
consonant or the vowel

t
it is
written as
The
Sanskrit numerals are
EXERCISE
I.
Write the Sanskrit vowels.

Write the Sanskrit consonants.
II.
III.
IV.
What What
are the hard consonants
are the soft consonants
?
:
V.
Join the following groups of letters
4
VI.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
:
Write the following

; ;
in Sanskrit letters
;
rohanti
;
bhumavupavisami snayuh jnanam ksetrani angat udyane arthabhyam Sastraih sarvada krinlvah drsyate asti andhakarena ratna atra tyakta muda tisthami bhramati alva baddha sa na janati tena suhrda raksitah maya dattam tvaya drst;am yusmabhiruktam.
; ;
;
LESSON
2
(
THE
6.
FIRST
CONJUGATION
The Sanskrit verb conjugated in a finite tense has (1) three persons and three numbers. The three numbers are : singular, dual and plural (l^^f, fi*^R> 5ff^ ;
The verbal root (2) The verbal base (%&)
(^Tg)
is
is
the original form of the verb.
the form assumed by the root before
the terminations are added.
The formation of the verbal base depends partly on the (3) strengthening of the radical vowel (i.e. the vowel of the root). Simple vowels are subject to a twofold strengthening the first the second degree of degree of strengthening is called guna strengthening is called vrddhi. The following scheme of simple vowels with their twofold strengthening should be committed
:
:
to
memory
Simple vowels
short and long
THE
7.
FIRST
CON JUGATION
first
Formation of the base in the
Conjugation
of a root (1) The final vowel and the short medial vowel
take guna.
A
is
medial vowel is a vowel which stands between consonants. When a short vowel is followed by a compound consonant it
e.g.
:
counted as long,
(2)
fa\>
*T5iM
The
added before the terminations. becomes Off before the terminations beginning with ^ or C That Bf is dropped before terminations beginning with 3f.
letter 9? is
8?
That
8.
The terminations
)
of the present
tenseactive
voice
are
S.
1st pers.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
Adding the terminations

S.
1st pers.
D.
P.
THE
FIRST
CONJUGATION
2
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
(
)
)
to
draw
to fall
to dig to eat
V to
)
) ) )
know
become
to be, to
( (
=3K%
=355%
to
to
to
move move
conquer
to worship
to protect
to
grow
to live to
(
)
) ) )
to speak to
to
abandon burn
run
sow
to dwell to carry, to flow

to go to praise to go to
)
) )
to run, to melt
to
!(
) )
)
to salute
to lead
to
cook
remember
:
II.
Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice
III.
Translate the following into English

reftii
i
^TT:
i i
sfacr.i
i
^fei
i
w
TTJ
i
^nrftr
^m:
wra:
i
sfarftr
i
^û?:
*trfcr
i
^^fe
âf^f
i:
i
*TO:
wf^r
TOT
IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit
You two move. He conquers. They grow. two abandon. Thou salutest. They two remember, You two dig. They cook. I fall. He draws. They know.
worship.
I
We
sow.
We
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
We
You
I
two become.
live.
Thou
He
I
leads.
We
burn.
Thou
dwellest.
They two move. We protect. You two praise. They melt. go. They two speak. We to run. You go.
eatest.
eat.
He
carries.
cook.
You two
LESSON
3
3T
MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE
10. (1) In Sanskrit, the grammatical function of noun in a sentence is indicated by special terminations called case-
endings.
is
(son) becomes Jpn when it when it is direct object. What we becomes express by means of prepositions such as 'with', by\ 'to', 'for',
For instance, the noun

it
subject
3^
*from',
'of,
'in'
etc.,
is
also
rendered
into
:
Sanskrit
by
case-
endings.
There are eight cases in Sanskrit
nominative, accusa-
tive, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive,
ocative and vocative.
(2)
As
:
in the
verb,
so also in the noun, Sanskrit has three
numbers
singular, dual
and
plural.
Sanskrit has
three genders
masculine, feminine and neuter.

various forms taken by a noun in numbers are called the Declension of that noun.
(3)
The
all
its
cases and
There are two types of nouns ending in af. Some are masculine and some are neuter. Both masculine and neuter nouns in 3? are declined in the same way except in the nominative, accusative and vocative.
(4)
MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN

11.
3?
Declension of
S.
<g<T
m. (a well) and of
n.
(a forest)
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
Nominative
Accusative
Instrumental
Dative
Ablative Genitive
Locative
Vocative
12.
The verb
e.g.
:
agrees with
falls
3T55:
its
subject in person and
number
boy
Two
Boys
13.
boys
fall
fall
3T55T:
The Nominative
(1)
(2)
case
is
used
to indicate the subject
The father
leads
:
to indicate the subjective
The
(3)
sons
complement become heroes 3^T: ^rfNl
to indicate a
noun in apposition to the subject the hero* conquers U*?: ^fr: Wffo Rama,
I
14.
The Accusative
(1)
case
is
used
to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb The father leads the sons
10
(2)
SANSKRIT
to indicate the objective
MANUAL
complement
:
We
(3)
know Rama
(to be) a hero
after verbs indicating
movement
The servant goes

(4)
to the well
:
^T
sjfcl
with the following prepositions

ajftr
along),
:
(near), 37
Sftcf*
(near,
below),
of),
Bfftrcf:
(above), 8TJ (after (near, in front of)*

(
(around),
ie
(on
all sides
3VRTcP
n both sides of)*

QFtftw
tfW, fa$qT (near), f^T (without), concerning), 8RKT (between), 51% (to, towards).
on),
(without,
Stcrf-
S\*i<2C(&0j
O/VU
c*7/7
15.
Sandhi rules do not apply to vowels^ atone, "'feut also to consonants. Thus, in the sentences above, the final^ and the
:
final
of
word followed by another word undergo various

when followed
a consonant
changes.
(1)
Final
J^
by
is
changed
to anusvcira
(2)
Final
(visarga)
by
when followed
a hard consonant
-remains unchanged before
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ and
q^
-becomes ^be/ore
^ and ^
ând ând followed
:
-becomes ^before 2^ and
-becomes ^be/ore
when preceded
vowel t
is
by
3TT
by
soft
consonant or
dropped
3Tc5T:
tuhen preceded
by 8?
and followed by a
soft
consonant,
is
changed
to 8Tt
gsf:
MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN
3?
11
when preceded
when preceded
following
by 8?
and followed by any vowel except and followed by

: is vrj^cf:
3?, is
dropped:
by 3?
9T
is
3T,
is
changed
I
to
sff
while the
elided
3reft=t*recftS^V
N.B.
is
When
final visarga
followed by a sibilant
:
(3T,
qôr
it
optionally changed to the sibilant
or,
EXERCISE
1.
Vocabulary
Masculine nouns
Neuter nouns
Prepositions governing the accusative
:
horse
near, in front
conduct
:
ÊHHjuel
around
pigeon
W^
gold
lotus
on
all sides
hand
:
on both
fie
sides
crow
village
water
3*1^ grass
on
{
C/C
near
person
misery
leaf
H: servant
T:
without
country
vessel
fruit
|
above
3TJ3
man
king
:
after,
f:
body
sacred precept
according to, along
mountain
boy
near
to,
character
towards
happiness
:
between
near,
tree
2
place
\/
below
near
12
II.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
:

(1)
$1$: q*5lft
^fal
I
5^
^T:
Sftfal
(})
?fsfa
(X)
an^R^
g:^ <O
*rnftn
III.
Decline fully the following nouns
IV.
Join the sandhis in the following

^q:
I
vsfqfa
3To5:
3T55T'vSi
sJI^ftcT
OT^l *3T5fo
R: ^jwfa
V.
Translate the following into Sanskrit

:
Example
Two
servants lead the horses around the village.
Two
servants
noun-dual-masc.-subject-nomin.
verb-pres.-act.-3rd pers.-dual
:
lead the horses
noun-plur.-masc -object-accus.
preposition
:
around
the village
noun-sing.-masc.-governed by qffa:-accus.
Sandhi
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION

(1) Trees
fi^lft
13
crow.
grass.
(3)
(5)
grow near the well. (2) The pigeon becomes a The king conquers the country. (4) Two horses eat The servant draws the boys. (6) Persons carry the
vessels.
live without happiness. (8) Trees carry leaves. (7) burn the the fuel. UO) Clouds of well sides both boys (9) The hand protects the body. move towards the mountain. (11) (13) Sacred precepts (12) Water falls on all sides of the village. lead men to happiness. (14) Fie on the crows. (15) Between
We
On
the
two
I
trees
the
water
flows.
(16) Persons salute the king.
(18) According to (his) character, the (17) praise the lotus. king protects the people (persons). (19) You to leave the place. (20) Character (is) superior to ( = above) gold. (21) The servant
;
(is) inferior to
(= below)
the king.
LESSON 4 THE FOURTH CONJUGATION

16.
(%rf?)
The Fourth Conjugation

Present Tense
Active Voice
(^fift S^ffalO
(1) Formation of the base (a) The radical vowel does not take guna.
(b) îs added to the root.

(c)
The
That That
letter
8T
8? is added before the terminations. becomes 3?T before terminations beginning
with
3?
^ or ^
is 3j
dropped before terminations beginning

are the
with
(2)
The terminations
same as those of the
first
con-
jugation (see No. 8).
14
(3)
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
Application
3^
(to nourish).
Formation of the base

(a)
No
The
guna of the radical vowel

:
3^
(b) îs added to the root

(c)
letter
8? is
added
Before terminations beginning with Jôr
Before terminations beginning with
8|

S.
1st Pcrs.
D.
P.
2nd
Pers.
3rd Pers.
17.
The nominative and

end
ftr
I
write
in ft-TO^-^Tfa instead of fa, as in sjrfk^ (body)-Ô'Uftl applied in this and similar cases is the following
accusative plural of neuter nouns in -8? In some cases, however, we have to

I
The
:
rule to be
When,
by a
vowel,
in the
same word,
is
preceded by
to
or.
?!, ^|,
?;
or
q and followed
^,
J^, zjôr
^,
it is
changed
the
The
3f ,
rule
allies even
or
qby
several letters,
gutturals t labials, or
^, is separated from the preceding provided those intervening letters be vowels, ^, ^, fând anusv^ra.
;
when
Examples
But
:
T^T-fa = îftr
!^-I
ftur
^T'M-^^rRT^nr
because îs followed by nothing 3 because îs followed by ^
because the intervening Ms neither a vowel> guttural, a labial nor ^r , ^ , *fôr anusvara.
a.

In order to
( ft^jf^ )
15
remember the above
rule,
commit
to
memory
the
following line
When,
in the
same word, îs preceded by

3^>*{>
(^C)>
ôr ^>
it is
and followed by a vowel or by changed to ^
ôr ^,
be not palatals
provided the intervening
letters
O,
cerebrals
(^3^5^),
^,
dentals
C^L^^Ô
are
or one of the three letters

18.
or
Both
in the first and in the fourth conjugations, there verbal roots which form their base irregularly.
Irregular verbs
First
Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
)
)
to play
to cease
to be
)
)
weary
to rejoice
to pierce to fall to forgive
to roam, to err
19.
The
normal order of words

e. g.
:
Sanskrit sentence usually ends with the verb. is as follows subject-object-verb

:
The
:
Two men
see the
forest^ q
16
20.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
:
The negation ff is placed immediately before the verb The king does not blame the servants ^ft ^TCfR. T ffR[fcf
The conjunction ^ (and)
is
either repeated after each one of
the nouns
it
connects, or
is
written once only after the last noun of
the series.
The man and
the boys go to the village
or
?rr
EXERCISE
II,
4
'
Vocabulary
to throw to play
to
to
to
go
to be
be quiet
pleased
.to perish
to forgive
to be
restrain
to give
O^fcT) to dance o nourish

to faint to fall
to bite
weary
to
be glad
5JT
to hide
(fa^fcf) to piece
to sit to smell
to drink to stand
S3T
to roam, to err to blow to take
to
blame
!
away
to see
forest
well
f^:
lake
elephant
$&*T*i flower
head
not
moon
palace
II.
^ft^n^
life
^f^
wealth
:
and

5fo5
TT
f^jf^
17
fq'srPen
(V)
(*\\)
^
^2TTIT:
^r
i I
q
C*ivs)
f^ ^cfT ^TTfe^f^T
m)
srrorfcr 5^r?cT
III.
IV.

(1)
I
throw fuel. (2) Two men are dancing near the well. (4) The elephant eats leaves, drinks (3) People run to the palace. water and is pleased. (5) Pigeons do not bite. (6) Two servants hide the fruits and the food. (7) I play and I am glad- (8) We do not praise wealth. (9) You two smell the flower. (10) They stand on all sides of the village. (11) Men dig the place and carry the gold away. (12) You are weary and you sit. (13) The horses are not quiet. (14) The king is not pleased. (15) The crow (16) The boys faint. (17) The man blames pierces the fruit. the two servants. (18) Life without happiness becomes misery. (19) We see the moon. (20) Elephants live on both sides of the
lake.
LESSON
INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE THE SIXTH CONJUGATION

21.
The Instrumental Case

(2) to indicate the
is
used
(1) to indicate the agent of a passive verb.
instrument which
is
used to do the action.

3pJ
The boy
I
hides (his) face with (his) hands
3Tc?t
^tmrf
Jjgfa
(3) to indicate the person or thing
accompanying the
action.
go with the servant
^TCfa Tc^lftr
In this sense, the instrumental

position ^1 (with)
may be
i.e.
followed by the pre-
5TT
3f[
T^Tfil
(4) to indicate the cause or reason,
to translate expres-
sions such as
etc.
'owing
to',
'on account of,

I
'out of,
'because
5ftjf
of,
I
On
account of misery
leave the village

like
f:^^
îfa
(5) to translate expressions

family', 'by birth', etc.
'by name',
'by nature',
'by
Rama
is
hero by nature
(6) with the prepositions (7) with the
*fi[
(with) and
faffl
(without).
particles 3J55^
and
f^ (enough).
Enough with
misery
22.
3j*5
The Dative Case

'to
is
used
(1) to indicate the indirect object of verbs

*to send',
meaning
'to give',
promise', 'to show'.
The preceptor
with',
gives the books
to the students
(2) afer verbs
meaning
is
long
for*.
The
father
'to be angry with the son angry
'to
desire', 'to
INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE

(3) to express the
19
purpose of the action.

I
He
goes for
war
(=with a purpose
action
is
to fight) JJOTT *T5!3% the person or thing for to indicate (4)
whose advantage the

$<t
done.
He
digs a well for (his) sons
3$^:
I
*sRftf
(5) after verbs indicating
movement
(see
Accusative, No. 14).
The
servant goes to the village ^T^t 2RT*n^ T^fa (6) after the particles WT: (salutation) and ^fef (hail to).
!
Hail to the king

23.
3TO
^ftcT
The
sixth Conjugation (gtfftO Present tense Active voice Formation of the base (a) The radical vowel does not take guna. (b) ?Lis not added to the root. (c) The letter 3? is added before the terminations. That e? becomes 8TT before terminations beginning with
lor 1
That
The
(see
dropped before terminaions beginning with 8f terminations are the same as those of the first conjugation
8T is
J
No.
8).
24.
Application
(1)
(3)
^
(2)
( to
strike)
Formation of the base
&
The
letter 3?
Neither guna nor is added 3^+3?=^

:
^g^
Before terminations beginning with Iôr ^ Before terminations beginning with 3?: g^-
Adding terminations
S.
1st pers.
D.
P.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
20
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
25. Irregular verbs of the sixth Conjugation

to cut
(ft^fa)
to find to sprinkle to wish to ask

3T
to release
1
5P&
(f&ifa)
to break
fo5<T
to anoint
final visarga
26.
When
new sandhi
a vowel
rule
is preceded by any vowel except must be applied.
or
3TT,
Final visarga preceded by any vowel except or a soft consonant is changed to
er or 3TT
and followed by
27.
We can now recapitulate

visarga (see
the sandhi rules applying to final
No. 15)
Final
visarga
preceded by
followed by
any any any any any
vowel vowel vowel vowel vowel except

8?
remains unchanged
? or
a
^
a
^ or ^
vowel or
soft cons.
becomes becomes becomes becomes

is
^
1
^
^
or
3TT
vowel or a
soft cons.
dropped
sft
a soft consonant
becomes
;
any vowel except
is
dropped
sft
becomes
is
and
3?
the following
elided.
N.B.
The
particle
^ft:
drops
its
visarga
<?r-
when
followed by a
vowel or a
soft consonant.
INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE
21
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
to
)
to
plough throw
to release
to break
wind burden
hero
jackal
to strike
to anoint
to find
to sprinkle to
to
show
to write
to enter
swan
house
to create
to
wish to ask
touch
'hve.
to laugh
bank h ornament
jewel
ff
to cut
to call
Prepositions without.
governing
the
instrumental
with
ftfff
Particles governing the instrumental enough. hail to. salutation to, Particles governing the dative
:
II.

(i) i*sCffr^TftT
I
(V)
(0
i
3*3
irr
^cT
:
I
TO
f^RT
i
(ll)
(iv)
|
*&M
wirfir
(i
arftsft
ftr^fif
(^vs)
I
(IS) t^" f^ fiREP

^rar
^fttt
li^^fe
TO
UO
22
III.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
:

if ?1>
>
faând
SR35J
:
IV.

