RULES- DERIVED RULES. PERMISSIBLE RI.

JI-ES
ANO

THE VARIOL,S TYPES OF S\TEMS OF DEDUCTION

Jean-Y!,s Eziau

Absnct !l,e flr 1, dflne tt nlott8 of I'UI, der'lved t'ule, pnmisslble .ule for Dy st.m wht'sovr' i her! rte et- the
er<ct, dleClnc.lion ltetfleert tw klDds f sst-etD r'onBly corrrrecl,d:

ftr.;t. level rrd secorld levl 6!,st'm. Thls bstrc stlt! 13 lllur.,ed by he xmPle of l.he lmpllct rve lnt.rdt tonittc pr'opslt-ioDl logtc. Then we hve look l- som hlCot'lcl
dvlopmeD0s.

Int.nodtrctlrr

As lo6le l xprtdlng mot. conf1lsloD6 at'lte flom lck of gener'l fr'rnsot'k, FuDdarnnl c(,ncePi,s whlch fl!'L hd pr.eclse mern h.ave pDo6r'lvely been complet-ely dlsf-or'i.ed rld t.e rrsd in vrlorr w'' tch ar Dt coh!'e'rrt- slmu.la,rouly' Thl problm ls especilly vtvtd for'
concePt

Uke ths of rule

Ird system of deduiort thlctt r'e blc ool for phlloaoPtrlcI logic Il fot mtrenrlcl logtc. lre Pr'ovlde her'e ginerl
bst.r.ct. sln ,td vr gie cler' trl',te of om ell-kttowD
probtems such the tLt of i.he cut Fule ir! a r,L-fae sys'Lern,
t

h clslfical-lon

f-em8, t-he

rry o |,r.serr the

modrr

Rt

LES, DERMD RITLES, PERI,SSIBLE RITLES

AND

THE VARIoIJS

YPES OF SYSAE 'ls oF

DEDUCTION

Flt Pat't: Abst r.c SeLl.lh ,. Rnles arrd derlvd 2. 3.

SJrt

t ulea

Lo16 and prmllbl trula

erna nd pDmtaalbiuy

4. IlD6: scoDd levl E)'atn,t nd melolc

5. The Ine!'e8 of !.lslDg:

6. T!Dsfot rnlorls of 1-y6tem lDo 2-ayl-rr8

Second P.t-: Illutt't lon

th lotc 3 Dd it- double 2. SI,tsrn8 fo! 3 3. The lrdow of (}-: cuL nd moDo0orry rules
1.
non- der'lvbl

per.mlsIbl

rules
rrt',r|

4. AbouL t'he clsslflctlon f

5. Modu PoneDsi eh i lL nd lto- l.o t'lt'e l

thld PD: Hlstortal

2. Pelmtsaiblli0y

ltloLe

1. CoDfusloD btween l-otrcps rtd 2-cncepts

3. On th iDter.pr.aion of Gentzeri' synrbol
+

4.

OD

the heoDy of 'Lhe cor!equence oI'er't-r.

Blbo6r.phy

ABSTRACT SETTING

1. Rsles aDd der.lvd r'r.tlea

Lt t be sel-, rul R oe 1 ph <xix> ?.her' xls

subset- f Dd x Is n lemnt of . The elet'lno f X !'e clled preml.se.s of R nd x conclt.aon of R. A r'rrle rho et of Pnmlses

wlll be nsd for. r.ept'esent t-loD of ,'ules: xl ... xr... up lte pr:ertie, belorr Lhe concluslon; not. Lhat' t'e tlaIDB l,tr rroion of or'dr. lrt t trls syrnlrollzlorr or y fot' nmltlg. A prol of x lrom he e of a.sslt PtCons X ovet' a Et of rttles fr Is sqetre <x7r...'S<a;....'s auch hf- ech f lLs
merDbr.

l Lh cortclusloD of a u-le of !n thot Pnmlte pr'cede li.

sumpt loD.

ot' is an

A driud rIe of ft ls t.ule <X;x> such hf. Lht' rdst-a proof of x fr'om th s f aurnpt'lorts x.
cllvD a st. & of r.ules, lt ls cle. t-ht. ever'y I'u-te of E i3

derlvd .ule
Now

of ft,

6uch klnd of

derlved r'ules wIU b cIled

pr.lrLlve r.ule. let, us wrtte Xf- x i.o y hC thDe 1 p.of f x from tte se of surnptloDs X. A .sy.strrr of deductton g ls r'lPle g-<;; F). Fr' t.he ske of slmpllcit y we rlll sPk f tb ysm t oeI i, or. of he syt em tr, or of tr.