(1) I give fruits to the
two
is
servants.
(2)
Thou
goest to the
(4)
forest
for
life.
flowers.
(5)
(3)
He
glad
by
character.
Misery
Owing to the wind the lotuses perish. (6) The finds food. (7) The two men call the servant. (8) Through jackal happiness the boys laugh and dance. (9) The hero shows the
breaks
jewels to the king. (11) Due to (his)
(10)
He
sees the jackal and runs
(away).
house.
conduct,
he leaves
(abandons)
the
plough, carry burdens, dig the mountains and leave (their) country. (13) Owing to the wind, the fruits fall, (14) sit near the bank. (15) On all sides
(12) For the sake of wealth
men
We
of
the
house,
jackals
roam.
(16)
Clouds emit
S^)
water.
the herces you enter the palace. (18) I stand near the lake with the boys. (19) They see the lotuses and laugh with (20) The swans move towards the bank. (21) I happiness.
(17)
With
show
(23)
the swan the to Enough with misery.
boys.
(22) Hail
to
the
country
LESSON
6
*
MASCULINE NOUNS IN ? AND ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE

28.
Masculine nouns in | and 3 (1) There is a great similarity between the declension of masculine nouns in f and that of masculine nouns in 3. When the masculine nouns in ^ have ^, f, ând tr, the masculine nouns in 3 have 3, 95, ând 8?t respectively.
MASCULINE NOUNS IN
(2)
AND
23
The Declension
S.
of
m. (a sage) and of
P.
S.
m. (a baby)
D.
P.
D.
Norn.
Ace.
Instr.
aft*
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
ftRft:
9ft
Voc.
29.
The Ablative Case

(1)
is
used
to indicate the place
from which the action begins or

I
originates.
The sage goes from the forest gfobn^Tx^fcl with verbs meaning 'to desist from', 'to protect*, 'to fear* (2) God protects men from misery f^lt TCHl. 2 ÎTc^srfh (3) t6 express the cause, the motive (cf Instrumental, No. 21)
:
Out
(4)
of anger he strikes the boy

:
35teTc3Tc5 g^fa
with the following prepositions
SIT^ (before, to the east

since),
snjft
fX IFi (before),
3%
30.
(outside),
(1)
SFRTC^
(after),
3ft (until,
(sinceX
(except), ftRT (without).

relation with the action of the
The Genetive Case has no

It
verb.
indicates a relation
between nouns, usually rendered

Hari
5^
into English by the preposition 'of.
The king
gives jewels to the son of
24
(2)
slate
:
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
1
There is no verb meaning *to have in Sanskrit. To tran"The enemies have chariots", the sentence must be turned
the enemies (there) are chariots"
into
Of
^ÎT
1&\ ^Rf^T
(3)
3<Tft
The genetive
3TO:
3JJ?,
(above),
(beyond),
31.
sw^
is used with the following prepositions (below), 3*cf: (in front of), T^T^ (behind), T^rf: (in the presence of), ?% (for the sake of).
:
a word ends with a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, both vowels are combined into one. "The rules of vowel-sandhi are divided into three sections
:
When
(1)
Combination of similar simple vowels

8?
or en
f or
S or
+ 3? or 3tt=3TT f + ^ or |=t 35 + 3 or 35=35

I I
f$'<J
or
3=3
tr
<2) Simple vowels combined with dissimilar vowels

3?
or or
or
3TT
3TT
8?T
8?
87
BT BT
or an or
or
87T 8?T
+ 3 or f + 5 or 35=8Tt + ^ or ^|= 3TC + =^[

IT
i
-r-
3fT
=^
=^
I
BT
+^
or f followed by a dissimilar vowel

sncffa
is
changed
to 2
= qreSRn e?^:
or
55 /olloit/ed fcy
a dissimilar vowel
is
changed
to
MASCULINE NOUNS IN ^ AND S

or ^| followed by
25
to
dissimilar vowel
is
changed
(3)
IT
Diphthongs combined with any vowel

8?r
and
followed
by any vowel except 3? are changed respectively
to
SR
IT
and 3^(see No. 9-) and

3Jt
followed by
3?
remain unchanged while the
3? is elided.
Before
any vowel except
ST,
sjqr^
and ST^ may
optionally drop the
and
the
^
5^t ^ftr=3^ftr or 5^
^ftr
i
^
.
and
sft
followed by any vowel are changed respectively to BJT^ and
But snând 3TT^may optionally Jrop the
ând
or
the ^.
(4) Exceptions
Interjections like sn, ^, sr^T <io not
,
combine with the following word.
35
and
IT,
when dual
terminations, remain unchanged before vowels.
the guest sees

!
two
forests.
the guest dwells in a forest.
26
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
6
EXERCISE
I.
jm-
Vocabulary
'
fire
THE TENTH CONJUGATION

Join the following sandhis
:
^<lf^
27
Translate the following into Sanskrit (1) The poet shows the trees to the sage. (2) The sage calls the boys. (3) The boys stand in front of the house. (4) The clouds move above the mountain. (5) The arrows of the hero (6) The boy falls from the tree and breaks pierce the enemy. (his) hand (9) The servant (7) The guests have no water. takes away the food from the fire. (9) The water of the ocean is calm. (10) The beasts of the forest roam around the (11) I hide the jewels behind the tree. (12) The poet village. has a place in the presence of the king. (13) From the babies (14) With (my) relatives up to the, men the people are tired. I go from the mountain to the forest. (15) He carries the axe with both hands. (16) With heaps of leaves we feed the fire. (17) Sages worship the sun. (18) Owing to the quarrel, the teacher leaves the village.
:
IV.
LESSON
7
(
THE TENTH CONJUGATION LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE

32.
The
(1)
Present Tense Conjugation Formation of the base

tenth
:
Active Voice
(a)
A short medial vowel takes guna.

A final vowel takes vrddhi.
That
That
becomes
or
(b)
(c) STîs added to the root. (d) The letter 3f is added before the terminations.
3T
3TT
before terminations beginning
with
?T^
^
dropped before terminations beginning
8?
is
with
8T.
28
(2)
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
same
1
as those
The terminations
(see
are the
of the first
conjugation
(3)
No.
8).
:
(to steal) Application Formation of the base
(to owe).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Guoa of medial short vowel Vrddhi of final vowel *TTC^ 3?^ is added to the root The letter 3| is added
:
Before terminations beginning with Before terminations beginning with
^ or
8|
:

S.
1st pers.
D.
P.
S.
D.
2nd
pers:
3rd pers.
33.
Irregular verbs of the tenth Conjugation *2^ l^f^fcl) to desire ^(^T^Tfe) to cover.
;
34.
The
first,
fourth,
sixth
and tenth Conjugations at one
glance.
Guna
of
short 'medial
Guna
of
vowel
finalVowel
f.nal
Vrddhi of vowel
6W
termfnatfon
THE TENTH CONJUGATION

35.
^rf^
29
The Locative Case

(1) to indicate
it is
is
used
the place where the action takes place.

'in',
In
English
I
rendered by the prepositions
'at',
'on*,
'upon',
'among', etc.
play in the garden
Â ^flfa
among the
\
trees
cT53
(2) to indicate the time
In
when the action summer sft^

movement
fsft
takes place.
(3) after verbs indicating
(see
Accusative, No. 14)
such as
'to fall", 'to place', 'to
throw'
'to send', 'to enter', etc.
The
of, etc.
tree falls into the lake
f^
qfifin
(4) to translate
expressions like 'concerning',
*in
the matter
In
the matter of modesty
Han
stands
first
(5) to indicate the object of
He
36.
feels affection for (or

is
emotions and feelings towards) Hari fU

:
The Vocative Case
used as the case of address
37.
Verbs preceded by a preposition
A preposition
verb.
prefixed to a verb changes the meaning of that
The
3?fcT
preposition mostly in use are

over,
beyond
:
3jfa-3OT (3Tfa*F2Tfa) to
*l*T
*T
go beyond, to cross.
after, to follow.
near, unto
after,
arfa
:
(3Tf^^g%) to go unto, to obtain.
along
:
e?f
(^SSftfrO to
move
away from ^q-^rT^(3?q^fcT) to move away, to depait. towards Brfa-qT*; (3?fasrRfa) to run towards, to attack. down W-^l^^ffh) co burn down, to destroy. unto, back Bjf-ift (sn^fh) to take unto, to bring.
: : :
30
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
to arise, to be produced.
3^
gtf
up, fourth
near
to
:
sit.
fa
under
faraway, out
<rft
to throw under, to put down. to carry out.

:
round, around.
about
to
fall
around,
to set out.
to
fly
51
forward
return.
3-^^
:
to
move forward,
5lRr
towards, against
apart, without
fully
to
go towards, to
fcf
fo
:
^together,
throw apart, to scatter. (*?%TfcT) to throw together, to

to
summarize.
EXERCISE
1.
Vocabulary
to tell
)
to
wash
to protect
to cross
c^%)
to
count
to oppress to adore
to obtain
%)
to follow
fiT)
to proclaim
to eat
to depart
to adorn to think to steal
to cover
TOWfe)
to attack
ftr)
to arrange
to burn
r)
down
i.
to console
to bring
arise
to punish
to long for
to
owe
(+dative)
to sit
THE TENTH CONJUGATION (Û^)

II.
31
Translate the following into English sandhis

:
after breaking
up the
Example
voc. sing, of 3>foT poet, loc. sing, of 5IT3T5 in the palace
31
35 the teacher prep, governing 3WT with gen. sing, of ^7 of the king
instr. sing of
prep, governing
3<W in
the presence
2nd
pers. sing., pres. tense, active of
^T thou
standest.
poet, in the palace thou standest with the teacher in the presence of the king.
*UTO*n
(*|o)
(^
V)
III.

(1)
The enemies
;
attack the king's palace.
(2) In happiness,
in misery, people are weary. people are glad (3) The clouds cover the sun. (4) In both villages there is no water in the wells. (5) On the bank of the lake the poet sits and thinks. console the servant. (7) Crows live in trees. (8) Thou (6) countest the drops. (9) I arrange the jewels of the king.
We
32
(10)
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
The swans
(13)
cross the lake
you
(14)
do not throw
leaves
sit
teacher.
They
sit
from bank to bank. (11) Servants* on the fire. (12) Boys follow the with (their) relatives in the house.
(16)
(15) The child covers grass. The servant washes the vessels with the water of the well. (17) The enemies are throwing arrows at the heroes. (18) We owe jewels to the two teachers. (19) The two boys of the teacher have no friends.
You two
on the heap of
(his) face with both hands.
RECAPITULATION
I.
Vocabulary
ennwflT health
YYV
efito^
bee
wind
lord
.u
son
virtue
poem
fate
monkey
king
seer
death
^^
^5^
*rfe*^
world
strength
master
modesty
father
meat
friend
sound
ftta
qrfa:
enemy
cause
fo 5
|
treasure
sky
arrival
TOff^
saying
hand
fate
honest
^h^4*T_ beauty
ftfar
man
<g:
favour
^^
to put
plough
ray
Raghu
like
down
Adverbs and prepositions
to carry out
here
there
just,
5$
to fly round
to return
thus
only
to scatter
to shorten
II.
today
even never
always
now
and
Tlffy
Give
the instrumental singular of the genitive dual of 3<JPj the vocative singular of
5
and
nd
FEMININE NOUNS IN
III.
Oft
AND
33
Join the following sandhis

ftfa: *rcfa
I i
3^: fensfa
I
3^
I
T^
TO ^5: ^T q* IV. What case

V.
^|fcT
is
^^
fa'3 t^R,
*pft 3?fa
governed by the following preposition
Conjugate the following in the presen tense, active voice
LESSON
8
f
FEMININE NOUNS IN STT AND PRESENT TENSE MIDDLE VOICE (

38.
Feminine nouns in
(a creeper),
S.
a?T
and | are declined as follows

:
3$
(a river)
D.
P.
S.
D.
Norn.
Ace.
Instr.
at
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
55%
SANSKRIT
39.
MANUAL
Present tense
Middle voice
do an action for the benefit of another, I use the active When I do an action for my own benefit, I use the middle voice (BnÎ^T^t). In Sanskrit, the distinction between active and middle voice has not been strictly preserved. Besides a small number of verbs which can be conjugated in both the active and the middle voice (3WT<0), most verbs are conjugated either in the active or in the middle voice.
I
When
voice
(TWH^).
In the middle voice, the verbal base
is
formed according to the

first,
rules given previously for the active voice of the
fourth, sixth
and tenth conjugation

different.
(see
No. 34).
The
terminations alone are
40.
Terminations of the present tense, middle voice

1st pers
r
2nd
pers.
-t*
3rd pers.
The
3TT
letter 3?
added to the base before the terminations becomes

J^
before terminations beginning with fore terminations beginning with 8? or t^.
or 3js dropped be-
41.
Examples
1st
conjugation
:
g^
(to rejoice)
verbal base
verbal base
jfft[-;
3td pers.
sing.
4tfi
*Fl<$
:
conjugation
:
(to think)
JRT-; 3rd pers.
sing.
*R&
:
6th conjugation
J^ (to incite)
verbal base
5-;
3rd pers.
sing.
&&
10th conjugation:
sing.
*F^(to counsel)
verbal base
IT^T-; 3rd pers.
FEMININE NOUNS IN
42.
3fT
AND f
Conjugation of c?^(to obtain)

S,
1st pers
D.
P,
5*
2nd pers
3rd pers.
43.
A Sandhi rule to be remembered (see No. 31)

The
final
^ of a word followed by
:
vowel
is
General rule
Exceptions
(1) Final
9? is elided
:
^ followed
by any vowel
changed to
q of a word followed
by o? remains unchanged while the
55*^ a?fer = 55*P3Sfg*n
(2) Final
to
ôf a word followed

the zjj
by any vowel except
3?,
after
|$?
changing
s?^ may second form
optionally drop
is
f^ ^q = fsrftF|^ or
&3fc--The
by far the more frequent.
(3) Final
%of a
dual form followed by any vowel remain unchanged
44.
Special construction of the verb
^^
(^fa%)
to please,
to
appeal
to.
is
^^ governs the dative of the person who while the thing which pleases is put in the nominative.
Fight appeals to the hero
The verb
pleased,
g[
effrTO
Cfa^
Boys are fond of

Travellers are
fruits (
= fruits
appeal to boys)
fond of water
(= water
pleases travellers)
36
45.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
3
The
difference between
J
ciditf
and *$y
is
the result of the
following rule
When
is
preceded by a vowel except
3f or 8TT, or
by
\ or \,
of
it is
changed to ^ when, in the same word, 3, T, An anusvara or a visarga do not affect the
^ ^ ^ or any
vowel follows
the rule.
application
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
the Ganges
plantaintree
seal,
T3TT
town
river
to see
to tremble to dive
to be born
nurse
earth voice
coin
splendour wife
to fly
queen
lioness
to think
to fight
L\f
shade
twilight
^2
mother
to please
speech
assembly
line
*Uc5T
woman
wife
sister
to consult to search
to conquer
to defeat to take leave
garland creeper
girl
housewife
553T
night
of (-l-accus,)
II.
Translate the following into English after breaking up the sandhis

:
FEMININE NOUNS IN
(V)
Off
AND f
37
(IV)
13TT
^T aisgu *|fa
(^
sRirefft ?I5Rt
^T^^
(^^) erf *
III.
(1) Through fate, the enemies attack the town and conquer. Even today I do not see the Ganges. (3) The voice of the queen pleases the poets. (4) The speech of the child is the cause
(2)
of the mother's
of the Rsis.
happiness.
(5)
We
carry out the sacred precepts
(6) Just
around the
village
men
are bringing heaps
modesty the honest man worships God The sound of the waters of the Ganges (as his) Lord. (8) sit in the shade of the tree and think. (9) I pleases the sages.
of grass.
(7)
Out
of
(10) Like a jewel, the
moon adorns
the sky.
(11)
the king.
(12)
Here people have no wealth.
(13)
Thus speaks The woman
scatters the flowers of the garland on the earth. (14) There the creepers adorn the trees with (their) flowers. (15) take mother and go to the teacher's house. leave of (our) (16) Because of the splendour of the sky and of the earth we
We
praise
God
the Lord.
:
IV. Decline fully the following

3[T
and
LESSON
THE IMPERFECT TENSE (srO ACTIVE AND MIDDLE, FEMININE NOUNS IN ? AND *
45.
The Imperfect Tense

(1)
(55<^)
:
There are three past tenses in Sanskrit the Imperfect the Perfect ( fe^) and the Aorist ( 1^). Originally these three past tenses had specific meanings the Imperfect was used for past events of which the speaker had been a witness
(
55^ ),
the Perfect
was used
for past
;
events of which the speaker

past.
had not been a witness the Aorist was used for the immediate
In classical Sanskrit, however, those three tenses are used almost indiscriminately, with this restriction that the Perfect is very rarely used in the first person. (2) The formation of the base follows the rules given for the present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations
(see
No.
34).
final 3T of
*jôr
The
beginning with ning with 81.

47.
the base is changed to 3JT before terminations 3, and is dropped before terminations begin-
The Augment
3T
:
is
(1) To all verbs conjugated in the Imperfect, the augment to be prefixed, e.g. verble base T?T augment ST-TcT(2)
s?
is preceded by a preposition, the augment should be inserted between the preposition and the verb, and the rules of sandhi should be applied
:
When the
^\
verb
THE IMPERrT.CT TENSE

(3)
39
3J
When
the verb begins with a vowel, the augment
forms
vrddhi with the initial
vowel
48.
Tcaminations
D.
1st pers.
S.
D.
2ndpers.
3rd pers.
49.
The Imperfect
S
of
ar.)
and of
S.
D.
P.
D.
1st pers.
2ndpers.
3rd pers.
50.
Feminine Nouns
in ^
and 3
Feminine nouns in ^ and 3 borrow most of their declension from the masculine nouns in ^ and S (see No. 28). Their instrumental singular and accusative plural are similar to those of feminine nouns in t ( see No. 38). Their dative, ablative, genitive and locative singular have two optional forms, one similar to those of flfr, the other to those fa and
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
Declension of
S.
(thought) and of
^ (cow)
S.
D.
P.
D.
Norn.
Ace.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
51.
The verb
$> to do, belongs to the eighth conjugation.

its
owing to its frequent occurrence, learnt from the start

:
Yet, conjugation should be
Present
Imperfect
S.
S.
1st pers.
D.
D.
P.
2nd
pers.
tfrft
3rd pers.
THE IMPERFECT TENSE
41
EXERCISE
1.
Vocabulary
to do, to
make
*ft
to
marry
to disagree
to exist
ft
)
to resort to (-f accus.)
to desist
)
)
from
(
Sfffs^
*TT^%
(
3q
fa
approach to be sad
to
live
to
to respect
to speak
)
in
^
(
3TTOT&
to begin
(+accus.)
(
c$*T^ )
to obtain
idioms containing
the verb
fJ
/. )
(
mind
power
devotion
satisfac-
( /. )
:
cow
beak
A
?ft5
few
q^tfir
/. )
( /. )
)
( /. )
( /.
( /.
(
body
)
place on
my
rope
dust,
tion
:
/. )
35?TfjT
I I
take in
my
head hand
/. )
conduct
jest
( /. )
pollen
wait
turn
one
(/)
:(/.
*jfc5: ( /.
( )
jaw
I
moment
earth
dust
night
ar
my mind
to (-Hoc.)
(-Hoc.)
:
)
)
/.
order
in
set foot
II.
Conjugate the following

?ft,
the imperfect, active voice
tSj^,
ST-TTând
:
III.
Decline fully the following

:
and
IV.
Translate the following into English after breaking up the

sandhis
:
U)
(<o
42
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
f iH13 $S*
<>)
TT
Sf
gift
faft&
i
hi) SPOT
3cg*T
i
fttfw
^)
(i
û^rf^sn
g^:
q^fr
i
gft^fMlf
<
(i^)
sflft:
sre^
^TeRgftrflfes^TT
(^)
sft
^r^
V.

(1)
Through God's favour he resorted to devotion.
(2)
was
always fond of jest. (3) Two boys took the rope in their hands. (4) The girl adorned (her) body with jewels. (5) Owing to the clouds and the dust cows did not eat grass. (6) Even for the sake of (his) friends a honest man does not desist from virtue.
think Raghu (to be) a hero. (8) At night a sky without moon is like a lake without lotus. (9) By order of the teacher we began the work. (10) He spoke thus and the people of the
(7)
.
Men
in
of the king. (11) You took the pigeons hand. two always disagree. (13) You two (12) your obtaind happiness owing to (your) modesty. (14) Two friends,
town praised the power
We
found a treasure and carried
(it)
home.
LESSON
IMPERATIVE
52. There are
10
MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN
MOOD
two types of masculine nouns in ^, agent-nouns of nouns relations. Their declension differs only in the and nominative and vocative dual and plural and in the accusative singular and dual in which case the final ^ o f agent-nouns takes vrddhi (3nO while that of nouns of relations takes guna
;
(1) Declension of ^cj (leader)

S.
and of
fcj (father)
S.
D.
P.
D.
P.
(1)
*IcJ
(husband) and
5TH
(grandson), although names of rela:
tions, are declined like
^RJ, e.g.
accus., sing
all
*Rrfw^RrRJU
relations.
53.
They are declined like fq^ except in the accusative plural which ends with ^: ; ^H3 (sister), however, is decline like except in the
5}
Feminine nouns
in
are
nouns of
accusative plural.
4
44
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
and
Nominative and accusative

S.
of *H<| (mother)
P.
S.
Wl
(sister).
D.
D.
P.
Notn.
Ace.
54. All the visargas met with in the the place of final *tR: = 5Rtf. ;
:
previous lessons stand in
W^WRT^
So
also in
Final
also
becomes visarga ^T^=^f:; UTcI^=*n?lM (again) and ST^ST^: (early).

:
the adverbs
Visarga
standing
for final
follows
the
general
rules
of
visarga-sandhi (see No. 27) with one exception.
Visarga standing for

followed by a vowel or a
e.g.
:
final
even when preceded by

is
8?
or 8TT
and
soft
consonant
changed
to
^:
3^
When
visarga
is
changed
to
and
is
followed by ^, the
:
first
dropped and the preceding vowel,

e.g.
:
if short, is lengthened
55.
The Imperative mood ( $tz) is used (1) to express a command or an advice

:
(2) to express a wish or a prayer
(3) to express a possibility or doubt
(4) with the negative
*JT
to express prohibition.
45
The formation
present tense of the (see No. 34),
of the base follows the rules given for the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations
The
final
3?
3j.
of the
base
is
dropped
before
terminations
beginning with
Terminations
S.
D,
P.
S.
D.
1 st
pers.
2nd
pers.
3rd pers.
56.
The Imperative
S.
of
^(Par.) and
D.
P.
of
*H (Atm.)
S.
D.
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
57.
The ^
in sîft (1st pers. sing.)
follow the rule given in No. 17
thus
46
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
10
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
m. donor m. doer
C^cTT)
.
anger
daughter
(*TT<TT) /.
greed
desire
illusion
eader
mother
sister-in
/.
m. hearer
law
/. sister
destruction
sin
m. sun
(%clT)ifl.
conqueror
grandson
chariot
cause
to arise, to be produced
to proceed
)
(3HT) m.
(frcTT)
(SfTctt)
rogue
m. father
m. brother
garden hail (+dat.)

!
again
early
(TOTTcTT) son-in-
law
Decline fully the following
morning
and
to break
II.
%cj
^$
III.
Conjugate the following in the imperative mood, active voice *J and f
^
:
IV.
Translate the
following
into
English after breaking up the
sandhis
stand
I
(vs)
5ITc5
fTcT^fn^S^
( i
)
(IV)
(
1*
JflfarBW
?T3:
47
V.
(1) Out of anger (my) brother broke the jar. (2) May the donors give wealth to the people of the villages (3) Let him the See of the live in the forest. (4) beauty garden. (5) You desist from greed. desire happiness (6) The man sat in the (8) O garden with (his) two grandsons. (7) Hail to the poets
!
:
hearers stood again the in front of the palace. destruction of the (10) Through enemies the conqueror has freed (released) the country. (11) May
sister,
do not abandon the house.
(9)
The
always live among (my) brothers
(12) Let the leader punish
daughters, follow (your) mother up to the sin, the cause of misery, perish 1 (15) heroes, fight with the enemies, follow the leader and protect the country.
the rogues. (13) house. (14) May
LESSON
11
FEMININE NOUNS IN POTENTIAL MOOD (

Feminine nouns in 35 are declined on the same pattern as ^V has ^,f and ^> feminine nouns in & (see No. 38); where have 3, 3J and ^respectively. Besides, their nominative singular
58.
takes visarga.
Declension of ^J (young woman, bride)

Norn.
Ace.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc,
59. Potential (or Optative)

(1)
mood
ftfefe^)
is
used
>
to express a wish or a request
S/^^Â
(2)
(3)
to express an advice
to express possibility or doubt N/
(4)
(5)
to express probability or near future

in conditional clauses.
FEMININE NOUNS IN
49
The formation of the base follows the rules given for the present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations. Since all the terminations of the Potential begin with f, the combination of the final 8T of the base with that f will give l*
(cf.
No. 31
Terminations
S.
1st pers.
D.
P.
S.
D.
ti
-frr:
2nd
pers.
3rd pers.
-fa"
60.
The
potential of
^(to become) and
of
(to search)
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
61.
Illustrations of the use of the Imperative

(1) Order, prohibition, advice
:
and Potential
*TT
Bring water. qt^q* Do not annoy the baby. Man should always tell the truth.
:
You should not
enter the house of the
wicked.
(2)
(
Wish, prayer, request

fag^f
f<!TC5Tft
that
TT^K ^^TSST-
May
stay in my father's house the boys see their mother

I
may
50
SANSKRIT
(3) Possibility and doubt
J
{
MANUAL
fttf
*R3
TTfafrfaE 3
There may be poison. ^fconYou might not receive the reward.

:
(4) Conditional clause

srfi[
TTdT 3FHd^ftl!jflrzfa will die.
If
the mother does not come, the child
62.
Imperative and Potential of the verb

Imperative
S.
i?,
to do.
Potential
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
1st pers.
2nd
pers.
3rd pers.
63-
The verb
31^, to be,
Present
(2nd conj.)
is
conjugated as follows
Imperfect
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
ejfa
Imperative
S.
Potential
D.
P,
S.
D.
FEMININE NOUNS IN
51
EXERCISE
I.
11
Vocabulary
bride
if
but
to beat
K~
army
mother-mlaw
:
once upon a
time
star
|
to be angry
(+dat)
to be
fit
for
(+dat)
(m.) sword
:
maid-servant r
!
to to rise
know
wicked person Y\
hermitage
to weigh to order, to
command
field
to
wake up
(srfel)
Wf^fear
truth
!
knowledge t~
II.
to be
Decline fully
III.
Conjugate the following in the potential mood, active voice J, f and
IV.
Translate the following into English after breaking up the sandhis

:
(1)
(\)
U)
i
(0
(
(vs)
T o
(=1^)
(<\\)
ft^rf
52
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
^TT c5t% sftgirat vuqrzn
ft^^
fix)
V.

(1)
On
the order of the king .the army

If
may
set out for the
(2) village. you were to rise early, you would roam along the river's bank. (3) People should know the modesty of the sages. I just put down (my) book and come. (4) Wait a moment (5) Maid-servants should follow the bride up to the house of (6) If you long "fdr knowledge, you should (her) mother-in-law. dwell in a hermitage with (your) teacher. (7) You tremble out of fear of God you should worship God out of devotion. (8) Men live and die, kings conquer and perish truth alone does
: ; ;
not
die.
(9) Like a star in the sky, like a lotus
in
the lake, like
a flower on a creeper, the sage should live in the world for the
happiness of men. (10) Do not be angry anger could only be the cause of sin.
with (your) friend
LESSON
12
NEUTER NOUNS IN *, * AND ^ AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE

64.
The neuter nouns

pattern.
in
and
'E
are
all
declined on the
same
Declension of
Nom.
îft (water), *fQ
(honey) and of
(dispenser)
JAce
Instr.
iwftr
Dat.
Abl.
en.
Loc.
JTffts
Voc.
65.
(1)
The
declensions seen so far can be classified as follows
Nouns ending
Mas.
:
^T:
Mas.
54
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
(4)
Nouns ending
in
*5
NEUTER NOUNS
(3) Adjectives ending in
IN
^, 3"
AND
^
:
55
are declined as follows

ftrij:* e.g.
:
:
in the masculine, like
in the feminine, like
^> e.g.
*%g (sweet)
In the feminine, however, adjectives in 3 denoting a quality have an optional form in | (e.g. ^l'^* cSg-cSsft) declined, like MV
:
in the neuter, like *Vg e.g.
like the masculine,
In the neuter, however, adjectives ending in S can be declined except in the nom., ace. and voc.
:
Examples
masc.),
JTTg?
^ (sweet) qualifying
TJ\: or
the following
3ff (voc. sing.
(gen. sing, fern.)
sp^fa (instr. sing, neut.) will take the
form
*Sn or
(4) Adjectives ending in 3? are declined as follows

in the masculine, like ^fT> e.g.
:
(generous) in the feminine, they have a form in f declined like

^TcTT
e.g.
5T?ft
:
in the neuter, like sn^, e.g.
^
:
In the neuter, however, adjectives ending in -qg can be declined like the masculine, except in the nom.. ace. and voc.
Examples
:
3[T<|
plur. masc.) ^zfT the form
(loc. plur. fern.),
(generous) qualifying the following g$n (dat. fa$ (nom. dual neut,) will take
56
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
12
EXERCISE
1.
Vocabulary
water
Adjectives forming their feminine in
neuter in
8ff
and
their
OR
i
favourable, clear
honey
blind
tear
small,
mean
water
generous
lame
sharp, acute
difficult to get
fat
one-eyed
knee
skilful
dead
old
sick
killed
new
regular,
thing
artificial
wood
Adjectives in f,
wretched
obligatory
3 and
swift
Verbs
sweet-
generous
doer
victorious
to salute
to
lovely
fragrant
abuse
obtain
to fall
to go, to
heavy
pure
much, many
virtuous
IT.
soft
eloquent
going
into misfortune
sweet
the following into
prosper
Translate
:
English after breaking up the
sandhis
(01
(vs)
()
NEUTER NOUNS IN
^,
3 AND
57
(1*0
nt
III.
Make
the following adjectives agree with the following nouns
with
with
sftj,
^left,
Wt>
T&,
^ft^T
JT^ft,
with
with
IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit

(1)
things.
(3)
(2) A skilful leader obtains many Lord, be favourable The one-eyed servant burnt the heap of soft wood.
!
(5) Let the eloquent the Hail to victorious (7) You king queen lead the heroes. (6) insult the wretched blind men, but you do not blame the wicked man. f(8) Persons of the village carried the bodies of the dead
<4)
pure mind
is
like a fragrant flower.
heroes to the bank of the river.

creepers and
(9) In the lovely garden
many
many
trees scatter (their) fragrant flowers
on the soft
ground. (10) Let the victorious hero pierce the enemy with (his) sharp sword. (11) Sick and wretched, the travellers (*T^|) stood near the well. (12) In (his) new book the teacher has summarized
many
things.
LESSON
13
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PASSIVE VOICE
67. Personal
Pronouns
the personal pronouns in the nominative have been left I salute Their declension is now given. In Wlftr. unexpressed
So
far,
and second person, the personal pronouns show no difference of gender. The personal pronoun of the third person is replaced by a demonstrative pronoun and is declined in the three
the
first
genders (he, she,

ist
it).
person
2nd person
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
Nom.
Ace.
(1)
Instr.
oft)
ftf
(53)
Dat.
m
Abl.
Gen.
n*
(53.)
Loc.
optional forms
JIT, *t,
^"
^:, <3T,
&, ^RT, ^'

;
should not be used
(1) at the beginning of a sentence
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(2) in connection
PASSIVE VOICE ^T (or)
59
(just,
win ^ (and),
3rd person
:
and
^
S
^
P.
indeed).
.
(that)
^j/^jj^^l
N.
S.
M.
S.
F.
P.
D.
D.
D.
P.
Norn.
Ace.
Instr.
en
cWT
Dat.
Abl.
Like
the
Gen.
Loc.
5WT
masculine
(1)
15^ (this)
t^T,
is
declined like 3^: Masc.

;
irq:, l^ft,
I
l^, etc.
Fern.
T^, T^jJ, etc.
Neut.
^q,
tr^, ir^rf^
(2)
they,
3\ and TT^ can
also be
used as demonstrative adjectives
then, follow the rules of the agreement of the adjective (see
No. 66).
Examples
saw these horses
ire
He fell into that river I am angry with those two

(3) *n
friends
cTWf
trq: following a special sandhi rule drop their visarga before any consonant and before any vowel except 8T. Before 8T, they become gt and trqt ivKi!^ the /oHowing 3T is
:
and
^:
and
irq:
elided
60
68.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
The
Passive Voice
(1) The passive voice is formed from the verbal root and not from the verbal base (see No, 6), except for the verbs of the tenth conjugation which keep their strengthened radical vowel while
losing the conjugational sign
if
3T*T.
Thus
the passive voice of
TOT, *fr
of
formed immediately from TOT, *ft and not from îs formed from ^tând not from
Tând
&.
That
^^
(2)
zr is
added to the root.

srj
That 9 becomes
lôr
before terminations beginning with
That 3 becomes
erorir
(3)
^
(see
before terminations
beginning with
The terminations
fMf-i%=far%
of the passive voice are always the
atmanepada terminations
e.g.
:
Nos. 40, 48, 55
&
59)
you are led

let it
5I-^cn^=<K?Wr*C
(4)
be burnt.
f*f
A final short 5
;
or
it
conquered
(5)
?J
STWffi
3 is lengthened. was heard.

*TT,
^T,
sffarRt
we two
are
The
5T
roots
^T, s?T,
fT,
<?!,
CT change
is
their final
vowel
intof
^fc&
it is
given
*T
*ftzta
should be sung.
ft
(6) Final
after a single
consonant becomes
it
f ff^=I am
taken away
after a
becomes 3?^ ^- ^^q -f^FT=^T^T'Tf=let them both be remem-
componnd consonant,
>
bered.
(7) Final
is
be spread
q-
but
final
changed to Hj^cf ^ft^-f^=^fl'?^=they should ^ is changed to Rafter a labial

:
tjT.^.^T-='ri^m=let ^
it
be
filled.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PASSIVE VOICE
61
EXERCISE
[.
13
Vocabulary
duty
f
3J2T:
^
tion
J
sight!
wealth
;:
n
\
I
(+gen.)
3*R: which of the
^
;:
f.
salva-
that,
this
he
_
:
bewildered
two
Gopala
sweeper
^t
greatly.
violently
arrow
charioteer
:
to feel affection
faWTO innocent
SJ-fo^ (Jl^rfh) to enter
to see
(+loc)
S^r
f:
^
courtier
i
f^Tt^
to serve
thief
II.
Conjugate
in the present tense passive
fr>
^?
and
^T
in the imperfect tense passive

in the imperative passive
:
f%^> jg^ and

3?fe-ft?^
%^>
<^>
and
in the potential passive

III.
^2 and 5WT
:
5TRT^f
Tlft^?
62
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
IV.
Translate
:
the
following
into
Sanskrit
(use
the
personal
pronouns)
art
(1) I lead.
(2)
We
is
two are
protected.
led.
(3) (6)
We go.
burned.
(12)
(4)
Thou
remembered.
(5)
You two
They
run.
You
is
are abandoned.
(10)
(7)
He
plays.
(8)
She
(11)
(9) It
two
(m.) move.
(/.) are conquered,
They They (n.)

(15)
are cooked*
(13) I dug.
(14)
We two were
(17)
nourished.
We
danced.
(18)
(21) It
(16)
Thou wert blamed.
You two
perished.
You were taken away. (19) He blew. (20) She was seen. was quiet. (2) The two (/.) were struck. (23) They (n.) were created. (25) Let both of us be (24) Let me plough.
released.
(26) Let us touch,

(29)
trees be sprinkled.
(30) Let him Let it be Let her told. be punished. (32) (33) Let (31) go. them (m.) bpth wash. (34) Let them (/.) be counted. (35) I should not steal. (36) It should not be stolen. (37) They (m.) should not oppress them (/.). (33) They (/.) should not be be brought. (40) You two It should them (39) (m.). oppressed by be scattered. (42) You should should be followed. (41) Flowers two (/,) should not disagree. (43) It should be done.
(27) Do thou enter. Do you throw the arrows ?
(28) Let both
LESSON
14

PASSIVE
^ AND VOICE
F.
S.
ST^
(cont.)
69
M.
D.
N.
P.
S.
D.
D.
P.
Nom
Ace.
Instr.
Dat.
Like
the
Abl,
Gen.
masculine
Loc.
64
70.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
that
M.
s.
F.
N.
P.
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
D.
P.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
3TJ1ftl:
Dat.
Like
Abl.
the
masculine
Gen.
Loc.
3^g^can also be used as demonstrative adjectives the rules of the agreement of the adjective (see follow they, then,
(1) ^^JTând
:
No. 66).
Examples
These kings conquer
The boy
Those
is
led by that
woman
3T5pn
fruits please
me

(2)
3J*fr (
AND
:
masc. of 3J^) follows a special sandhi rule combines with following vowels never The final f of auft
nom.
pi.
71.
Change
(1)
of Voice
:
In the change from the active to the passive voice voice active becomes the nominative of the
instrumental
;
an
a
the
accusative
;
of
the
active
voice
becomes
nominative
the verb changes from active to passive and agrees in person and number with its new subject. The tense
or
:
mood
of the active voice

voice
Instr.
:
:
must be preserved.
Passive voice
Example Active Nom : The king

Verb
Ace.
:
:
conquered the enemies
Verb
By the king were conquered

the enemies
Nom
(2) In the
change from the passive to the active voice
the instrumental (agent) of the passive voice becomes a
nominative, the nominative

accusative.
of
the
passive
voice becomes
an
the verb changes from passive to active, and agrees in person and number with its new subject. The tense
or
mood
:
of the passive voice
must be preserved.
Active voice
Example
Instr.
Passive voice
< >
Nom.
Verb
(agent) By you two jpfT^TT^ the well

:
Nom
Ace.
you two
the well
should be protected
I
Verb
should protect ^fa*^
SANSKRIT
(3)
MANUAL
:
Irregular formation of the passive voice
(to bite)
(to speak)
(to speak)
(to
(to fall)
(to break)
(to take)
show)
(to dwell)
(to carry)
(to ask)
(to pierce) (to worship) (to
(to praise)
(to bind)
(to lie
(4)
command) down)
(to call)
(to sleep)
The imperfect passive
follows the rule given in No.
47
8?
EXERCISE
I.
14
hope
daughter
story
Vocabulary
this
inferior
last
to
come
orget
boundless
preceptor
to
)
f
:
tongue
messenger
snake
shame
f
to play
z
therefore
to break to sieze
Hari
J
otherwise
to order
to speak to bind
R5ma
Sita
8T^ enough
(+instr.)
so,
thus
J
to shine
light
or a long time
silently
husband

II.
f^ AND 8?^
:
67
Translate the following into English and change the voice
U)
*TO:
(O
i&s
qwromu
(*) Sfarc
^ ^3^w
^
()
*T*
T^W;
I
<U)
^^
^1^ ^^T^^t^
Ov)
I
III.

(1)
That boundless ocean was seen by many heroes. (2) Two trees were broken by the wind. (3) Let the thief be seized (5) Two cows were bound (4) I am ordered by the preceptor. with a rope. (6) Enough with shame (7) Let your tongue move and let your eyes shine. (8) Our father was given a rare (55*T) book (= a rare book was given to our father). (9) The work should be begun now. (10) If truth be not spoken you will be punished (potential). (11) They two may be blamed for their
! !
conduct.
(12)
dead body the house
of his son.
;
For a long time the sage stood silently before the (13) Let the wretched girls be brought to otherwise they might die. (14) You two should never
(15)
forget your generous mother.
Thou
art called
by thy father.
68
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
RECAPITULATION
I.
Vocabulary
first
alway s
for,
to
bestow
/.
fame
second
indeed
to
so
ridicule
one
i
as, d*TT
perform,
to establish
old age
asleep
SW^with
(+instr.)
to
wheel
'.
make black
%) to
poor
in
motion
J
wholesome
healthy
day-time
night
in secret
succeed
to
human
effort
endure
to
*TT
hot
f:
effort
cool, cold
in vain
learn
to
fJ
desire
yesterday
grieve
n deer
black
f:
tomorrow
increase
\z
Arjuna
white
slowly
at
to
*i<s*f^friendship
TO red
tfta
once
)
tremble
to
suddenly
sftfcf:
wallow
to
/ affection
charcoal
yellow
blue
sing
[s
somesong
green
times
(*KfcT) to feed,
support

II.
:
fj
AND
3?^T
69
Decline the following ^np ScfT in the singular ; 5jfe *&${ in *T S^R: ^TT, in the plural QftfT^ in the singular ^H^ in the feminine dual in the plural 3?^ in the masculine
the dual
;
|^
plural.
III.
Conjugate the following the imperative passive in the imperative active.