lI cLl Ctt r.lt lon l- Lte loe:tc of (the yt em) E, .rd h sublotc of he lo61c of fr rhlch onLalr|s onl h ptn8 <Xp.> such tht X-O, th semi-ac,.lc of t ; th eml-lrstem & t th
3

stst.m E coDIdeDed t,lh tL seml-lo6lc lDtt'd f l3 loglc. It tr cl!' ht <Xp ls de!'tved t'ule of ft tff XF * Lh loglc of I l h set' of dDlvd r.uls of E nd he eml_loilc of E t f.h s of rdrnlc dlled t.ule6 of 8.
2^ t-E.Blcie rrd t,er.rnlaslble rrdea

A lo.e'ic f. ver. ls ptr <;P t.heDe l- ls si. of t'ules oe! i. X l- x ls ltrilt er! fon <Xpe l-. 6len lalc over A, a prmC.s,s{ble ru,e <{x1,...,xcr,...}p ls r'rrle uch tht-: If 6l-- xf nd ... Dd 6l- xcr rtd ... tht! gF " Example: gilvetr lo6lc oveD i and x an lemeDt, of <{xhx> l pr'mi61ble r.ule. flte t of p,'t'rlsslble rules of loglc over' A le tts6lf a lo8lc ovet' tr, t e d.U ctl lt' l doubl. Tlr lolc ovr' f trbfch cntl'ls eve!.y plr. <X;r vhtch 1 ln ttr dot ble of I but Dot, ln I elll be clled Lh srrodod of 8. If he lrdor of loalc l nor)-etnpt-y se !lU y tht- fl. l sodol,y ,odc, 11 Dot, t l3 a
.s,rddless ao{'c i
o,fl.

loilc tts

6t!adow, h Do s,dor,.
lo6lc

is dorirl.lt.e pe.mls8lbl
r.ul

A sml-loglc ovetr nD-emPl-y 3L ls lryt lrdowy lo6lc

becuse

lf x ls lD i <.(xfx> fe Pet'mlslbl r'rrle but txllz1

x.

(Jlven loic, n xpr!ssion bouf- F elu be ealled larr. Exmple of Ie:

loldtn: aot"t fo. ever.y ><,rt,..-,xt,... if oF xl Dd ... nd l-- xcr aDd ... iff
{x1,...,xc,'... }

thn

gF *

x.

lr will cll L}! uDloldin torr' the fil'sL (-if)

hlf of t.hls I!, nd t}r entoadln lorr, he second hlf (-only if). And we

!lll sp* bout loldin ,olc ' t.cUsiD6 t.hls Ler.mlrlolo8 rve lrve: lo6lc ia n urlfoldlnB lo6ic iff it- is sublolc of lLs double, n nfoldirls logic iff
Artoi.her xmple of ltr lt:

lt

hs

no shedow artd foldirt8 loBic tff iL is Lh srne la d()uble.

cut lal!,t for ever.y x' y, N, lf l7

Y,
y.

xl-- x fol. vr' xY and Yf- y Lhn xF

E,ery c1rt lo'tc i,s d un{ldtn: la:ic.

A lod"tc is said to be dtermiIld by sysLm lff loatc of this atstm.

Orle mor.e l:

lt. l th

idenfity lo: fot' evet'y x 'rd X such i.h xX, Xl--

x.

loBic foF hIh the idently rld th cuL l.s hId tlu ^ called normol lo'ic. ,2 > loe:ic ouer i {.s normol i|:i
.

it can be detrmi,!d b d

.sy.strn ouer

3. Systns rrd per.mtsibtlity

Th lo61c of syst-m is cut Ioglc (12) Llrus il, is unfoldin8 to6ic (tl), eveiy derivble r'ul iE permlslble.
5

an

Olvn sstem !n .e cD sPk boul, Lh Pelrnlslble rrrles of

*, Lllt- meDs he pertnlsslble ,'ule of lt lgtc, bu we tDuat- keep ln mtnd th ihl et. of prml6lbl rrrle 1 lndePDdeDf, of fr tD h follot ln6 6rls: lf we he a lolc rhlctr hs a Irdor, ltl shdor, ?rt hy be t!er': lrt rty 3y3m r.hlh detel'mlnea hl6
t!dowy l8lc t hr. r'e Per'rlble ntr-det'lvbl t'ule.

se,,trl-loglc (=dxLomot'ac dJrld rt.s) trr ho9 th s(,e loic (=d,rlt,d

ag t

I1

tto ,rloldtn

sy.str.s tror]e th

ar e

rls). , A rul d.s /Drm{.sslble for d .sy.sfem 7l in dddtn 7t to the .sy,stm t re n .sy.tm so-obtaLrre'd hds f,he .same sr'iIa-lod{c. A .system E t ld to be derir,dble fDom !'em *' lff evely ,4 prlmlt,le rule of I ts a det'lved rule of &'. t trd 8'
ar'e

nte.rdrl',dbl lff tr l dt'lvlrl fr'om ' tld vlc er'. as | u,o .system.s dre {nterdF{rrobt {r, ahy }roue trr same ,olc
(=drCud rle.s).