;
in
i
^Hr^
the imperfect active n the potential active
*TTq in
IV. Frame sentences containing the following words
fn, ^R
V. Translate into English the following verses taken from the

Hitopadesa
:
g[=two)
( ^
n
f
Jf^ft^:
% ^:
'
II
II
LESSON 15 NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS

72. General Principles of Consonant-Sandhi
(1)
./ma!
No
Sanskrit
word can end with more than one consonant.

to
its first
compound consonant must be reduced

*re^
I
member, e.g.
*TCRIJ^
becomes
of which
e.g.
:
(2) Exception
is
is
made
for
final double consonant the first

is
I
member
^ and the second, a consonant which which according to (3) will become 5^
not
termination,
3^
(3)
A
:
Sanskrit
word
!
k
(i.e.
a verb with
its
terminations or
a nominal
stem
with- its
5
case-ending) can end only with one of
the eight following
-consonants
^>2>?[
to
>
T>^> ^>H>or
;
visarga. All other final consonants
must be reduced
ând
one of these eight : palatals are reduced to

<UHId^
I
^
:
or 2^ e.g.
^re
becomes
^n^ becomes
Labials are reduced
Cerebral are reduced to
2^,
e.g. e.g.
:
SHI^ becomes
Dentals are reduced to

q^
,
^,
f^ becomes
e.g.
:
e.g.
^^ becomes
3fa^ becomes
before
^ and
are reduced to visarga,

foci:
I
becomes
(4)
final
:
hard
consonant
becomes soft
a vowel
"or
soft
consonant, e.g.
(5)
verbal base or
This rule does not apply to the final hard consonant of a a nominal stem followed by a termination or a case-ending
a
vowel
or
beginning with,
semi-vowel,
e.g.
It
does apply, however, when

is
:
the final consonant of
a verbal base
soft
or of a nominal stem
followed by a termination beginning with a
consonant (except a semi-vowel), e.g.
NOUNS ENDING
IN
CONSONANTS
7t
A soft consonant becomes

(7)
hard before a hard consonant, e.g.
root followed by
to the final soft aspirate of a verbal a termination beginning with ct or *3L In that case, the final consonant of the root loses its aspiration, and the ôrôf the termination.
is
This rule does not apply
changed
to
e.g.
5HT
cT
= *?
73. Division of
nouns ending in consonants Nouns ending in consonants are divided into three classes (1) Nouns which keep the same stem throughout
(2) (3)
their
declension.
Nouns which have two stems, one strong and one weak. Nouns which have three stems, one strong, one middle
and one weak.

74. Case-endings
Masculine and feminine nouns have the same case-endings. Neuter nouns differ only in the nominative, accusative and
vocative.
M.
S.
& F.
D.
P.
S.
N.
D.
P.
-3ft
Instr.
ftp
Like the
Dat. Abl.
masculine
Gen.
Loc.
and feminine
Voc.
-f
72 75.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
Nouns with one stem

(1)
consonant of the stem remains unchanged before case-endings beginning with vowels [ see No. 72(5) ].
final
The
(2)
The
final
consonant of the stem follows
the
rules
of
consonant-sandhi before case-endings beginning with a consonant.

(3)
Neuter nouns
in the
nom.,
f[
ace.
and voc. plural

nom.,
accus.
insert a
nasal before the case-ending

plural.
of
the
and voc.
76. Declension of
S.
(wind) and
P.
(speech)
S.
D.
D.
P.
Ace.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
Declension of
(world)
Nom., Ace.,
The
rest like
NOUNS ENDING
IN CONSONANTS
73
EXERCISE
15
I.
Vocabulary
(
sragsp) m.
)/. garland
.
cloud
&^L)//.
wind
king
.
hymn
skin
rany
season
lightning lightning
O/- direction
i )
/.
)
speech
grief
n.
blood
m.
river
**
moon
friend
merchant
m. doctor
m. plant
)
creator
adversity
/.
n.
water,
m.
priest
)
milk
danger
/.
wealth
n.
breast
m.
(%cTO
n.
mind
emperor
)
assembly
) /.
:)
n.
mind
-
m.
autumn
mendicant
g^( g^)
/.
hunger
(W)
n.
age
.!
Join the Sandhis in the following
mm.
TOTS
TO*
II.
Decline the following
and
74
SANSKRIT
Translate the following into
sandhis
(1)
*
MANUAL
English
after breaking
IV.
up the
(v)
^^n^T^ftcTT*n OO gftaHP-^ qffra

I
(flow)
<O
(1)
(%)
l^TT^T^Rrt
J^ftr
351?
^,
gft ft
s?ftrT
^^
*fhrat
gnnftn
(>)
V.
(1) The thieves were seized by the husband. (2) The lightning dived into the cool water plays among the black clouds. (3) of the river. (4) The leaves are taken away by the wind.
We
(5)
You two go
calls you.
at once to the
forest for your brother
is
there
you sit down in the garden and sing. (7) The king rose suddenly and departed from the palace. (8) Why (fts^) should you grieve ? (9) Friends sit around you, brothers and sisters are full of affection for you. (10) Should you be abused by that rogue, remain sileat charcoal blackens the hand only if it is touched. (11) O friend, you came once only to our house and you were never seen again. (12) Sick and wretched, the king's messenger was bound and
;
and
(6) In day-time you do not
work
at night
led to the forest.
LESSON
16
(cont.)
:
NOUNS WITH ONE STEM

77.
The main
(1)
varieties of nouns with
one stem are
Nouns with stem ending

îs changed
to
in palatals
Final
^ in
the nom. sing, and loc. plural

TTH,,
to
^
*T
before
fa'
and
*q:
Final
loc. plur.
îs changed
to
ând,
at times, to
in the
nom.
sing,
and
to
and, at times, to
3^ before
Final
is
changed to
to
^
'T
or
2^
in the
nom.
>
sing,
and
vzf:
loc. plur.
or e^ before WTT^
sing.
ftf:
and
Nom.
.
Instr sing.
Instr. plur.
Loc. plur.
(speech)
m. (merchant)
m. (emperor)
/.
(direction)
m. (settler)
(2)
in cerebrals
Final
^ is changed to ^ in the
to
nom.
2fT
sing,
>
before
f*T?
and loc. and *zp
plur.
Nom.
,
sing.
Instr. sing.
Instr. plur.
Loc. plur.
(monsoon)
76
(3)
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
in dentals
A final dental except îs changed to

and
loc. plur.
in
the nom. sing,
to
\ before WfTJfc
Nom.
sing,
ftj:
and
Rj:
Instr. plur.
Instr. sing.
Loc. plur.
(river)
.
(plant)
(fuel)
(4)

final labial
is
in labials
changed to <Tjn the nom. sing, and loc. plur. to ^before nty ft?: and wp Nom. sing. Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.
(region)
(5)

îs changed to visarga
in
^
nom.
sing.
sing,
Final
in the
vowel preceding ^lengthened in the nom. before -^TTH? -ftn -VZT: and
.
A short
and
Nom.
/.
sing.
Instr. sing.
Instr. plur,
Loc. plur.
(door)
(voice)
f*TC
/.
(6)
in
^
vowels,
Final
vqi
^ becomes
That
and
g.
visarga in the nom. sing, and before visarga follows the sandhi rules (see No. 27).
Final remains before case-ending beginning with being changed to âccording to the rule given in No. 45.
NOUNS WITH ONE STEM
77
8?
The
nom.
masculine and feminine nouns in 8TO^ lengthen the
in
the
5 ing.
lengthen the and insert a nasal (anusvara) in the nom. accus. and voc.
neuter nouns in 3H3\
The
and
3^
8?,
1 and
plural.
Nom.
.
sing.
Nom.
plur.
Instr. plur.
Loc. plur.
(good)
f.
(dawn)
(fame)
(oblation)
If*
n. (life)
(7)

în
becomes ^before
in f^
Final f^ becomes
the nom. sing, and loc. plur.
n^>
f*T :
and
*zn
In nouns ending with In 3TO1L> final
fe^ final f^becomes ^ and
^becomes 3_and
Nom.
sing.
^
Instr. sing. Instr. plur.
Loc. plur.
m. (bee)
f.
(shoe)
(cow)
The appearance
following sandhi:
of
instead of
is
explained by the
Rule
if possible.
When ^,
^,
^ and
f^
lose their aspiration
owing
to
combi-
nation with following consonants, the preceding consonant becomes aspirate,
78
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
16
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
O
O
/.
m. Vaisya
direction
^fU /
voce town
.
learned
.
man
door
dawn
darkness
enemy
n. glare,
:)
n.
n. life
|
>tanding
worthless,
energy
n.
n.
n.
bow
eye bee
head
without quality
ing,
cTT^ (<nO
n.
n.
penance
residence
oblation
n. light
i
vigour
O
:)
n.
compassion
to
shoe
to happen, to be
withdraw
^ftn)
dear
II.
wish-yielding
cow
Decline the following,

in
the singular
:
g^ in
;
the dual
the plural
plural.
the singular
III.
ff
in the dual
STTin the
:
(v)
I
(0
^5
(>)
(H
j
I
(^
ftu
NOUNS WITH ONE STEM
(cOTlt.)
79
SRIsW
(
SIR
ores
^T^T ^ri
ipr
TOT
*&&
CÔ 1
5i*Ft
^T
fW
Jift?
^rt
IV.

(1)
In
autumn the
fruits fall
from the
trees.
(2)
Around
the fire the priests were standing and singing hymns. (3) May a with with bow, your flowers, your arms your head be adorned mind with compassion, your life with happiness ! (4) In the
jassembly,
(5)
Upon
(was seen. master. (7)
the poets proclaimed the fame of the emperor. her breast the blood of the child killed by the enemy worthless servant, you have forgotten your (6)
adversity
fell
mother, in danger and shone in his eyes, his bow from his hands and his mouth quivered. (9) The sage should
I
May
stand by you,
(8)
Due
to anger,
light
practise
[guard his
wind. by the voices of the children.
penance for a long time, restrain his speech and mind from sin. (10) Pigeons fly in the direction of the (11) The learned man standing at the door was attracted
(?0
LESSON 17 PASSIVE IMPERSONAL

78.
NOUNS WITH TWO STEMS

In Sanskrit, not only transitive verbs, but intransitive verbs Thus, the also, can be conjugated in the passive voice. sentence "The horse runs" can be turned into a passive which means : "Ruqning is being done by the horse" or "the action of running is done by the horse". That is what is called Passive impersonal. The verb is always in the 3rd. pers. sing. pass.
:
(1) In the change
the nominative instrumental ; the

pers. sing,
from the active to the passive impersonal of the active voice becomes an verb changes from active to the 3rd
fj 1
passive.
The tense or mood
of the active
voice should be preserved. Example : Active voice

Norn.
;
flftft:
the rivers
-[-
Instr.
Passive impersonal : flftfo: (by the rivers)!

:
Verb
T^frfl
flow
I
- Verb <-->
3$ft (flowing
is
being|
done) sft
(2) In the change from the passive impersonal to the active voice the instrumental of the passive impersonal becomes a nominative ; the verb changes from passive to active and agrees in person and number with its new subject. The tense or mood of the passive should be preserved.
Example
Instr.
:
Passive impersonal
<-)->
Active voice
Verb
79.
gsnfrn (by you) 3$fa (it should be spoken
Nom.
Verb
zran
you
speaki
3^T should
Nouns with two stems The main varieties of nouns
with two ( and adjectives ) stems are : (1) nouns and adjectives with stem ending in QQ. They comprise (a) nouns and adjectives formed with the suffix and
:
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL
81
in
(b) present participles active (parasmaipada) (c) perfect participles active ( ^R^) in 3cf^
(d) adjectives of quantity

(2)
Z ftWRT.^ ^TcL> TT^T^>
nouns and adjectives with stem ending formed with the suffixes ^, ft^, and ftRJ
(3) comparative in
in
^T^T %& They
are
80.
The nouns and

the
tî*l ) adjectives with

'
t^(
masculine and neuter only. independently (see LESSON 23). The two stems are used as follows
in
two stems are declined in The feminine is formed

:
the masculinc,the
strong stem
is
used in the nom.
sing.,
dual and plural,

in the accus. sing, and dual, in the voc. sing., dual and plural, in the neuter, the strong stem is used in the nom., accus. and The weak stem is used in all other cases. voc. plural.
The case-endings are those given in No. 74. They are shown again here below with the indication of those before which the strong stem is used.
81.
M.
S.
D.
P.
S.
N. D.
P.
82
82.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
Nouns and
and S3.(
adjectives
formed with the suffixes
Ô
weak stem ends
8?
The
strong stem ends in B^J, the

sing.
in
The nom.
sffaT^
masc. lengthens the

strong stem
:
into sn
(talented)
sfor^;
weak stem
N.
M.
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
Dat.
Like
the
Abl.
Gen
masculine
Loc.
Voc.
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL
83
EXERCISE
1.
17
Vocabulary
ffl^
long-lived
to smile
Himalaya
afcfcjc^
fe)
strong
m.
to
overcome
I
God
[:
Hanuman
diversion,
to turn
prudent
^ftjjct
pastime time
dissipation,
to avoid
talented
to laugh at
need
"
learned
ft^T sleep
f
hard, rough
O1
disturbed,
afflicted
^[^ wealthy
II.
$55^:
quarrel
:
$$ long
?rf
f^
(o
o)
sffoff zpc
gsft
(%)
(iv)
(i ^ )
84
III.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
:
Change the following to the passive impersonal

QPSn' sfT^cp
I
JTfcw*a*$j
w| iY
ft^sl
'
^*^ ^ftf
:
IV. Change the following to the active voice

!$?fcr^
i
g*mfrn
sstf^rarnj
m^qr G\(WII smâ

:
V. Translate the following

(1)
into Sanskrit
Smile
always,
in
prosperity
as well as
in adversity.
Learned men are not disturbed by the speech of the fools. the residence of the wealthy, many poor and sick Around (3) people long for happiness. (4) Through hard and long penance, the sage have crossed the ocean of misery. (5) O talented one,
(2)
you should avoid the dangers

forgets
his
of riches.
(6) In
his
sleep,
the fool
illusion, the learned
man
forgets
knowledge, the
poor
forgets his misery.
LESSON
83.
18

(1)
Present participle active and passive Present participle active
Verbs taking parasmaipada terminations form their present participle active in offi^ To form it, the termination srf^f of the
3rd pers. plur. of the present active
e.g.
J
is
replaced by
3T^
sft
tq(ti
*W3^
leading
playing
entering
stealing In the masculine and neuter, the present participle parasmaipada is declined like sftjffi^ (see No. 82), with the following
modifications
(1) the
nom.
sing.
masc. does not lengthen the
3?

(2) the nom.,
85
accus. and vocative dual

in the 1st, 4th
stem
in
3^, necessarily
neuter take the strong and 10th conjugations, and
optionally in the 6th conjugation.
(For the feminine
see
No. Ill)
Masc. Noun.
Neut. N.A.V.
Masc. N.A.
like
fiRRf^, ftf^rat
Neut. N.A.V.
or
Verbs
taking
participle in *TH.
atmanepada terminations form their present To form it, the termination % of the 3rd pers
.
sing, of the present tense

e.g.
:
is
replaced by *nT
5W^5*T%
"1
5Wn*I
*RT*TT
f
obtaining
f
thinking
dying
seeking
The masculine
like
is
declined like
W^
^
see
(see
No
11), the neuter,

e5^f*?TfTT:,
(see
No. 11)
Masc.
Neut,
:
5WTH:
eSVpfTT^
5WTpft
etc.
55Rn^
No. 108)
^RTsiTfil, etc.
(For the feminine,
86
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
(2) Present Participle passive All verbs form their present participle passive in *TR. To form it, the termination ^ of the 3rd pers. sing, of the present
passive
is
replaced by *TR
\
TOflTM
being gone to
being done
being remembered being stolen
'being given
f*Mcl
fipWTT
F
The masculine
declined like $q:, the neuter, like the feminine, see No. 108) (For
is
84. Perfect participle passive (ftET

(1)
^0
is
perfect participle passive the verbal root

:
The
!
formed by adding 3 to
fa-faff
*Z-*1
IPT
W-ScT
(2)
great
number
of roots insert an ^ before adding
cf
fe^hfeftRT
*n^t5Tnfir
vjl^M
^ferq
fNRT-f%f^RI
^r-^f^r
(3)
The
following verbs lose their radical nasal before
(4)
The
following verbs lengthen their radical vowel

(5)
87
f, 3j
The
:
following verbs change
zfc
and ^ into
and
respectively
(6)
those aspirates to \,
Verbs ending with the single aspirates ^, ^, or f^ change ând respectively while 3 becomes ^
or
[see
No, 72(7)]
add
(7) Several roots instead of adding
fl
(8)
Some
:
verbs
form their perfect participle passive

<rrftcl
irre-
gularly
i-|?
The masculine
is
declined like
=7:,
the neuter like
(For the feminine

85. Perfect participle active
see
No. 108)
The
perfect participle active

e.g.
:
is
formed by adding
33^ to the
perfect participle passive,
fsr-fsffiqK^
it is
having conquered
In the masculine and neuter
decline like sftlT^ ( y ee

f^d^'ds
ftfcl^T: etc.
No. 82).
Masc.
foRRT 5 ^
fira^dV
ftraÎH
Neut.
:
fe^^'^
fjf^cft
see
f^T^
f^l^f^cT^ etc.
(For the feminine,
No. Ill)
88
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
18
break
to sport
EXERCISE
1.
Vocabulary
5fT
to bathe to hear
^ to cry
hurt
spread
kill
<T
to cross
to
fill
f% to collect
obtain
to shine
to praise to beg
cut
to tear
sleep
obstruct
to stick, to adhere
^ to
to prattle
*TT
cut
to be agitated
to
IT
to put
to
measure
abandon
dry
II.
Decline the ollowing : ÎT^în the masc. sing.
BITg^Rîn the neuter plur.
III.
Make
the present participle active of

:
and 1 agree
with the following
VI. Give the present participle passive of the following
V. Translate the following into Sanskrit (1) The children abandoned by their mother roam in the forest. (2) The food begged by that poor man has not been touched. (3) The broken jar should be taken away. (4) See
:
house was
those fruits collected by the sage's daughters. (5) Yesterday the filled with guests. (6) The jewels stolen from the king's palace were thrown into the river.
:
VI. Give the perfect participle active of the following