But tt o sttst err caD lrve Lhe me srr-ltc e,ld be ,ron-lDet'der1ble: tf pllntv r'ule of l,tr flr'st. i.r,o ysLm ls p!.mislbl rlott-deilvble r'ule of t,lre
aecoDd.

a. Rtslng : scortd leI syste tld tEl,lotc Given a e 1, Lhe Bt. f ll r'ules of il ls called A first tl)el ld{c (utln symbosm: l-lotlc> over
1.

T2.

1 lBlc

A .9econd ,t)l lo:ac (- e 2-loglc) ls lolc ovet' f2. stmilt'ly Yre deftne h coDcPt of flr's rid second lel t'ule and sr'tt.'ern.
hla:

sacond level DuI rrlll

b rept'esetrd Uke

).l !- ,.l

--- X.r >- xr ---

Xr-x
het'e X

x , a syrrbollzi.Ion of <Xx>. Gietr lo6lc, l!,.s bouL 8 (le, rapr'ssloDs bout P

>-

rd

flre ls for' {, foDm e klnd of 6ener.l m.tolo"ic, Lh pDoblem t-o klrv rhthet lC D be corEldred e loGlc ot' Dot will ,!oL be tr'et'd itere. lre lll
meIoBIc.

llnlt,

orrl.ele Lo t'rtrtced

par.L of

mon8 Il L! l{s bout f- i.e t lll conlder' ot hse whlch

!v th fIlorng frm:

t'tleD xF *. If ruch lt holda for loglc t ft wtu be clled z-rntdrul of f,. NoC t tt he cut, ldent.lt y, eDfoldlD6 lss t'e tro xetly of thl form bu they caD be conaldet d et-B of ly of tlrl form. The urfoldln6 ls cDDot be cotraldetred lD tbls v. cllveD 1-lo61c, thl8 klnd of metloBlc cD be t!'eated ln t elrr of 2-lo6lc. tf
xt l-- xt nd ... nd x..l- xor Dd ,..

T}re 2-rnetdaodc followlrlB 2-lotlc:

.l

2frfi=<2r>

of l-loBlc 8-<tt; F-r> t

<Xt;x1>,...,<xd;x..- |

<x;x>

tff

tl

Xf

l-xl 'rd ... Dd X l-"!x., nd ... then

X l-+<.

\lI se th the 2-,'leelo6lc of l-loClc la la set

2- metr'rrl.

of

A .second a@tle, ,.tt(,lo"lc {-2-meLlo6lc) l cond lvel

7

loglc whlch Ie the 2_metlo6l (,f e fit' level loBic. The edrf of 2-ttretloglc ls subloglc of l defiDed a

folloe:
x-o

{<X1;x1>,...,<x.tx.... I F <xp and .l(X1;x.D,...,<xrixd,... I l-- <X;r.

iff

xl-o,

]{cr4r,

Thrr lt- ls cleat. irt t trere Is one-o-oDe coDt'esPondertce

beveen Lhe doubl of a lo8ic ad the het't of ii 2-mtloglc.

I Ls 2-mlolc -lt-s 2- rlre Lr'ul es

A t- 106l c

cDrspondence

Its doub lelLs pefmi6sible I'r les

t'h

2-rneLalo[c

her

t of lts

a6 > z-rntoao't. is d norrrral noldlrtg (.s.cond atl) lo^{c. Vre mtl Ilo confttse hI fct lrlth the fct- tti, Che ldeDtly, u Dd enfoldtng lat thlch aPPet! s eet-8 of 2-!'ule8
11, ls a

r.e ott tle noL ln 2-tretalolc. For examPle hes 2-rrrlea 1llll be rlfoldlnB loglc 'torn|l but the 2-melolc of ny lotlc wlll alYrys b nr'nl nfoldlDB fur fle 2-metalol of lo6lc lff
lo6lc. t lrn peklng bou e.t. Llt cuf. t'ule ee maD a set. of r'ulea,

d(, not. mke n expllcl dlstlnctloD heDe bet

a

eD

Dules nd

serL

of r'ules. aZ > To loe{cs or h .same 4!, they hatr the sa,'le z-mtaao.lc. Ilr seml-Ilc of 2-stem ctr be corrsldI.d 6 l-lo8lc In t folloying wy: Ol <X|r fff XF x. We rlll y h.ao l-loIc I det'mlDed by 2-yet,nt to sy thst. lt, co!'D'porld lD Lhl ey i.o ls seml-l(,ic.
Not-e t.h l-Iglc dt et'rnlrled by 2-ayt'em l rro.L nce|s,ly
noaml:

lA

> obJ--ct Ls a l-aodc

tl

it

can b detrmtne.d by d

2-sy,rtem.
Therr t'he coDcpt of 2-sr'em 1 fr' r'lore 6ene!'l hf. be on

of l-s''srr. ID faci, hls shoys t'ht. to lfunb to a f.bl!'d lvel l

urincs!y.

Ai.

hta

polnt.

posatbl

t preaent

t-he follol,lg

plcLur.e:

lf s r! t'rLr.st.ed 1-eDfoldl nt
I

se cn FetFlaL

ou}sl E t:

06lc

l-eml-aem
I -i,rn

1-nor.ml loglc

l- loglc

2-em1-Eysf.em ,.est llci-ions

Bu he vdty of thl k nd of r.el,ttv s rr etll s5. The lriet s of !.IaIDg The 2-rneIlc of a l-loglc
ne.ceart\

ts

hthly

def-t miDed

by 2-sy8Lm l

Dt,
il

he lol of f.hle 2-yat.er,l. ID fact. thls 2-,rlet loglc

he 6e of pet'rEalble Dules of the 6l,atem Dd t-l.e lo6lc of

9

ttrlt 2-t em ls Itr ret. of deDlved flrle rre ir: 19 > The 2-ntdaodc o, tr semL'aol o, d 2-,systm 1s the lo:ic oj 4t t|.l 7t {.s @a nroad{D' .system.
2-ysm

fr

det'Ived ruleE of I -t he 106l of *

-i-tre 2-meLaloglc. of:

con

per.mlss

lbles t{rler of

!E

the sml-loBlc of ft

t.he eml-lolc of t

ldet'ed B 1-loglc

No'r ? crt Elee thls vt'y lrnpoaD fc: ln ttre sarne *y t-ht

tiro non-lliefdt'iable sysl,nE crt deLeDmlDe tt!6 sme ml-lol l-loglc cD be derrntned by to 2-ayat erns wltlch e not
tfrt-!'del.lvble.
IriDg a7O

tZ . lrve:

> Il tro 2-.sysem.s dtermtn the sdm serrrL-ldc thy trdrre

BuL h hve

ahe sdme p6rrral.s.s{bte rIs.

not necestly lre Bm det'lvabl t'lea. aM > f ! d lo,:,,c cg]lr b dtnm'lnd by o l-.sy.sm, the ldnt,-ty dnd cut rt.s .rre prmlssible ruls ol dny 2-,tystem rrich defer{ns ir. But they rle no]L noaaaDy dr'lved Dul. It, Is posslbl to sudy 2_syLerns only by lrrteresl, fot' l-Iottc Dd thus L contider 2_3!rt rrr ory s 2-eml-yst r'la but' Il. ls cl!' from pr'evlous cnldt'f,lotts ha vn lD Lhl ce 2-lotlc lB ,mpol'Lnt. becus the se of derlved ,'ule of a 2-yt.em ts lt- lotc, la z'lolc- aDd tbe et of Pr'ndsslble rules of 2-ysoem ls tbe 2-metIogic of iL ml-lo6l arrd t hrja 2-Iolc.
1()

Ii- ]s clea} tht sh ue cll 2-sysLem is almPufld for'm of a systm f type LJ of Oerlt zeD (8ee ttrr). lre ,re left, sld nolorls of cr'dlnlty eDd oDdel' Yhlclr !' no fu'rdmenLl foD ortl' Pr'esrtt Pu}po8e nd Ye hv left Pen i,he qr.resloD of the Du!'e of blc obilec8.
No, lL t t lso tre beeD Posible to co|lde!' z-s''setnt of

type LK: tn hese

ctn cotEl,ltuent. of t'ules t'e of LyPe <x;y,

irlsLead of ype <Xp. But t!t t.h coDslder'lDt thl ktnd of syi,rrs does rto rrcletssarly mert ttt w tre lrri,t'e8ed ln mulolple-conchrslot!
Ioic

t36l):

crr

study

2-mrtlple-E6f.ems onl by lnt'r'es for. one-condlu,slort loBlc r|d ln t-h fir'|yor.k of (,fle-coDclulot! loilc ; ur PleseDrb abi.rci-

sett'ln ceD b xtndd to Lhlt klnd of s!,em lt'ltou t'llrtg to

,r|ult.lple-crrcrlon lolc.