VII. Decline the following in the neuter sing.
:
in the masc. plur.
LESSON
19
THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES

86.
(1) All participles are
I
used like adjectives.

qfiFffi
saw the two
trees falling
l$tm^*^
Being carried away by the water, the boy died
To
the hero
who had
father
I
slain the
enemy
^F5F
having slain the
enemy) flowers were given
fcl^
^T
Blamed by my
ran away from the house
(2) Special use of the perfect participles active
and passive
perfect participles active and passive can fulfil the function of a finite verb in the past tense. In that case, too, they are treated
like adjectives*
e.g.
:
The
The
servant brought the water

the servant
The water was brought by

Change
of voice
:
Active voice
plur.).
The
friends
saw you
foîftr c^f
3jRfo
(neut.
Passive voice
sing.).
You were seen by the
friends
ftl^rî
S:
(masc.
(3)
The perfect passive

as
participle can be used an adjective (see above), as a finite verb in the passive (3fftr ^>
: :
see
above),
90
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
( ^Rfft;
as a finite verb in the active

intransitive
stand',
e.g.
:
in the case of
'to
'to
go',
verbs and of
'to
'to dwell',
verbs meaning climb', 'to be born',
'to
:
awake'
have arrived from the village Two monkeys climbed the tree
It
:
as
an impersonal passive (3TT% ^0used in the neuter singular, e.g.

fought
is
then always
*TCT
3^
was
It
was
by me (=1
fought).
l^W
<TftffiHr=it
fallen
by the tree ( =the tree fell). in the meaning of the present (3TcWl^ w) meaning 'to wish*, 'to know', 'to worship*.
N.B.
with verbs
When
e.g.
:
of the present, in the genitive.
the past passive participle is used in the meaning the agent is not put in the instrumental, but
*T*reT iftfcn
87.
Sandhi rules of
(1) Final
final
He is honoured by Rama. ^ followed by a vowel or

short
a consonant
preceded by a
vowel and followed by any vowel
is
doubled
(2) Final
followed by followed by
followed by
\ or
^ or
^ or
5^
2^
*{
is
replaced by anusvara and

replaced by anusvara and
replaced by anusvftra
is
is
and
88, Sandhi rules of dentals in contact
with
palatals, cerebrals
and
(1)
c5^
Any
dental coming into

:
contact
with a palatal
is
changed
to
the corresponding palatal

[see
UfrJôjf^^fêsftr
i
No. 72(4)] =3*1^^^

(2) Initial
ficT
^T=cf^
3=%c^T
^ preceded
^
I
wr^W^=3TFfTq"3^Wo5J^
i
by any of the
first
four
letters
of a class (see
No. 2)
is
optionally changed to
optionally becomes
THE USE OF THE

(3)
PARTICIPLES
91
is
Any
dental coming into

3?fq*r3l
contact with
cerebral
changed
I
to
the corresponding cerebral
3Tl^=3?ft^ 2Ti*M
3^+3=33
is
(4)
The preceding
rule does not apply
when a dental
followed by
(5)
dental
followed
by
53^
is
changed
i
to 55J
^ followed
by
55
is
changed
to nasalized
^^\ eS^^tr^^
EXERCISE
19
I.
Vocabulary
garment
path
:
food
hole
:
tooth
gratitude
to adorn to be
necklace
bravery
offence
much
many
fearful
avoided
y fully
'
meal
mouse
II.
dejected
loudly
fiprr
fad
i?fr
ft|if
i
"^T:
SRt,
era
8i
ftft
:
IT
f^:
JJJRB
'
5Rt
3T55
fl
ftm^r
92
III.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
all finite
Translate the following into Sanskrit, rendering
verbs
by participles
(1)
lion's teeth.
Many women were
killed, their bodies
were torn by the
(2) Abundant food was given to the poor children. honoured ( by fools have always been laughed at by intelligent men. (4) The necklace fell from the bride's hands and the pearls were scattered. (5) They ate their meal and slept.
(3) People
^)
(6)
The
victorious enemies entered the city by force.
(7)
The
river,
path was obstructed with fallen trees. (8) Our men crossed the fought like heroes and seized the leader of the enemies.
was measured, fuel was brought and the darkness with light. (10) You forgave my offence. shone suddenly
(9)
The
place
IV. Change the voice in the following
V. Join the following sandhis
LESSON
STEMS
89.
(Cent.).
20
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
great),
The
so
adjectives
f$3^ (how much, how

(as
^[^
(so
many),
are
31^313^
declined
much
the
as, as
many
as), TTclT^ (so
much much
so great)
(see
in
masculine and neuter like
No. 82).
Masc.
Newt.
:
fN^TH
feRT^
PfcM*dV
feftft
f*^:,
fezrfrcf,
etc. etc.
JfiTRT^
90.
The
adjective *fi[^ (great) has the strong stem
M
S.
N
P.
S.
D.
D.
P.
Nom.
Voc.
Ace.
The
91.
rest like
*f^ when
lengthens
*I3T^
used
the QT in
as
having
the honorific pronoun (your honour) the nom. sing. masc. vfofT^ The verb subject is always in the 3rd person. Similar
as
:
I
expressions denoting deserves praise

92.
respect
exist
in
English
Your Majesty
Nouns and The strong
adjectives in 1^
stem, ending in
^,
occurs before
all
case-endings
beginning with a vowel.

In the nom. sing, masc., the final
Hs dropped and
is
the preceding
is
lengthened. In the nom. ace. and voc. neuter plural, the ?
lengthened.
94
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
frr>
The weak
stem, ending in ^, occurs before ^TT^?
^J:
and
(strong)
strong stem
^fe^; weak stem
?rf&
M.
S.
N.
P.
S.
D.
D.
P.
Nom.
Ace,
Instr.
Dat.
Like
the
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
masculine
Voc.
or
93.
superlative of adjectives are generally formed by adding the suffixes cK and 33 to the stem as it appears in the instrumental plural masculine.
Adjectives
Instr. pi.
The Degrees of Comparison (1) The comparative and
Comparative and Superlative
masc.
Comparative
Superlative,
$$
gftr
(long)
(pure)
(wise)
gftr-ftr:
gftrew
(learned)
(2) Adjectives denoting qualities can also form their compaBefore these rative and superlative with the suffixes t^Tând ^2 two suffixes are added, adjectives of more^than one syllable lose their last vowel and the consonant which follows, if any. Some other changes occur which are shown in the following list i
NOUNS AND
Adjectives
ADJECTIVES WITH
Superl.
TWO STEMS
(cOUt.)
95
Superl.
Comp.
Adjectives
Comp.
"? (firm) (sweet)
^J (distant)
^
*T
*35
(big)
(broad)
(thin)
33 (wide)
(young)
(small)
(
^T
*5J (light)
(clever)
qu ick)
53 (heavy)
<frl
(little)
(long
(old)
(dear)
(much)
/better)
(best)
(strong)
(steady)
94.
(near)
In the masculine and the neuter, the comparative in the superlative in <T*T and are declined like ^fJ and In the masculine and the neuter, the comparative in
and
'declined as follows
(lighter)
strong stem
55sffafgj
S.
weak stem
N. D.
M.
S.
D.
P.
P.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
Like
Dat.
Abl.
the
Gen.
Loc.
masculine
Voc.
96
95.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
After a comparative, the term of comparison is put in the The king was defeated by an enemy stronger ablative, e.g.
:
than
After the superlative, the genetive or the locative are used. I gave a garland to the dearest of my friends
e.g.
Among
96.
heroes,
Rama
is
the best
^ft
;
S3" (all) is
declined like a pronoun
M.
D.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
F. P.
S.
D.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
N.
S.
D.
Nom. Ace. Voc.
The
rest like
the masculine
NOUNS AND
ADJECTIVES WITH
TWO STEMS
20
(cOUt.)
97
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
great,
much
;o
ff^
great
strong
^ftsL rich
how much
as
much
y ur
honour
Bhima
thirst
much
as
firm
little
virtuous
broad
1
learned
near
pleasure
to enjoy
to
grow
old,
m.
sick
ffprfj')
thin
to decay
minister
clever
brahmin
steady
to do penance
bright
money
sir-fa
OTTO
rci-
big
husband, master m.
to burn
3TT
(on^rfe)
to
wide
quick
depend on
to go
all
moon
II.
(+acc.) to: obstacle
(v)
(\s)
98
III.
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
:

(1)
How many
( ZTT^cO
sick people live in this
town
(2)
As many
to
3T3RO as
there are healthy people.
(3)
Go
the
nearest house.
(4)
The
hard
hero,
steadier than a
mountain,
sage's
was
body
carried by a horse faster than
the wind. but
(5)
his
The
face
was thin owing
to
The cleverest of all is (7) In a garden bigger (6) than a town, virtuous ministers went by a broad path to a lake adorned by many lotuses. (8) Dejected, tired and tormented with thirst, two learned brahmins who had left (=having left)
their house
(9)
penance, not the oldest.
was
bright.
were seen
slowly
Life
walking
is
along
the river's bank.

(10)
I
Many
obstacles were overcome (crossed).

(11)
play with
my
is
smaller brothers.
lighter than misery, friendship
is
sweeter than death, happiness steadier than money.
LESSON
97.
21
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS

The main
are
:
varieties of
nouns and adjectives with three stems
which reduplicated perfect participle active in must not be confused with the perfect participle active in ^fc[^
(1) the
(see
No. 85).
(2)
(3)
Both
participles,
however, have the same meaning
$Kif= 'having done'.
nouns ending in
3^
three stems are declined in the
adjectives of direction ending in

adjectives with
98.
Nouns and
LESSON
23).
masculine and neuter.

see
(For the formation of the feminine,
NOUNS AND
ADJECTIVES
WITH THREE STEMS

:
99
The
three stems are used as follows

:
the strong stem
in the in in
in
dual and plural and dual the ace. sing, the voc. sing., dual and plural the nom., ace. and voc. plural
nom.
sing.,
of the
masculine
of the
the middle stem

the
99.
before
an d
neuter and in the nom.

$
ace. and voc. sing, neuter.
weak stem
all
in the
remaining cases (their case-endings begin

those
the
with vowels).
given
in
The case-endings are shown again here with

:
No.
of
74.
They
are
indication
the various stems
to be used
M.
S.
N.
P.
S.
D.
D.
P.
Nom,
100
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
stem
:
(having done)
;
trong
^T^f^
middle
stem
(2)].
weak stem
[see Sandhi rule,
No. 31
M.
S.
N.
P.
S.
D.
D.
P.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Like
the
Gen.
Loc.
masculine
Voc.
Nom.
(a learned
sing.
Nom.
plur.
Instr. sing.
Instr. plur.
man)
(having gone)
(having stood)
(having led) (having killed)
e.g.
:
The
(
thief
was seen by the two men who had stood

in
having stood)
S:
I
the
garden
<
To
the
brother
who had gone
Haris's house, food
( =having gone) to was given by the servant
LESSON
22
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH

THREE STEMS
101.
(cont.)
Nouns ending
in 8?^
The strong stems ends in Qfl^ In the nom. sign, masc., the final
Ms dropped
^ after dropping the preceding 3? in the and In the loc. sing, nom., ace, and voc. neutral dual, the stem may optionally end in 3T^ Stems ending in *T*l^ and preceded by a consonant always form their weak stem in 8H and not in [. weak 102. ^rsf^m. (king) strong stem TT^TT/, middle stem tf^T
The middle stem ends in 3T The weak stem ends in
^
:
stem
*T^=*T^
(noun)
strong
Tiffin,
stem:
middle stem:
TT*T
;.
weak stem
S.
n*^
M
D.
P.
S.
N
D,
P.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
Dat.
Voc,
102
SANSKRIT
-
MANUAL
:
103. 3c*H n
(path)
J
strong stem
^1?^;
middle stem
weak
the
^cTL
strong stem
:
WL n
.stem
:
(work)
sing.
3>*rf^;
middle stem
Voc.
3B?
weak
^^
Nom.
Nom.
plur.
Instr. sing.
Instr. plur.
sing.
104. Adjectives of direction ending in The strong stem ends in $F^
The weak stem ends
in
in
|^ when
9J^
is
when
:
is
preceded by preceded by
105. xw*^ (backward) strong stem weak stem

:
middle stem
M.
S.
N.
P.
S.
D.
D.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Like
the
Gen'.
masculine
Loc.
Voc.
NOUNS AND
106.
ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS (cOntd.}
Nom.
sing.
Nom. plur.
Instr. sing.
Loc. plur.
(downward)
(right)
(upward)
(following)
(pervading)
107. fcTT^ (horizontal) has the weak stem TO ^ (turned away), SlT^ (eastern) and
5
QW^ (southern)
have
in-
only two stems
the strong stem
is
in QTO.^ the
weak stem
Loc. plur.
Nom.
sing.
Nom.
plur.
Instr. sing.
EXERCISES 21 &
1.
22
Vocabulary
(*TWT)
Pronominal adjectives
[-3j7zr^ other
m. king,
n.
{^having done
path
m.
gone
one
stood
greatness-
m.
heaviness-
other
led
**$
killed
m.
n.
love
which of two
^learned (man)
m. head
104
3TTc*T^
SANSKRIT
(SHOT) m. self
(TOT,
MANUAL
n.
n.
n.
5fPRÔWT)n.
name
TO) m. Brahman, the
house
hair
Absolute
(o^ftT) n.
n. skin,
z&Fl (5ft)
n.
work
n.
leather
sky
n.
birth
|
(WT)
n.
ashes
disguise, fraud
-v
western, averted
f^R
*Sk
pervading
moonlight
outcast
downward
ght,
fiK^ horizontal
poison
to perform, to lay down
proper
i
TU^ turned away

91^ eastern
8?pnp^
^ upward
s^^qp^ following
II.
southern
:
to stop, to cease
(v)
III.
Decline the following "ftgîn the masc. sing.,
JJ^R^ in
the
pi.,
3T^^ in
:
the neuter
pi.
IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit (1) Your face is turned away, your mind is dejected, ashes cover your head, you have even forgotten the names of your friends. (2) From a pure sky the moonlight falls upon the path. (3) Shoes are made of (with) leather. (4) The child has drunk poison give him (some) medicine. (5) The king and the queen rejoiced at the birth of a talented son. (6) Let the ministers defeat the western enemies by fraud or by force. (7) For the .sake of others the honest man bears the heaviness of misery.
:
LESSON
23
THE FORMATION ON THE FEMININE

108.
The
general
rules
for
the
formation of
the feminine of
adjectives ending in vowels should be carefully revised (see
LESSON
12).
I
Adjectives forming their feminine in sn are declined like 553T Adjectives forming their feminine in f are declined like Jpjfr
I
present participle atmanepada and the present participle passive (^TFR ), the perfect participle passive (^fi), the comparative in cK and the superlative in 3R and %% form their fiminine in 9TT
I
The
109.
Some nouns and

(1)
adjectives ending in
'
3?
follow special rules in
forming their feminine
Nouns and
adjectives ending in
3J
form their feminine
in
(2)
The
following adjectives ending in
8?
form their feminine
in
f
(3)
Nouns ending
in 8?
;
and denoting a
class or a species
form
their feminine in f
*T^ft,
etc.
fsi-ftf^t
Exceptions
eftf^cST,
^^
JPT
(4)
Adjectives ending with the suffix

;
form their feminine
in
*FJT3H2**Rft'
f^'fRT-Î^^ft
110. Adjectives ending in consonants and having one stem only have the same form both in the masculine and in the feminine,
e.g.
^TT?^ (granting
desire)
106
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
111. Adjectives ending in consonants and having two stems form their feminine as follows :
(1) adjectives ending in
in
^ and
JffiL,
perfect participles active

etc.,
^Rând
adjectives of quantity like

;
fef^
add t to their weak
stem
sftlR-sftq^ft
VRctWtfft
of the first, fourth and (2) present participles active in tenth conjugations add t to their strong stem those of the sixth conjugation add | either to the strong or to the weak stem
;
sflRL-sflRft
S*raL-SRft
^T^^cfi
No. 83).
flRRL-fiKRft or ftsTcfr (see the
rule for the neuter dual,

(3) *RR^
,
forms its feminine in present part, active of honorific pronoun forms its feminine in SRcfr
I
(4) adjectives ending in

ift
I
fâdd
| to the strong stem in
(5) comparatives
I
in
t^^ add t
to their
weak stem
112,
adjectives ending in consonants and having three stems form their feminine by adding f to their weak stem :
Nouns and
Weak
stem
Feminine
Slft
THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE

113.
Interrogative and Relative Pronouns
107
Declension of the interrogative pronoun
fiEJ^
(which
what
?)
M.
S.
F.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
S.
N. D.
P.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
Vi
Dat.
Like
Abl.
the
Gen.
masculine
Loc.
114.
Declension of the relative pronoun
q\ Cwhich, who)
N.
P.
S.
M.
S.
F.
S.
D.
D.
D.
P.
Nom
Ace.
Instr.
Dat.
Like
the
Abl,
Gen.
Loc.
masculine
108
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
23
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
tiger
srrf&ET girl
goat
old age
disease
>:
singer
tigress
crane
harmful
songstress
deer hind
female swan
sparrow
earthen
spiritual
deed
surprising,
white
adolescent
strange
to menace, to threaten
sr-I
leathern
youthful
like, similar
peacock
n.
peahen
cuckoo
:
to strike
water
such
Sffil^forbearmg
body
RjQTTSRfa) to perform
favourappreciative
able
loss,decline
^T competent
sound
sense
fs
healthy
...ai^L while
very hard to obtain
far
away
what
kind of
:
unimpaired
effort
remedy
rv
Louse
supreme good
to burn
^R^ digging
:
I
151
to be
done
II.
Give the feminine of the following
^T^sp^:
cfW *&&'
:
^Wl^ST^j:
$$'
ZTTB:
3TS5T5 ^tft>a:
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE

III.
( tf^T
AND
5ZfT )
109
Change the voice

I
in the following
^CT
3(13^ fcwrfl
\
SJTcfT
3 *fta^
^T^T^TT
^fi^
:
IV. Translate the following into English
O)
LESSON
24
INDECLHSTABLE'PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^r and LOCATIVE AND GENITIVE ABSOLUTE

115.
The
participles dealt
with so far are treated
like
adjectives
and are subject to the rules of agreement with the noun

they qualify.
is
There exists a past participle active, also called never declined.