In

fact.

lL

aPPeDs

tht

oDzerr

trslne

2-orldead-mult lple-lrsms onl ft'

6nt z,rlrr symbol

th study of 1-semt-lo8tc. th

It. lt llrrtd to

+ mr,so not- be lntr'pneed s F poEslble t,o y l,ttL etrt'Ily th Pe of lo6lc l nfoldlrt nor'nrl lglc nd tht Ye car| ,'sDict.

l-seml-s)rsLenE nd 1-seml-loglc. Brri. even ln bla t.r.eei.mettL we !e ld co tl ,no!' comPlex concePs ,rd o cllt, t.o out'sels to tlte ecoDd lvel.
AU

hls

ktr|d

of

pherromen

vr'

well

lD

,nal,hemlca.

Orre my corlsldeF fot' er{mple he st t'uct-u}e of he rtut'al rtuDbet' lmmer.ed ln moDe complx 'Lnuctur' ortl by ltrtet'ea fot'
rr,uFl nu,nbels.

t1

But ,lL sem h re r' lsy dDr.tr to moae cmplex leels

nd Lhf, we rle c.rrlled uDrrllln6ly Co hlghet nd hihe. aphle.
6, Tr.rtsfor'rrtlorrB of l-st/8tetE ltro 2-ayseDE

Ttte problem ls the folloelr8: 6lven i-eLem, hoe o flnd a 2-sysi.ern vhoe eml-togrc 1 h lotc f thls l-syBtem, te hot to flnd 2-ernl-yem wtrlch In fcL t he!'e re
vr.ior.6 2-syternr.
det eDml'le

th lotc of thls 1-yatem ? t h

,nrny

rys of paBIDg ft'ont the fl!t'

second level so ht l-ytm PPt's !, cDdt:Llon of Stnartlrt tr.,!af or.rEtlori It. ls clear' t'h e l-flde
<Xr.<6i{X;>. l,sln6 symbouam:
xl

cD b cottsldered s 2-t'ul:
--- x -,o

th l-r.ul: ls l-I'rrsfot'rned Ittto the 2-t'ule:

1x1,...,xa,...1-.
!e' corlsldeD he 2_yt.m em
<x;x>

llven a et- of l-t'ules, lf

so-obLIned ll r'ules er' rdonrLrc, then e hv: Xh_ x tff

ls ln ft. If e errt. more e hv t(, Pu ddlt toDl ''uls. !/e coD6ldr +.h ldenijy Dule (ld>, lt cut-O rule (cuO)
f.h cuL rrrle (cuL):
et

Dd

Xr-x (xX) ,12 > lte smL-ao^ic oU d t-aystem !n ls defrl'l{nd by te 2-systm * pas th Ocut 1l. a13 ) the lo'tc ol d l-.sy.ster & {s determl'ted by fh 2-.systm efr
XUY

td

o'-x

.l*l-v

2t>-y

d,ulg

x>.x

l"ltv - v
)- y

cu

t2

Urrf oldtrtt nDaf orrrtlolt

Glven a l-8Jtem !B we wlU t-r'nfot rn tL ,n a 2-syenr unf by urlfoldlr| ech Du! of ll.:

l-rul of

xl ... x.r --E:

l I'nformd lno h 2-!ule:

O r-x!

... O>-xcr... O>-x

al4 > Tr.e s.Jmi-lo{ oU d 1'systm & ts determtnd b trt

2-.sy.saem unJfn.

If we r'e lr't.eDesed ory ln aeml-logtc hl ta ufflctetri. Now t o oblrr he fu-ll l-rul f

tR:

i,t eDafot'mt lor!

o.lut'loD we use extented

loadlnl

xl .. . x( ... Xl
>-

k Crrifot'med lrrf-o he 2-rrrle:

xl ... X.r >-x.r ...

X>x

?he aotc ol d l-,ty.sf,m S {.s deermCned 6y the 2-.sy.ste runjflR pllrs ih {dentlty rl. IL l posstble tht cuf. lll be de,.lved t'ule of exunftr rld It- t t)oEslble t-ht l ylu not. b. ID rly caae cut. la per'mls6lbl r'ule of xuDfft: th ee,ml-lo6lc of euDffi It 't lr sme s the lo6lc of E nd i,he lt-t ,r. ls rtoDnrl loi6, Llren cut la ln tt. 2-met-loglc hus l mr.l- be lD he 2-rDet lotc of tt seml-lotlc of exurf8 whlch 18 exct ly he e of peD,rslbl !.ules r15 t of
xunflR.

13

ILLUSTRATIOT{

l. the loIc 3 'rd le dorrltle lre corllder. heD trre trrt.ultoDlatic impllctlv
lolc -<E; F>.

pt opotllonal

E t but! from an undet'lyln see of pt'oposlloDa 3 u8ttl

wlt'h ttly he cr|,lct'le
+.

l/e conEldet' ftr.si. Chl lolc ln if.elf indepetdnly f n der'mlrrloD, le of ny yaem det amintn lt. R.U irt rt0h only 3 lveD, h fllorln otrr' l6lcE t'e
D, he double of 3, te ls st of prmlsBlble t'ulea' 2m3, he 2-met loitc of 3.

For Ity l-ysern sho rdU det r:rnlrre 3, Is set of der'lvd arrle lll be D.3. Fo,' eDy 2-syst-m who r,l detet'min 3, tta et f per,rsalble Dule stu be 2f3. The fir'st, pol,l lE tl 3 l not'ml loGtc. Thus t.he tdent.ity e'rd cut rrrles re ln 2tr13 nd i,he slll be Prmllble au.les of Dy 2-ysem wtlo lU det e!'rn 3. t{o one hlrra t uDe: S l strdotYy or' not. But eDohet' ln: 1E: 2-syBem hlch dt eDrrDes 3 ca,r be 8'ldowy or nl-.
xample

of permtrlble

Dd Dorrp!'mlsslble Dules

of 3:

{pll-oc {p}l-os
o l-DC

(p+p)

1<p.p> I

|zs c
74

|;e) r= tr! the shdow of 3. No!, iL l Clm o emptrslze a'r tmpoI't Dt polD. In
<.lP

or.rr,

bsl- ct- t.in he nrrt.e of t-h obJc t s ,rt. spectfted.

rr

pr.edonrr.ant prt' f logic lE wht ts clrd Umda ,.t tn l.lre

serE that
coDst

r! objecf. of formI .loglc elt be consldet'ed es

ltud by form nd by coDoeIrt: fortnl lotc ls bed on

this dlttncttoD. ID ouD prre't example h frm of rl object' of E ts it. st of coDDectlves Dd the mt f,e!' I lta t of t)!'oposit loD (prent.hese cn be consldet'ed ea pr..l of t.t|e foam but In ft. t-hy t' substdlr'y obJects tld cr! be ellmltttd by tb frnus mel-hod of l-uklltz). Now subsolutlon la

funct.loD shlclr It lrrvr'lD f.t for.m of t'he obJcL. 3 la fol'ml lglc: xl- x fff for evDy sub6ttt-utlon u d(x)F a(x). A Dtr.l schern ls set- of
for'rnI lo6tc>.
t

ule8 lrhlctr Is

cloaed uDdel'

sub6tlt'utloD. <see t3l foD specll ecourti' on substlulon atld *16 > In the sltqdl,, olF3 tr {s no nrle .scemd (e In olrt' r.o!ds: 3 is a 6hm trdele6a loBlc.
ADy l-sysf.em rvho .lll deet'tlne 3 tll be a sch'n slrdele Ioglc.
[9O]).

2. S!,seE fon 3
Th l-Eyai,etD 3

(xry)
v

I-mp

(xr<y.x)) -

t-Pk

o 1-Ps ( (x+(ytz))+<<x+y >, <x+z) > >

15

StnIGhG

tid-tt arElnhat lorr: tt!

6
2-mpa

-yD

Uv

g
>- y

.lx,

(x.y) l

O >- (x+<yrx))

2-Pk

at

O >- <<x.<y+.>>+< <x.)Y)t(x+z)))

Or-x
O>-y

{"}-y

ut'el

Stntclrt tt tt8for'-tlott3 th 2-3t telr

o
.lx, <x+y)

2-mp
>- v

O >- <x+<y+x>>

2-Pk

o
O ,- <<x+<yrz>>.< <xry>+(xrz> )
)

2-9a

x
-

- * (r-x)

td

>-

x
xuy

l"ltv >.

crrt,

UrlfoldirtG aetd-tt"arEfontlorr! Che atater $v

A>x O r- <ra+y> Or-y

2-pO

o
O

,-

<xr<y+x>>

a-pk

>- <<x+<+z>>, (<ra+y)+(x+z)