Its
gerund,
which
formation
is
as follows
adding
(1) verbs not preceded by a preposition form their gerund by c^T (^l) to the root, in a way similar to that of the perfect
110
participle
(see
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
No. 84)
^ftfoc^T
Verbs
base
of the tenth conjugation,

:
however, keep their
full active
(2) verbs preceded
by a preposition replace
^TT
by 3
c*T^ )
verbs ending with consonants and long vowels simply add 3
verbs ending in short vowels add <3 instead of q
verbs ending in
or BTTTcT
and dropping their final nasal in the BnTOT-aTFTET perfect passive participle have two forms
^ or ^
SRJ^-sniPT or SIW^T
8fpTT;3TJJT
7zT
or
3j*jfr^r
[ see
No. 84
(3)].
Use
of the indeclinable past participle
When
the
first
two
:
different actions are performed
of the
two actions
is
expressed
by the same agent by the indeclinable

t
past participle
e.g.
:
bathed and ate

seeing me my my mother was
I
On
I
=having bathed I ate ) mother was pleased ( =having seen me

(
pleased)
*rf
came,
saw,
seen, I conquered)
conquered (=having come and having 3n?TET ^251 ^T^*?^^

I
When the second verb is in the passive voice, the indeclinable past participle refers not to the subject, but to the agent of the verb, i.e. to the noun in the instrumenral case. Thus : 3j+iii*?F
coming home my father scolded me (both the action of coming and that of scolding being performed by my father). Hence, if the voice is changed, the indecl. past part.
remains unchanged
:
^[JTTTOT
ft^TT

117.
tf^T
AND 5T^)
111
Locative and Genitive absolute
An
e.g.
:
absolute phrase
set,
subject of
which is The sun having

:
a phrase containing a participle the different from the subject of the main verb ;
is
we went home.
:
Every absolute phrase
can be replaced by an adverb-clause

e.g.
The boys being

class.
tired, the master stopped the class =Because the boys were tired, the master stopped the
The hunter having Your

rise
gone, the birds began to sing=After the hunter went, the birds began to sing.
seat
father being there, you did not rise from your Although your father was there, you did not
from your
seat.
absolute phrase can be translated into Sanskrit by the locative absolute. The subject is put in the locative case and the participle agrees with it in gender, number and case.
An
The present
phrase
is
participle
is
used
if
the
action of the absolute
The past
simultaneous with that of the main clause. participle is used if the action of the absolute phrase
precedes that of the main clause.
The active or passive participle is used according to the voice of the participle in the absolute phrase.
118*
Examples
(1)
(
The soldiers throwing arrows throwing arrows), the general mounted

The
soldiers
:
=while the soldiers were

:
his horse
loc. plur.
masc.
flft%3
throwing : active participle denoting an action simultaneous with that of the main clause : pres. act. part*
arrows
:
ace. plur.
112
(2)
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
(
The burden being
carried by the servant

fast
:
= as
the burden
was carried by the servant), we walked
The burden
being
loc. sing.
:
masc.
vrft
denoting an action simultaneous with that of the main clause pres.

carried
passive
1
participle
pass, part.
gpPTT^
instr. sing.
by the servant
(3)
My
drunk water),
brother having drunk water (=after I read my lessons.

:
my
brother had
My brother
loc. sing,
:
masc.
Slffift
having drunk
active part,
denoting an action
:
which
precedes that of the main clause
past part. act.
water
ace. sing.
(4)
The garland having been given (âfter the The garland

having
:
garland was
given), the boys sang.

loc. sing. fern.
:
HIIÎ*^
been given passive part, denoting an action which precedes that of the main clause past part.
:
pass.
119.
Genitive absolute
When the absolute phrase is equivalent to a concessive clause implying distegard or contempt, the genitive absolute may also be
used.
3fftf is
:
usually added
e.g.
His father looking on (=although his father is looking on), the boy beats his younger brother ft<j:

120.
^T AND
113
the subject of an adverb-clause is the same as that of the main clause, the use of the locative absolute remains
if
When
possible
e.g.
the voice of the adverb-clause can be changed
After he had defeated the enemies, the king started for the palace,
of voice
:
Change
The enemies having been

started for the palace.
defeated, the king
Loc. abs.
121.
Sfftg
f^
:
When
e.g.
:
the verb
the absolute phrase contains the present participle of 'to be', it can be omitted in the locative absolute
You
I
being
my
protector
c^ftr
(=since you are

fafa) *HT *
my
protector),
have no fear
^%3ft
EXERCISE
I.
24
Vocabulary
to receive
8TT-5T
fW
brahmin
a certain
rogue
then
to feel,
to wait
means
':
to enjoy,
fs
Gautama
shoulder
sacrifice
excellence
ie,
to examine to address
3?OTH forest
[:
foot
to buy
dog
to hear, to listen
to put
3t to
sell
down
II.
goat
:
fear

I
31
s
aa^CM
114
'TT'T
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
f ft
cW^rK
ffeft^ST
qN
<TC*ftOT
^T$02T
SflpJI^rt qjft
f%
f^^
i%
i
Translate the following into Sanskrit, using in every sentence either the indeclinable past participle or the locative absolute
III.
:
(1) I
saw the minister and spoke
having conquered, ed we sang. (4)

horse.
(5) (6) If
to him. (2) The enemies we fled. (3) The enemies having been conquerThe merchant sold two cows and bought one
guests were arriving, all the servants adorned are the house. alive, I, too, am alive. (7) After blaming you me, my mother consoled me. (8) While your honour was our
While the
our happiness always increased. while the teacher spoke. (10) If a lion
king,
(9)
is
all fell asleep stronger than a jackal,
We
you should certainly vanquish your enemy. (11) Dear friends, look at me and have pity on me. (12) When the two black horses have drunk water and eaten grass, the cows should be brought in. (13) As the baby was carried away by the thieves, the mother, overcome by sorrow, fell upon the ground. (11) Although his daughters had fallen into danger, the rogue did not stir from the house.
LESSON
25
(
INFINITIVE IN ga
122.
THE SUBORDINATE-CLAUSE
The
infinitive is guriating a short
formed
medial
by adding vowel and

^,
e.g.
5^
a
:
to the root after final vowel, e.g. :
Many
insert
verbs insert an ^ before

t<*nth
:
Verbs of the
5, e.g.
HN"4t<f*f^l
conjugation keep their present base and

(see
Many
123.
verbs form their infinitive irregularly
Verbs and
their Principal Parts).
Use
(1)
of the infinitive
The
e.g.
:
infinitive
:
is
used to
express
the
purpose
of
an
action
He came
to acquire knowledge
(2)
The
e.g.
;
infinitive is
and with verbs meaning

I
'to wish', 'to begin',
used with adjectives meaning "to be able'
'fit',
'able',
am unable to drink He wishes to hear the song tffaf He began to run snf^TlWT
I
(3)
The
infinitive
is
the sense of polite request,

(4)
is
used with the verb 8T^( to deserve) in You should protect me *rf e.g.
:
The
infinitive has
:
to be expressed, in the passive

e.g.
:
no passive form. When the passive the verb accompanying the infinitive is put
:
Active
Passive
I
:
begin to see the trees

trees begin to be seen by
The
me
116
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
124.
The Subordinate-Clause
(1)
The Noun-Clause
1
noun-clause introduced by the conjunction 'that is renHe thinks that dered into Sanskrit by a double accusative, e.g. Rama is a hero (=he thinks Rama to be a hero) ^f ^
:
noun-clause
introduced
equivalent to an adjective-clause, (=that which he says is true
by a conjunctive pronoun is What he says is true e.g.

:
Indirect speech does not exist in Sanskrit and must always be turned into direct speech. The end of the direct speech is marked by the word ^fcT> e.g. He told me that he had conquered the enemies (="I have conquered the enemies", so he told me)
:
125. (2) Adjective-Clause
An
The
adjective-clause
is
introduced by a relative pronoun.

its
case of the relative pronoun depends on
own gram-
matical function in the adjective-clausei
The number and gender

the number and gender of
e.g.
:
of the relative
pronoun depend on
its
antecedent.
the book was given has gone away
The man
to
whom
from the house.

Adjective-clause 'to whom the book was given' to whom dative case governed by the verb 'was given
: : : 1
masc.
sing.,
because
its
antecedent 'the man'
is
in
the masc. sing
INFINITIVE IN
117
in
126. Only the
first
four
numerals are declined
the
three
genders
(one)
fs*
(two)
F.
M.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
F.
N.
M.
N.
1 *
Dat.
Abl.
like
the
Gen
Loc.
masc.
ftr
(three)
F.
(four)
M.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
N.
M.
F.
N.
ftraftn
Like
Dat.
Abl.
Like
the
masc.
the
Gen.
Loc.
masc.
118
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
25
fault,
EXERCISE
I,
Vocabulary
able
to
^*T
defect
love
deserve
3TO*nT
unable
ii^d^ virtuous
to esteem*
to
to
strive
it is
capable of being done

'
honour
proper
of virtue
spot,
:
fesj^) to
mark
assembly
driving
cessation
be depressed to be able
m. disease
:
) to check
m. charioteer
II.
away
hardly
i
courtier
to mount, to
born
3T or
:
climb
strongly built
'f
5* zr:
(v)
fl?lf STTtT
Slr
JUT ft $pft
(vs)
Translate the following into Sanskrit On hearing that her husband had arrived, the young wife (1) ran to the door. (2) should protect those for whom we feel affection. (3) It is proper to salute the master entering the house. Her sweet song could not be heard. (5) Those who are able (4)
III.
:
We
THE ADVERB-CLAUSE
to check their senses are like a
119
(6)
competent charioteer.
Those
who begin to dig a well when their house is burning are like men who take a medicine when sickness has led them to death's
door.
(7)
O king,
you should forgive
(3?t.+in/.)
:
my
offences.
IV. Change the voice in the following

TTgiTTWcIHTJ
LESSON 26 THE ADVERB-CLAUSE

adverb-clause expresses a particular circumstance of the action of the main clause. In Sanskrit, the adverbclause generally precedes the main clause and is introduced by a conjunctive adverb to which a simple adverb corresponds in the main clause, e.g. The tree lies where it fell' will be translated into Sanskrit as "Where the tree fell, there it lies".
127.
:
The
128.
List of
Adverbs
120
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
Examples You came when the guests had gone

Sit
down
while
fetch water
fell
zffl
They stood where the hero
Virtues adorn the heart as flowers adorn the tree
spTT
He
If
does not speak because his friends have cW^TW^S ?r *uq^

I
left
him
2RTt
your mother comes, you should wait upon her

I live
3f^
friends
Although
*&fo 129.
in the
forest, I
still
i
remember my
ftmrfw wrftr an adverb-clause is translated by an indeclinable past participle or by a locative or genitive absolute, the conjunctive and simple adverbs are not translated (sec LESSON 24). 130. The numerals ir^, fg[, f^" and ^g^ agree in gender and case with the noun they qualify. The numerals from (five) to -^51^ (nineteen) are declined alike in the three genders. They agree in case with the noun they qualify. Except for <^ (six) and &(&^ (eight) they are all declined
*ft îrftr crarft
When
q^
like <J^.
Nom.
Ace.
Instr.
or or
or or
or
8?srfir:
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
or
THE ADVERB-CLAUSE
131.
121
Cardinals and Ordinals from

Cardinals
One
to Nineteen
Ordinals
Ordinal
Cardinals
m
ft
-tT
-5ft
-tf
132. S*W, "fefar and <|nte are optionally declined like pronouns in the dat., abl., gen. and loc. singular.
All ordinals form their feminine in t except and gT which form their feminine in 8TT.
EXERCISE
1.
26
Vocabulary
m. bird
having
serpent
water
:
army
j:
^Rft female
serpent
solder
week
month
year
nm.
general
3H5R^
>:
group
of three
egg famished
lean,
mango
anna
group
century
T
^W^rupee
:
emaciated
famished
fith<ji pitiless
doctor
debt
woman
man
122
learn-
SANSKRIT
F:
MANUAL
ones own
sluggishness
s :
moneylender
?W:
to be avoided
/.
ed brahmin
slowness
:
prosperity
Yama
(m. pi.) life
brother
:
/.
intelligence
origin
5ITUTT:
devotee
from
me
:
i
wise
i
wise
man
in
here;
1?^
price
eight miles
II.
to be
two miles
dwelt
:
fa
TT^T
^T TO ft*WJT
fter
3<3%( sftftiT. floral
*$
:
II
00
III.
Translate the following into Sanskrit N.B. The time and distance during which an action last are put in the accusative *
3fnTTflT*[Jor many months, J sffsft for sixteen miles. The time and distance within which an action is done
in the
are put
instrumental
fprfa: *fHf| :
within three weeks

which at action
after ten years.
is
tr%sf 3>t^fa
is
within two miles.

ablative
:
The time
<ftl*4ft
after
done
is
put in the
33zp
The
(1)
price at which a thing
sold or bought
for six rupees.
is
put in the
instrumental
^jft
^T
3fof
bought
the sixth day of the week I sold fruits for 18 rupees. (2) In the nineteenth century many great men fought and died
On
ADVERB-CLAUSE
123
for the country. (3) While all the children are playing, we are able to write poems. (4) For how many rupees did you buy that horse ? (5) After returning from my friend's house I was sick for two weeks and four days. (6) Within 18 miles, we saw only five or six houses. (7) Three sisters and four brothers lived happily for many years. (8) The general told the soldiers to rise and to fight like lions. (9) Do as you are told. (10) There is nothing sweeter than honey, nothing dearer than a friend, nothing lighter than a pure mind. (11) The guests are tired for they have walked three krosas.
IV. Conversation between a fruit-seller and a customer

ST
TO
SITH
*Î\^T:
i
a
i
*
BT
f sftftr
V. Three types of men
124
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
& && & & 41 4E

&
<!E
Sr
& ^
&'
(
*w
C/}
<J
PL,
Cu
13
if III
g
U
55
w H
ffi
*iu <iu
ffi
if fit
d5 '^
H O o
PQ P^
fllll!
2
D-
"
<X)
g 2 ^ 2
a S
2 ^
O o
I
?
la
o
2 2 2
VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS
125
I
\&
\S9
f> \&
Wv
|fff & & &

*fe
ffft'
ft Tff
tt?'
Kf
G
n
IE
^15
-l,
E.| I s
B^f
rH r*
M
CJ
>i
3
^Q
O
fir^
4-i4->
ls O ^ I o & y M D M ^ - - a O 511 ^ o w O o o o M w O O 2 OOjj4->O o OOO ^ ./ M ^-U-MQ.M-M.MO o

^
"
<JO
a
c3
T3
<D
&
>^
IO
CJ *-
J2
cj
-M
oj
rfi
-O
CXi
-'
-6
**
o V o M o X
.(
R>
&' 5" &l# &

Sr''
tr^
I?
5 fel^Kbî^^^^^
B?'
to^ ET^ tr^
Hf J
S'fe
^
ttr
fc'
tff
ft?
126
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
OO
S_X
_T
3
"tf
O
r
I
VQ
.a
lff !fS4*j
A\
s t>
-I s
js J~i
^>\
a H
o3
8 o
!
^
o o *-**-*
g 3 -a
/
1 3
S
t
*J
2 2
127
11111
OS
'w
>
si
Cfl
<-w
**
a M Q
2 a o 4J
-M
O u c > * i s "S 3 o
^
*.
M
>-i
^
^ o O
-QJO
*j
O 8
44
128
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
s.
"&
BT

W3
*
a
SJ
s
O
g O
'S ja j3
a $
^
s
rs
2 S
I'
129
^Ji &^ R6rr5r

= g>
' tt
'fc
&&$&*'* &9
fc
tiwrrrrFrrc'
fc
T |p
j2
rfrrrtr
fe
xIE
i?
& g
rtr
tr
tr
f^
<E
&
.^45
<E
I?
& &
Kill I
<E
130
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
I
4->
re
fu
hsf
in
ctt
i4gf I
IF
cp?
H?
OH
ft
tF
RT
O
O
rH
O^
i-
O

55
O 3
^3
(/>
<D
a
o
a e 3
JJ*
-d
c .2
131
re
<*~S
^
2
rH
vO
"s-'
VO
T-H
^-^
S 3
a-
1-
132
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
I
4-1
'5
i
d>
fo?
fiiiiifi
KT
fr
RT
*W
'fiT
h^
h/
&
<fc
fill
Jt V ff
I
is
4E
11
O
o
*c
T
|
<g
rH
v^_/
*^/
V) rH/
>
>^*
&
Co
C3
-j
2 o o
4J
b-''
o
4J
/
w
Cti
135
* 3
&
/
fe ^ & f r
S &
3T
hr
I
IS
IT?
hr
R>
nr
h?
ff
Ii41
8 B
-9
I
o o
134
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
? <H
tK
$ 5<E 'k'i
E
cr
trr |&
to to
fr
fe
! I
if II
S
ô
f 2 6
SS222
^ r:
3
o
-->
-M
w
o 2
fcr'
cr^
as'*' a *
&
2
&
135
g
to
f tf tf
&
vi
<tp <
E C
1
K
111
^^BÊ
siu
&
<te
<E jc
dsf 1 1
V.O
If
O
c3
u 'd > c M OS
w >
O
fcl
U ?
V2JO
a
ft) ftj
42
CO Cd
U O
-M
Z
^
B'JE'S R? <V& KP
pi.r. ,r
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
even
:
m. fire
,
unimpaired
near (-face.)
throw
ft-3
point
fh) to scatter
in frontof
(+gen.)
unable
water
n.
m.
sword
n.
goat
(1) (arefa) to
roam
forest
water
limitless
egg T therefore
m. guest here
:
^T^)
I
blood
m,
enemy
(seen. 67)
healthy
to worship
3?T
m. serpent
harmful
(see n.
70)
today lowest
:
t0re qUeSt
from, up to
+ abl.)
below
+ gen.)
r.
u object, riches
SOW*: sky
_,
..
disturbed
arrival
i
now
after ( + abl.)
:
.:
to deserve
j
wind
m. bee
instr.J
arriva 3^^ O^TT.