))

2-P,

16

UDfoldlrt tr'r|sfolEtlD! lr 2-tt 3i,r S

x>x
xJy

Y )- (xry>

o
2-'r'rr,

'-

2'Pk

>- <x+<y+x>t

o
O r- <<x+<Y+z)>.(
<x+Y>+<x+z)
>

2-P.a
>

. ,- -

t:-*,

By th aDl t'eull,s of Lh prcedDt- sclon (tt2' '13' d4r rlE) t kto tla 3, U td det'eD'ntn t'h 'ne t_lo3l' Now w rrill corldt mot soptrlst'lotd 2-a!'at'ttE' th z-tlrst et
X )- x
XUY
t

Y )- <x+Y)

x\r.lx
2-mP

)- y

X > (x+y)
>-

x
The

-td

-"

<*ax)

2-tyttr

r-

x
,{tJYul

Yulv|
(x+y)

>-

z z

.l

xJjx| > y
X >- (x+y)

>-

-"

td
(*=:(>

x ,- x

YL{x

} t- Y

XUY

>.y

oul,

f,r? > ,,9t dnd O orr 'tntFdrlu(,bl'

t7

Ttt ,rlr, polnf. lD ChlB demoratt ron Is

a18 t +r Ls a der-lud rua ol $Thue ta tB derlvbl f!'om 5.
CuC

he eo-callad

ls der.lvlrl fnom {2-mpr+r

Yu{x

f-

} >.y
(r.+y)
2-tP

X)-x
xlJY )- y

>-

+l

18 derlv.bt f.orD {2-mp,cut,

<rnodulo td>:

o (x+y> )- (x+y)
l.t.1

td

X t- x
r- y
x\.tYu{x+y
2- mP

x+y

n{v}

>-

>-

crrt

Tbus t derlvble fr.oD tt

{2-mp} ts der.lbl from .lcut '-rl } (modrrlo ld):

g

.l"l r *
X >-X )-x

td

lyl -

td
v

-rl
cut-

<xry>

{<x+y)fu{x} - >- y ,J{x I ,- y

cu

x r-y

t8

{2-psf te

det

tvble ft.om l+1,+g[ (modulo id):

{"1 . "
o

ao td

td

l"l - "
-

td

>- y l(x'y),xl -

1v} '- v +l
>-

l.I - .
z

+l

l(!,2),(x+V),xl
>-

l(x+(y+z)) '(x+y),xl O >- <<xr<y+z>>+ ( (x+y)+(xrz)))

+l
x3

Thu

t ts dr'lvble from 6.
(D-

s, Tlr slrdov of

\re n(,s coDlder' he ysi,em G_ whlch ls t.he tre cut rIe.

yst-rn

l} vli,hout
b

2-ir!le:

<l<XlrxD,.'.,<xt;xd,...

|;<xx>> ls

std Lo

t.h rds and he mmbe'!'s of the xts r'e lI subfoDmule of x oD of fot.rnt,le of X, str{ctly dnolyt{c lff ,nrreover he Pt'oP6a ubfo!'mule of x tld X ar'e oDly rrbfrmule f a/,olytlc tff
he ds nd ttre XIs.

If !e he ee'L of nlyt Ic !'u!es S lt lt cler h U t'he derlved t'ul of E t lU be atrI!/t lc. All h t'uls ltr {r- e!' anllrIo, t-tlua: J79 I the ct rua6 Ls not d der,li.,obl rule olf 1Y'. r2O , {, r,'',d Ct- dt.rftlne the' .som serl{-to:ic <Cot'ory of tre
cui-ellnl|t'lon
heot'em>.

tlo. lt. ts cle.tt ht, t.h cut ,iule ls Pernslble !'ule of

O- (cf atl, 117 arrd l2o). thu 121 ) (,- {s a .serrmd shddolrJy ,oic.
t9

ly'e ee thf- ll
2-l-,ns.

lt

def.er.mined by t.y norr-lntliderlvbl

In

ct ll

noFDlttc

per'rtrtrIble !'ule

of

(F

Don-dr'lvble ruleF, foD xrnpl 2-m}r. Th quat,lon i: t' ll

t-he t'rrle ln he slrem slrdor of 6- non-nlt-lc ? Th rrwer ls negt lve.
CoDaidea f.he

fouorlrl8 r.ule scrrert: X>,. Y>-y

(x-cv).

,no.notn rul:

'.22

th ytrr G- l ofteD pr'esertl.ed ,lth hls dditloDl r.ul. , Trl.e tonotony rl ds d perm{.s.st6ue ruae ol (t-. It' ts dlt' th t!s r'rrle is lD he 2-mi,loBic of
rty

l-sm, nd lD p!.Llcul! lL l3 lD ttre oDe of , tlot becuse Odetrmlns he me l-lld 6 3 (deductort LheoDny' crI]L
eLlmlnloD bot'em> It t by defltdlon pet'tnlsslble Dul of O-. Uln 14, rre ee i,rlst lf t dd i,lrl r'ule t.o lt- we obt lr! Ll.e

sme ml-Iolc. > 1r. morrotony rul,ls

not a de,.labr rul ol (5-. '.29 Now ll Lh r'rrles ID (t- re .strlcly analyt{.c tld i,hus all drlble !'ule of (l- t e i.rtct.l rt\rLlc ttd Lbe monoto'ly -e ltrfe!. t trt: a24 > :'he monoto.rt rl {.s {n tte ,semd
Ft'oDr 122 ad !|23

s,ador,o

ol (*.

4. borr lie clsslflcloh of ByselE

An ohdlDly clsslflcatlon of ms of dductlon l

e.B. tgTI):

<see

HtlbFf-tr'/rdmf-tc

xt

Nt

ur'l deductlon

- Sequerrt, clcu.lus. tn ft ll t.hese syst.ems cn be conldr'ed ls ysLerns of ,te ,-me !ap: 2-sysrr, ID out' extnples, r'ePct-lvel: ,, ,1, 1,/&'.
Now mong 2-s!,sLms t e clr cottsldr' va,.lu8 yPe f s!'t-ent ccor.dltti t-o l-h t.ype of thell' r'ule6.

Folloslrlg 6entzD (se I11I) r'rrls cD be divlded lrt wo cls: sit'ucrjr.I artd non-st'uci-ul'l ('oPeralnl) Duls. !.e hv Lh foUowlng PlcLure of Lhe lePer'tltlrt of t\tle:

n
z,ftp

5
g
DO,r-

,.l Orfic 1c

2rp
P

noD-xlonrlc
xl omt,l c

at

td

xl ,l!l c

ttn-l-DucLur! I atr.I rtu} I

(U

notr-sLDuct uaI str.uctua

u
I

crr

rrn-rrImt, lc xlom1c

o
E
P

no,r-axlornlc

td

rroD- r'uct,ur' l af.r.r

ttoD-st t uctuti I st

r.ucrLu.F

I
Sudtr

fn U vet'y tep itr Proof l pt'oducd b t'he cut "ule'

lnteret, boh ft'om Phlloophlcl nd mthem.aLtcl Potnt of eiev'

<ee [2r).

5. Nodrrs poDerls! V}tt Is It tld hov to vnte lt AccoDdln secloD 2 abov Ltte modu.s Ponn.s cn b ctlEldered
l-mP, z'rPr z-mPA oi z-ntP-

21

Th fllst- potn ls LhC se mus Dot ua lD M,fles:e syrnbollstioD6 l- lrtsi-ed of )- bcus t'ul l ,rot sD eDlor! (s t2l fot dl;cuslor. The ecoDd polD la ,ht e ,nuat, ur t.h night. ft rnultlorr lr|t t lre rlhc fr.ameor-k. 1o ns!r. ttle queslon: rlri. ls the modu pr'h ? lrr mus ffu.8t, Ci, lD whlclr fimer.lk !e tolklDg.

l*sroRlcal l{orE
t. GoDfuslon bveen l-orrcel'ta Dd 2-concp Th uuI t'urE llke th.la: a ernl-lolc l deflrtd by an lnductlv deflrf.lorr: set, of
t prerent

loD of rylll. ls called an Hllbrt lD

lrsLern

heses ls

6eDt -d

fforn e of ardorna by

Du.le8.

ThIs Eyrtetn c,r be lnr'pt'f-d l-em or a

2-ytnr, In ou! xrnpls r 3 or'

'tl. Vhen ht8 dftrrlt lon ls xLe,rded e l,o (' fr'om ernl-lo6lc to lo6lc t-he r'|btirlf.y ls Bill ltet'e, lrr ur' exr,lple: 3 1 5. In ti9l (Kleert) l,r!a s:at.mlr r.e con6lder'd l-at ern t9l p.43, p.AZ rld p.AA) buL (,suDdhom I37I corlder'a t'hem IL ls n(,L c.lr. g aU lD t,hir cont,x shehe! ul I 2-Dule. Kleene crrldera Drrles a pp.A2-43) bu yh he calls det'ld I'ul tgl 1-Dul or 2-