:
Conc3uct
after,
along (+acc.) favourable

love
preceptor
little
anna
m. self
to protect
n.
between (+acc.)
without
near
last
:
(-f-acc.)
Ej southern
tear
supreme good
order
first
horse
to obtain
blind
31^1^ food
eight (see
n.
130)
pqr- 3^5^^ other
adversity
otherwise
following
eighth eighteen
3?T5(l^
mango
.
life
)
:
offence
eighteenth to be
îRft
long lived
u
137
SfRfarî health
3
loudly
(6)
(33*fifir)
laziness
money-lender
to
hope quick hermitage

refuge, support
except (+abl)
abandon
highest, best
ft^) m.
priest
m. seer
riving
away
:
food
Joy
one
upward
m. ocean
(see n. 126) once upon a time (see n. 130)
wish
thus
this (see n.
:
generous, noble m. plant

effort
^*1^RL eleven
69)
eleventh
(see n.
m.
moon
sense
garden above (+gen.)
67)
^)/. shoe
:
so great, so
just only
much
means on both
n.
sides
so great, so
much
3^0
(+acc.)
breast
:
^ (6) (^3m ) to wish

5:
wide
to burn
, ,
Indra's
m. arrow
elephant
power, sway
here I
>
dawn
hot
see
to
')
n.
house
;
:
exa-
flood,
mne
35î:j n.
/.
vgour
;
wave
oft^lip
heap n. energy
to expect
boiled rice
such
f *%& God, master
hymn
3^ debt
medicine
138
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
where
(4)
?
m
:
who
( see
*^
/.
y|fj^
m. quarrel welfare
IfTj
:
direction
m. poet
(f^fe) to be angry (+dat.) expert
neck which of two
one-eyed
skilful,
crow
to
.
beauty
:
embrace
(1) (Wirfcr) to tell
f lower
desire
well
foKtfir)
^jf^L somehow
granting desires
when
sometimes
;
body
cause
to be
(8) to
to do,
8TOT-1>
make
done
(3?oMtfa) to decorate
(6)
($"dfa) to cut
never
i
rk, business
youngest
tme
(1)
grateful
gratitude
younger
daughter
:
to
;
for the sake of
shine
(+gen.)
artificial
m.
:
monkey
but
to shine
pigeon
lotus to tremble
servant
lean,
wretched emaciated
to draw;
to
what
plough
? (see n.
Krsna
black
to
hand
.
elephant to hear
to
some, a certain
make black
(6) (feftf)
en-sR
^ ( ^wq"fcT )
.
hear, to listen
how great much ?
how
to scatter
ear
doer,
adoles-
fit,
to be to conduce
cent
.
(+dat.)
est
|
W
:
master
)n.
work
:
of
what kind
?
cuckoo
anger son of Kunti
spot
'dog
quarrel
whence
3
:
139
(1,4)
(3*1*1 fa>
/.
course, gait
shorten,
to
summarize
oar o5ft o^) goer
to go beyond, to cross
(9) to
odour, perfume
fast,
buy
ft-3ft
to sell
(1) (*&Wkn) to play
quick wasted, lean
T^ (1)
to
to go
small,
mean
I
obtain
to be
(arar^ftO to
QTT-*T*^
know
game
(4) (^rfcf) to be
:
angry (+dat.) anger

'Sjfarfo)
hungry /. hunger famished

(4) (zrfcl) to be
(QJFT^fcf) to
;
come
*rasftf)
to approach to return
to cry
cry,
shout
field
agitated
m. heaviness
to
(4)
be
tired
song
(faft)
to suffer
lame
,(10)
to break
i
n*r!
singer
songstress to plunge voice
pain, trouble
where
(8) to hurt
piece, section
:
O/
moment
:
(1) (*3T%) to dig
mountain
virtue, quality
decay, loss
(1,4)
digging
indeed, surely
to endure, to forgive
^\ vJJ
to eat
appreciative
o?ft
ffafr
to be
afflcted, depressed
forbearing
to (1)
to
loving virtue
rat
known, famous
wash
decay
to
:
^)
virtuous
*T
Ganges
elephant
(10)
to
;
virtuous
throw
( 8?ftrf
to
(fif-
heavy, honourable wi. teacher

(1) Offfo) to hide
abuse
f
count
to put
down
to
despise
cave
10
140
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
n. disguise,
house housewife
(1) (TTCfcf)
fourteenth
fraud
to sing
moon moon
army
(1)
cowherd,
goat shade
(7) to cut
hole, crack
Gopala
.
Gautama
white, fair
to
move
to
n.
world
^R[.
depart
to swallow
(9) to seize
BTT-^^ (on-
to
.
perform
n.
having gone
3T^
oîsft
leather
village
having killed
leathern
)
(4)0sraft)tobe
to
move
man, person
:
born
father
jar
outcast
lovely, beatiful
to proclaim
(5) to collect, to
ifft"
mother
n. )
ghee
ST (l) (ftraft)
gather
surprising
birth
to smell
(10) (f^ctofci) to think
to mutter
old age
water
and
having done
spiritual
a long time
after a long time
(1) (^fcTfe) to prattle

:
/.
race, caste
wheel
n.
:
knee
eye
to steal
i
/.
beak
(1)
n.
mind
to try
T
son-in-law
et
(1) (Rf^T) to con;
sparrow four (see n 126)

fourth
(%^)
(10)
quer ft-f^T (fp|<^) to vanquish ; TO'f^T

tocover
to
fourteen
defeat
t
tongue
d
0^:
141
<rR>^
life
<T2:
butter-milk
star
such
palate
so great, so
slope, shore
life
fl^ (10) (3T^T%)

to beat
victorious
(4)
(sft^rftr)
much
f.
lightning
rice
to
grow
old
\'
uncooked
4t
horizontal
thence, then
(9) to
know
r
[T
bank
cft^"
there
so,
knowledge
learned
>
sharp, violent to strike to
thus
that
3& (6) (3^%)
n.67)
then
SW,(4)
to stretch
P
/.
ft
i^
weigh
learned
eldest
(szftfo) n. light
(g^fftl)
to be
pleased
?jpjft?^
body
ness
sleepy, sluggish
silently
fatigue, sluggish-
gw^ grass
third
moonlight
(1)
(^c5%)
to glow
satisfy oneself
to burn
/.
satisfaction
.
5
:)n. heat,
thirst
penance
ascetic
:
quickly, at once
) ^.
(1) (cRfa to cross
darkness
to descend
n.
m. tree
glow,
brilliance
squint-eyed
comment commentary
gloss,
youthful
spirited,
ardent
threaten Tft-î
q-
(1) (^wftl) to
1
:
to threaten child
,
abandon;
to
young
foot
gve
(1,4) (
^(
to fly
up, to forsake
having stood
5PT^ group of three
d
SANSKRIT
142
MANUAL
body
:
thirteen
3T
:
servant
?ft
maid servant
fault
thirteenth
sftftr)
three (see n. 126)

)
to play
shine
(1) (^fcT) to run,
to hasten
day by day
(6)
( fi^Tftf )
to melt to
(8TT;
show
(1)
QTT-^^
to
(OTf^rftl)
twelve
twelfth
:
(^fo)
to bite
command
to
.
competent, skilful
to punish
:
to
)
instruct,
advise
/ door
l)
direction
to shine
;
two
(see n,
stick
126)
tooth
to
to
second
.
31 (4) teTR%)
tame
331 compassion
burn, to glow
enemy
mercy
slowness
^n3[ wealth
poor
sight, vision
:^H misery wicked man

difficult to get
oift
rich
oft^V of^)
rich
f.
tenth
:
daughter
:
(^^fcf)
to burn
messenger
distant
ar
is
) n.
bow
;
duty, law, virtue

3?ftr-m
9?^-^^(8?^5fcr) to
burn down
(1)
away (+abl.)
:
(3) to put to address

;
from afar
to
ft-STT
to
(^ftf) to give
to receive
(6) CfeRT) 8?T-g

f5[zi%)
lay
down
fT-^T
honour
m
nurse
creator
1-^T
to offer
firm
(1) (q^rfe) to see
(9) to tear, to split

giver,
to run;
generous
r:
wood
god
to attack
n
Eie
P
143
on
(+
ace.)
(4)
leader
to perish
|
talented, prudent
to bind
steadfast
name
by name
low
*)f- yoke
rogue /. dust
fs
woman
i
destruction
side,
wing
m. bird
CD
(10)
/.
to hold
fr^1
! !
near
+acc.)
regular
(1)
to
owe
^^ constant,
ft^T sleep
cow
to
to
cook
(1)
blow
m. treasure
fifteenth
(1)
to meditate
to blame
fifteen
five (see n.
130)
lifth
>q^) having led

not
at night
'rft
(o
jj:
ojft
oq^ )
skilled
innocent
cleaver
(1) (qsftf to read
city
(1) C^fh) to
sound
JT^T
worthless
river
ft^F pitiless
ft*$W
/.
pitiless
fly
i ,
to
husband's sister
!
^
:
;:
grandson
fo*^ certainly * ^ &$$ to led

^"^
brin
^
'
around
letter
wife
(1) (3*Tfa) to salute
to
wholesome
(4)
(qsreO to
C
honour, salutation
to
(+
dat.)
|
vwfa) to marry
?
go
man new
nine
f^qg%
*Mq^
to
;
/.
conduct
fall
into adversity
)
ftw healthy
ninth
flf q^ ( prosper
to dance
to
step, place
nineteen
:
q^ (q*rO
other
n.
water,
55T
5ft"
?TH) nineteenth
king m. king
:
milk
p ; pH,b
144
ph
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
cty
TOP beyond (+abl.)

m. axe
valour, exploit
formerly
forward, eastern
T^: )
man human
early
effort
turned away
monsoon
to nourish
TSQ
m. mendicant
palace
ower book
to worship
deer
sft
(10) to please
.,
/.
assembly
before (+abl.) earth
to be avoided
n.
hard, rough
love
mountain
:
wide
(3) to
fill
m. beast
behind
(+ gen.)
hood of a snake
to
to bear fruit
ruit
IT (1) (fWcl) to drink

TT (2) to protect
<TT5:
f:
(6)
2^fe )
ask
to take leave
lesson
m. hand
vessel
towards (+acc.)
fruitful
foot
backward, western
reacton,
blossoming
:
foam
courter
first
remedy
(10) (qr^ftr) to protect

ft"5 (ft^T)
crgn
power
: :
(9) to bind
relative, friend
m. father
4ta_ (10) (^f^rfei) to oppress, to torment

'ftcf
m. lord, master
^551^
strength
much, many
:
yellow
merit
effort
strong
s-^T
qfa fat
cessaton
"ft
crane
5RRT
to check
son
again in front (+ gen.)
favourable
J
strong
:
favour
outside
(+
abl.)
before
(+
abl.)
much, many
145
boy
i
your
girl
honour
(see n. 91.)
to roam, to err
m.
arm
m. drop hole
/.
*TW3L house, abode n. ashes

:
JT
devotee burden
:
/.
mind
prudent
intelligence
wife
intelligent
CD
(*TT^) to speak
fish
3TM speech, language

to
know
to
to split
to
reoce
awake
to eat, to
honey
wse man
famished
3fl ) n.
enjoy
serpent
*Lj^fas ) ^. bee
middlemost, mediocre
to think
n.
:
world
(*reftOtobe, to
the Absolute
( 5ISIT )
m.
become
Brahma
brahmin
*RfcT)
to
;
9T3-^(8?3feel, to
mind
wish, desire
to consult
enjoy
3^-^ (^^
;
to arise
Tft-
to overi
sacred text, spell

minister
/.
devotion
to eat
come
:
5!-^ (5W^ftr)
to prevail
(
WÔ God
:
/.
.
prosperity
sister
(1) (*TO%)
to divide
(7) to break
/.
king earth
peacock peahen Tn. wind

sweeper
great m. greatness
(10)
(^T%)
to adorn
^TT^ ornament
^(l)(*TCfa) to support
fortune
fear
fearful
( *ffif )
enjoyment,
pleasure
woman
not (with
imperative)
m. lord,
meal
(4)
husband
OwftO
to
fall
146
(2) to measure;
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
*TT
H
to sacrifice
::
Raghu
compose
IT (fRt) to build flesh

.
arrange, to
:
mother
to
sacrifice
/.
rope
honour
rt
attempt
chariot
)
;
where
as... so
to seek
s
to begin
(1)
path
garland
(W^) to sport
which
(see n.
114)
month
(6)
:
when
plantain-tree m. sun
a
ftr^fa) to join
/,
m. ray
secretly
to restran
salvation
,
face
to release
n fame
-
to shine
(2) to go
king courtier
.
5^ (1)
s[T
(tfr^ ) to rejoice
queen
.
coin, seal
night
gft: m. sage
35., (4)
Rama
to faint
as much. ..as ..^!^ while
m. heap
please (see n. 44)
(58%)
i.
b fool
3^
head
|
to join
3*1
W)
rat,
mouse
to seek
(2) to cry ($*&) to fight battle *P^(7) to obstruct

,
(6) (ftRft) to die
u,
you
(see n,
^f^T blood
67)
to
deer
:
miles
climb, to
(wftr) to protect
line, series
:
grow
to
dead m. death
mount
earthen
:
/.
dust, pollen
cloud
m. protector
disease
147
voce
sick
race, family
^T'ft
well
weeping
m. orator
qi: m. wind water

:
eloquent
light
obstacle
(D
^
(Bffo) to leap
to speak
ftrW money, riches
(Mftr)
to find to be
(6)
(vi^^
to be
ashamed
m. merchant
shame
creeper
knowledge
.
speak;
to disagree, to dispute
:
lightning
*W
(1) (55*T^) to receive, to obtain
killing,
murder
learned
:
m. fate
acquisition
(6) (fe^fcT)
wife,
woman
to write
(6) (fewrfa)
modesty without (+acc.

instr. or abl.)
:
to salute
diversion
to smear, to anoint
(9) to adhere,
stick
-
sow
n body
n.
:
adversity
age
1 (4)
(gsfo)
to wallow
(g^rffl) to break
:
boar
f)n. path
brahmin rt^ bewildered

:
colour, caste
wedding
( ftroft )
;
(6)
to
(4) (gwrfiO
enter
to dwell to be dwelt in
(
8?ftr-ft-ftf^
to covet.
(9) to cut
Sfftrftlf^ ) to re(
sort to
-face. ); to
wealth
thing, object
gq-f^C gqf^rftr )
sit;
to see, to observe
to enter
world
:
avarice
gr<sc/
.
to bear, to flow
W)
fickle,
hair
or
.
ftqûniverse PeHW dejected

firWpoison
anxious
speech
,S
148
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
character
all-pervading
T:
5:
hero, warrior
wolf
tree
(1) Offi&) to be,
;
to praise to be able
.
to grieve
pure
Tfif)
?: I
strength,
to dry
power
able to be done
j
hero
jackal
to exist
)
ft-13 ( ft-
to desist
from
rogue
m,
( ÎVidcl )
to
;
turn, to change
enemy
^
ftr
splendour
(4) (w?rftr)
5Jj
to be tired
(l) (prfc) to
1^
5R^ )
to
pro-
slowly
to curse sound, noise
to be-
ceed, to begin n in vain

[
reach
8TT-fe
( err-
old
*
depend on, to have recourse

rich,
^rft) to
age
to tremble
come quiet,
t
to stop
arrow
.
fortunate
autumn
C5) to hear
Creator
to sake,
to tremble
m. hearer
night m.
learned
moon
(1)
brahmin
n.
house
(W*&)
to praise
doctor
to pierce
branch
J
/.
peace
book, science
to learn
to
:
embrace
misfortune
mother-in-law
tger
tigress
J
tomorrow
white
m. disease
sick
n.
summit
(ftR ! ) n. head m. baby, child
:
sky
to go, to
sx
(see n.
walk
pupil cold
130)
sixth
33^ vow, promise
)
time, contract
:
3
149
lion
lioness
sixteenth
near (+acc.)
able
.
sxteen
fuel
to sprinkle
(+gen.)
335
*fa<O
/.
assembly
sea
.
to reach, to succeed
wealth,
Sita
friendship
prosperity
having water
properly
^T
fragrant
being
truth
(1)
right,
proper
:
very difficult to obtain

/ kindness
(dWa)
to sit
m.
asleep
3J-5T^( srcfafcf ) to
be
emperor
favourable
fo-5T^
rver
serpent, snake
wise
(f^fafa) to be afflicted,
depressed n. abode, residence

:
all (see n.
^f:
96)
(+acc.)
benevolent
learned
on
all sides
man
5f
everywhere
always
m. sun
to endure
similar
W gold
:
fragrant
twilight
at
^( iPL)
sun
friend
once
charioteer
seven
seventh
with (+instr.)
suddenly
:
(1) (e^ftr) to
8T|
move,
(a^T^ftl) to
seventeenth
seventeen
'.
good, holy m. holy man
follow
(6) (srarftO to
create
/.
week
presence
of (+gen.) to appease, to console
:
creation
court, assembly
m. bridge
army
:
charioteer
ith fear
with (+instr.)
ifa Cl)
(&^)
m. general to serve
h
SANSKRIT
soldier
150
MANUAL
Wlfn
;
(1)
to
aw
Hanuman
:
ladder
remember
)
/.
"fa-^2
beauty
;
to forget
shoulder
remember)
f.
m. Hari
deer
(2) to praise
:
ance> law-book
(
*?I3>
thief
garland
to flow
female deer
green
**?T
(D
;
to
8?fa-^T
(
stand
fqgfa
plough
L
(
to
occupy,
(-face.)
;
one's
own
to sleep
f^
to
dwell
oblation
(1)
3^-WT
(sfrreftO
to
rise
dream
nature
J
(l^fe)
;
to
WW
laugh
f^ftf )
Tft-f^
( Tft-
place
heaven
^KIT) /. sister
to laugh at
standing
firm, steadfast
big, large
C3) to
abandon
hail
(+dat.)
to be avoided
healthy
fR: necklace
(2) to bathe
fTÎt ridicule to taste ff[ for, indeed
to love (-Hoc.)
(1)
sweet
^nft)m.
to throb
lord,
Himalaya
(1) ( 5*fo )
husband I
to take
( Tft;
rivalry
away
to touch
<rft-if
L (6)
to avoid
5l-f
;
swan
female swan
killed
)
[
to strike
^ftr
to
to desire (+dat.)
(1)
collect
kill,
;
(wKO to
smile
.
;
i
(2) to
|
heart
lake
\
to be
j
to strike
ft-^L to
surprised
disturb
(1) (frftr) to call
old age
to be agitated g^T
to
all *ft (see n.
to ask
abandon 33*^
(6)
96)
asleep
^J
along 8?3 (+acc.)
assembly
/.
although
able
able to be done
to be able 51^(
always
and ^
anger
n.
to attack
(1)
abode
above ^ft ( + gen.) the Absolute
to abuse
acquisition to address 8*fa-siT (3)
angry to be angry
to attempt
3&
^
autumn
avarice
to avoid Tft-f (1) to be avoided
->
(4)
) /.
anna
anxious
to appease
to awake appreciative axe m. to approach ^T-^(l)

!
adolescent
to adorn *J^
ardent
to arise
B
baby Tfg: m. backward bank
adversity
to into adversity
Arjuna
fall
arm 3T| m. army ^^ /.

:
to arrange to advise 3T-"ft^ (6) afar ^JH ; from afar

afflicted
^
1
base
(10) to bathe $K (2)
battle
arrival
to arrive Bn-TOJ. (1) arrow ^3: m. ^:

artificial
g^
8W
(2),
to be
^ (1),
^PR
ft^ (4)
(1)
to be afflicted
ascetic ??%: m.
ciqf
m.
after
beak ^5:
to bear
(+abl.),
(+acc.)
again
ashamed to be ashamed
ashes
n.
/.
(1)
beast q^: m. to beat <T^ (10)

beautiful
age
n.
152
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
a certain
(4)
beauty
to
/.,
book
to be born
become
m.
(1)
bee
before
to beg to begin
certainly
bow
boy
3T3:
n.
cessation
to change
(1)
Brahma
brahmin branch
to break
character
chariot
W*
m.
charioteer
to check
behind below
best
breast
(1)
3:
(+gen.)
fcs
bridge
m.
cheerfully
child
n.
:
brilliance
m.
between
(+acc.)
beyond
big
bird
city
(+gen.)
(4),
m.,
n.
*p
to bring en-^ (1) to build

(2)
clever R
to climb
to bind
birth
burden
*T
cloud
^
(5)
to burn 3^(1), fl^
to bite
black
(1)
CD,
to burn
^.
down
cold to collect
to blacken
business
CD
colour 3
to
(1)
to blame
blind
butter-milk
to
come BJT-TRT comment
(1)
blood
blossoming Jp to blow (1)
buy
^ (9)
(1)
/.,
commentary
to
to call
compassion compose conduct STHR:,

to
^
/.
blue
caste
conquer fa (1)
cause
to console
body
/.,
cave
century
to consult
constant
153
daughter
to die
*l (6)
contract
to cook
difficult to get
T^(l)
(
dawn
(10)
to dig
^ (D
to count
T^)
country ^T: course

court
courtier to cover
to covet
day by day fi[^T dead 'JcT dear

death debt
m.
digging direction
to disagree
disease
1)
(10)
m.
n.
cow
crack
crane
decay
(4)
^R?:
disguise to dispute
to decay
% (1)
(8)
(1)
to decorate
distant ^J
3551$:,
deer
tfeft'141
5î:>
disturbed
diversion
to divide
to create
3^(6)
/.
to defeat
creation Slfe
^(1)
62); to be
Creator
creeper
to cross
rnj (^TcIT)
m.
T
dejected
m.
to depart STC-^ to be depressed
(1)
to do
$
^
(8) (see nn.
51
&
done
f^l^PT
3&PT
doctor TO?*
3-^f-
(4)
), <T
(1)
CD
to descend
8Tqf-cT
m.
doer
(1)
m.
crow
cry to cry
*E ST.
to deserve QT|^ (1) desire 1^? TfKT:

(1),
dog door
to
5TC
to desire 5^(1)
(l^ffcl);
cuckoo
$tf%55:,
3^ (10)
(+dat.)
(
draw dream
driving
(1)
to drink qr (1)
to curse 31^(1 to cut f^ (6) (
to desist ft-l^ (1)

(ft3fl^)
away
+ abl.)
D
to dance
to despise Q?^-T^ (10) destruction n?F:,

(4)
n.
drop ft^: to dry U^(4)

dust qfe: duty R:
to dwell
/.
^1
devotee
*Txfi
darkness
devotion
îfe:
/.
154
SANSKRIT
to err
MANUAL
fault
^
QT3^55, 5T^r
ear
favour
even
early SITcT^
favourable
to
earth
eastern
to eat *3T^ (1),
effort
everywhere to examine
be favourable
(1)
(
fear
*RW
except^
to exist
+ abl.)
fearful
1^ (1)
with fear
fickle
egg
eight ere* (see n. 130)
to expect
expert
exploit
eighteen
fie
on
eighteenth
eighth
eldest
fifth
t^sa:i n.
eye 3*j&
fifteen
fifteenth
to fight
elephant vft
m.
face
fair
3^ (4) (3^)
to
fill
q (3)
eleven
eleventh
to faint
fR^T
fire
I i
emaciated
to
to fall
(4),
firm
embrace^
fame ^t^: /.,
fish
emperor
m.
to endure
to be fit
:amily fa:
(^) ( + dat.)
five
flesh
:amished
q^(see
n.
130)
:amous
enemy
energy
to enjoy
m.
:ar
,
^t
from afar
flood
to flow
:ast
flower
at fhf
-^ (1),
ate
^W
to fly
,
fofa:
m.
to fly around
m.
rather
enough
to enter
fatigue
roam CTi
155
to follow aig-3 (l) following
grandson
gait
*lfo: /.
?H
(
^HT
m.
food
fool
game
Ganges
garden
garland
grass
^W^
grateful
foot
for
gratitude
great
^^ (see n. 90)
?
forbearing $rftTt
forest
how
^
great
3TWT
3*f*^
to forget fr-^ (1)

to forgive
garment
so great
as great as
(5)
SW
to gather fo (5)
(1,
4)
^T:f^
Gautama
general
greatness
*JH
formerly 3*T
to forsake
m.
fortune
fortunate
generous
green 5feT
to grieve
to
ghee
gift
grow
forward
four ^^^(iee n. 126) fourteen
^
H
(1)
Cl)
guest
girl
3?%ftr:
m.
to give
to give
fourteenth
fourth
fragrant
giver
up Tftc^ (1)
(5T3T)
m.
n.
fraud
friend
glow ^^(&wO to glow

to go
hail
^fe
(4-dat.)
hair %?P, 55t^(55t?) n.
3^: m.
goat
hand
happy
W,
^flftr:
m. |^:
happiness
friendship
from en (+abl.)
in front of
fruit
Sfft
God
god
goer
gold
m.
,
harmful
hard T5^
3^:
fruitful
(-fgen.) ( + gen.)
Hari fR:
to hasten ^TC (1)
to bear fruit
fuel
good Gopala
grain
head
ft
m.
health
11
156
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
jewel
to join
fflo5
healthy
house
m.
n.,
(6),
heap
to hear
(10),
housewife
joy
jUSt
how?
hearer
heart
m.
T^
heaven
here
hunger hungry ^fWc! to be hungry

to hurt
^PJT
K
to kill 53 (2)
2
(4)
3J5f,
killed
killing
%3
(8)
hermitage hero 4fa:

to hide
husband
husband's sister
m.
W
:
kind
kindness 5^fe fof what kind ?
m.
high
3% g
king 3$';
^TfcJi
nu
highest
hymn
m.
i)
f.
Himalaya
knee
n.
m.
to hold
(1)
67)
to
know QT
hole "Upt^
holy
man
3TT-
to increase l^T (1)

'
knowledge
honey *T^ to honour
Krna
(6)
indeed
Indra
Indra's
your honour
(seen. 91)
ladder
lake f^:
innocent
intelligence
intelligent
lame
large
last
^
5^(1)
f.
honourable ^^T
language
hood
hope
(of a serpent)
jackal
jar ^2:
to laugh
horizontal
horse 3Rf: hot
to laugh at qft-f^ (1)

f.
jaw ^'
law
W; ^ft%:
jest %fe:
/.
to lay
down ft-^TT
(3)
to listen en
litte
157
laziness
medicine
lazy
3Je59
ft
mediocre
to meditate
(1)
to lead
CD
to live
leader &J (tt) m.
long
$R
meditation
to melt f (1)
lean
long-lived m. lord
mendicant
to leap 55f ^ to learn
CD
loss
f^ (1)
merchant
learned learned brahmin
lotus
loudly love
m., n.
mercy
merit
learned
leather
man
to love faf (4)
messenger ^p: middlemost

mile
2 mile
lovely
leathern
to leave
8 miles
milk T^W
low
lowest
(6)
^0
n.
-
to take leave 3
lesson 1T3:
letter
life
M
(8) ^see
mind %TCt (^0 n

minister
maid-servant
to
make ^
nn. 51
&
62)
msery
misfortune
man 5ffi:,
n.
mango many (see 'much')

mare
to
QîT
<?ft fft
modesty
light (adj)
lightning
like
marry
(1)
master 51: m.
limit
limitless
line
meal
moment money monkey monsoon m. month moon
m.
mean
means to measure
m.
*fT
lion
lip
(2)
moonlight
158
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
to oppress
mother
mother-in-law
to
SJW.
nineteenth
ninth
or
^T
noble
noise
to nourish
orator
m.
mount 3JT~^ (1)

:
order
to order
mountain mouse
m.
not
(1),
T, *TT
mouth to move
much (many) how much ? so much as much as

murder
to mutter
now
nurse
(with origin imperat.) ornament
other Bjr,
otherwise
o
object
outcast
outside
to
to
3ff[ :
(
+ abl.)
overcome
oblation
to observe
owe 1
33
(1)
obstacle
to obstruct
own
mutually
P
pan
pair
N
name TOH (TT*0
nature ^TT3f:
n.
to obtain
ocean 3î: m.
to occupy erf^
near (adj.)
palace
(1)
[ace.)
odour
offence
palate
near (prep.)
path
*TFT : >
(+acc.)
ace.), SWTOT
peace
sr-^T (3)
^TTf^n /.
C+acc.)
to offer
peaceful
neck ^3*
necklace ^R? net
old f5>
old age
to
grow old ^
(4)
peacock penance cfT^(^qO n. to practise penance

to perform
(1)
never
new
*I3
/.,
one
once
at
night uftf:
at night TO*^
nine
f^
(see n.
130)
once perfume once upon a time ^^T to perish

only
f^T (4)
nineteen
person
159
piece to reduce to pieces

to pierce "&V3 (4)
preceptor
:
quickly
m.
to
in the presence of
gen.)
quet become
quiet
prest
pigeon
pitiful
pitiless
(4)
to proceed
R
race
pity
^
(3X
m.
to proclaim 3^_
Raghu
/.
place to
promse
proper
5ls|cT: to promise 51%-
Rama
(5)
rat
JJ^
ray
f%W>
î^JTi
m.
plant
plantain-tree
to play
properly
to prosper
to reach 51-3^(5) to receive
to please
sfr
(10")
prosperity
to protect
(4)
(2),
^%:
/.,
pleased
to be pleased
pleasure
^
m.
refuge to take refuge

(1)
protection
plough
to plough to plunge
$^
protector
(6)
regular to rejoice
^
TO
(4)
Cm^%), g^
to release
(i)
prudent
to punish
relative 5Fg: m.
poem
poet
point
8IHJT
(6)
m.
pure ^f% toputÎT (3),ft-m (3)

to put
poison
pollen
down ft-%q^(6)
to remember remembrance
/>
to request
Q
quality 3^:
5RT^:, ^f1rR:
3TCT
(
poor
power
(1)
f.
to praise
without quality to^r quarrel $<35v ^"fe: m.
residence
to restrain
to return
fcH*),
^ C2)
to prattle
queen quick
160
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
shoe
/
rce
boiled rice
rich SR3rt>
sayng
to scatter 3 (6)
shore
^3:,
riches
8?^:,
scence
sea
seat
to shorten
ridicule
shoulder
shout
^t^T:
to incur ridicule
to
TO second
rse
secretly
to see
to shout 3>3rjl) to show f<^T (6)

sick CrfrR^ c^rrf^ sickness t*T:, cqifq: m.
rivalry
river
side
T5?:
road
to
to seek
9T3
(1),
(10)
on both on
sides 3*Pffi:
(
roam
t
seer
^f:
all sides
ace.)
rogue
rope
to seize 57f^ (9) self 8?TcH (3nc?TT) m.
S^:
(
+ ace.)
sight
silently
I33j: /.
to
sell fo-33t (9)
rough
rupee
sense
series
similar
C+instr.)
sin
s
sacred text *T*5p>
sacrifice
zffl:
serpent Q?: m. servant

to serve
^T^
*T
to sing
(1)
to sacrifice 9^(1) sage gfa: m. for the sake of

(
seven
"rsee n.
singer to sink
130)
seventeen
snner
m.
sister
seventeenth
to shake
+ gen.) seventh shame

5K5TT
to salute
to sit OT-f^RT (6)
salvation
sharp
to shine
(4)
d)
Sita
sandal-wood
satisfaction
satisfied
^ffli /.
sx
(see n.
cJH' /.
130)
to be satisfied
sixteen
sixteenth
sixth q*3
skilful
161
son
strength STeHT^rfe
to strike
/.
song
songstress
$R
(6),
51
f
(1)
skilled
son-in-law
m.
n,
strong 3555? to succeed

success ftlfe
/.
sky
slave
sound to sound
southern
to
such f^T:
to slay 5*^
suddenly
(
sow TT
1)
*o suffer
sleep
f^^ (4)
to sleep
sparrow
to speak
(1)
sun OT: m.
support
to support
surely
(1)
sleepy
slope 3
slothful
speaker
m.
slow
1
speech
spirited
spiritual
^ST
surprised
to be surprised
slowly
sluggish
sluggishness
small
^
fo5
splendour
to split
surprsng
(9),
to smear
to swallow 5Rf (1)

'
(7)
swan
to
to sport
to smell HT (1)
sweep
to smile
fw
Spot ^05^:
to spinkle
(6)
(1)
smoke
snake
**?:
8?f^: m.,
,
sweeper sweet
to stand
snare ÎTOT
(1)
sweetmeat sword Bffg: m.
snow
so
standing
star ÎK^T
T
tail *5T^*J?5*T
t^T
soft
steadfast
to steal
to take
to take
5?^
(9X
n-*r(3)
(1),
soldier
some
step
q^
oft
away f
(1),
somehow
sometimes
stick ô^:
SN-I
(9)
8W-*
(1)
to stick
talented
162
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
c
to talk
tall 3*13
to
^ U) tame ^
to threaten
truth
three
fsr
(see n,
126)
to try
zicL
1)
(4)
group of three
throat $03: to throb *7
(1)
to turn
(1)
tank
to taste
to teach
turned away
twelfth
to
3$: m.
throw
3?e, (4)
twelve
twilight g
teacher
tear
3m
^T
(10)
thus
tiger
to tear 5 (9)
two
f|[
(see n.
126)
to tell
time
U
tired
ten
^R
(see n.
130)
tip
tenth
terrible
tired
to
become
unable 3T^fJT> 8?5W^ under 3^: C+gen.)

to understand
that
theft
then
there
cRT,
cU
today 8TO
to morrow:
5
unimpaired
^:
thence
universe
fffi
tongue
tooth
top
to torment
<ftf
therefore
thick
sffi
up toe?T C+abl.) upon OTft (+gen.) upward

(10)
thief =^:,
urn
thin ^3, thing q

to think
third
thirst
tortoise f>q:
to touch
f%^( 10),
(4)
towards
(-hacc.)
van
vainly, in vain
town
to transgress
(4) (sr
Vaisya
valour
T:
thirteen
treasure
tree
3fifar:,
m.
to vanquish
(1)
thirteenth
this
TO
m.,
to tremble
vessel qi^F
victorious
though thought
m.
trouble
victory
&fi$i (&&:) n.
163
vigour
vile
to
weap 5^(2)
to wish
violent
weeping to weigh
welfare
well (adv.) well ^ft;
>
with
(
+ instr.)
(+acc.,
violently
without
wolf f^:
ftÎT
virtue
instr.
& abl.)
virtuous
vision 5fe: /
western
woman
wood work
world
voice fiR.J*ftO /,
what?
wheel
vow
w
to
to walk =^(1). F5T to wallow 553 (4)
when
$^T,
when TO
whence ? <$$' where ? ^f, 3^> where

which
while
? 1%JT?
to worship
"
(see nn.
which Zf^ 113 & 114)
worthless
war Jg
warrior
white
worthy wretched
to write
.(6)
wholesome
warm
to
who
why
? f%*T>
who 3\
wash
(see nn.
?
113
&
114)
to
Y
yawn 5p^(l)
year
to yell
s?T
'f
water
n
wicked wicked man wide 33, *gg

wife
&
wave way weak
3f*f: f.,
yellow
yet
wind
ei^r,
yesterday
wealth
wing
<T$?:
weapon
weary wedding
wise irfcW^,
wise
5TT|[
man
yoke young younger

youngest youth
/.
gsf:
week
wish
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
(The
figures refer to the
marginal number)
I.
The
Sanskrit Alphabet
1
;
Vowels
3
;
Compound
Consonants followed by vowels Consonants 2 consonants 4 Numerical figures 5.

;
II.
Euphomic Combination (Sandhi) Vowel Sandhi Guna and vrddhi 1.

:
simple vowels
Sandhi of similar 6(3) Sandhi of dissimilar vowels 31(2) ; Sandhi of diphthongs and vowels 31(3) Special sandhi rules for the augment 47(3) in conjugations 7(2),
;
31(1)
16(3), 23(3), 32(3),
40,
46(2),
55;
Absence
of
vowel
sandhi
2.
31(4), 70(2).
:
Visarga Sandhi
15(2), 27
Visarga standing for final *^-54

67.
Absence
3.
of visarga sandhi
:
Consonant Sandhi
to
Change
72
of
^
5,
to or
17
Change
3)
;
;
of
^45
37
; ;
Final consonants allowed

(4,
72
(1, 2,
Hard
Final
and
TT
soft consonants
6)
Final *T
15
Dentals combined
with
palatals,
cerebrals
and
Transfer of aspiration
77 (7).
III.
Declension
1.
Stems ending in vowels: Masc. and neuter nouns in 8? 10 Fern, nouns in STT 38 Masc. nouns in ^ and 3 and 11 23 Fern, nouns in 5 and 3 50 Fern, nouns in | 38
; ;
Fern,
53
nouns in 35 58 Neuter nouns in
Masc. and $, 3 and ^
fern,
64.
nouns
in
52 and
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
2.
165
Stems ending in consonants
74-77
94
Nouns and adj. with one stem Nouns and adj. with two stems 79-83, 85, 89-92, Nouns and adj. with three stems 97-107.
:
;
IV.
Formation of the Feminine

Degrees of Comparison
:
66, 108-112.
V.
VI.
VII.
93-94.
126, 130
;
Numerals
Pronouns
tive
:
from 1 to 19
Personal
Interogative
:
and
131.
;
67
114
Demonstrative 67, 69-70 Rela113 Pronominal adjectives 96.

;
VIII.
Indeclinables
Prepositions
37
Adverbs
128.
XI.
1.
Conjugation
Qeneralities
The augment
Moods
47.
2.
Conjugational Tenses and

(1)
Generalities
34.
8, 40, 48,
(2) (3)
Terminations
55, 59,
1st Conj. ( v^Tf* ) 6-9, 18 4th Conj. (f^Tf*)-16, 18 6th Conj. ( 3^1^ ) 23-25
|
34,46-49,55-56,
59-60
10th Conj.
3.
(^rfO-32-33
68, 71 (3).
The Passive
Present, Imperfect, Imperative and Potential
4.
Participles
Pres. part. act.
and
pass.
^
3HJ
8!5
and sni^)
83.
Perfect part. act. ( ^T^5 Perfect part.pass. ( ^T )

Indecl. past part.
5.
Infinitive (
(
85.
^T
and
5^)
115.
3^ )
122.
166
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
X.
1.
Syntax
The Cases
tal
:
21;
Dative
119
36.
Nominative 13 Accusative 14 Instrumc 22 Ablative 29 Genitive 30 Geniti

; ;
absolute
Locative
35
Locative absolute
117-llc
Vocative
2,
Agreement of the adjective

Tenses and
tive
66.
Moods
;
Present
Imperfect
46
Imper
Ind'
55; 61
:
Potential
59, 61.
4.
Participles
Present and perfect

116.
participles
86;
past participle
5.
Infinitive-
123.
:
6.
The Passive Voice

impersonal
Change
of voice
71, 86(2),
116
Passive
71, 86(3).
: Noun-clause Adverb-clause 127-129.
7.
The
Subordinate'Clause
124
Adjective-
clause
125
a:
FEB
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A SANSKRIT

FOR HIGH SCHOOLS

Published by Xavier Publication 30, Park Street, Calcutta 16

THE IMPERFECT TENSE

&^) ACTIVE AND

FEMININE NOUNS IN gj POTENTIAL MOOD

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

NOUNS WITH ONE STEM

PASSIVE IMPERSONAL Orre spjtaO

NOUNS WITH Two STEMS

PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES

115 119 124

meant as a practical method of teaching and

learning Sanskrit through the

two following principles

of memory which the study of languages demands

English into Sanskrit than on translation from Sanskrit into English.

Part covers the matter of the

VI or Classes VI to VIII j. The vocabulary should be

The beginnings should be extremely

words a day) and frequent

repetitions should be given.

ten lessons could conveniently

26 are more compact and

distributed over the second

few printing mistakes

had escaped our scrutiny, we have suggestion of colleagues and well-wishers.

THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

Every simple vowel, except the

shows a short and a

Diphthongs The Consonants

V has been added to

Besides the consonants given above, the following

standing for a final S^or a final T

the sign S marking the elision of

without any vowel following

Consonants followed by vowels

stroke and the vowel

THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

Compound consonants When two

more consonants have

to be written without intervening vowels, the following general

^+ttf1=^ H+q=T *L-H=W

consonants which have no

consonant or the vowel

Sanskrit numerals are

Write the Sanskrit vowels.

are the hard consonants

are the soft consonants

Join the following groups of letters

Write the following

the original form of the verb.

the form assumed by the root before

the terminations are added.

Formation of the base in the

Adding the terminations

to dwell to carry, to flow

Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice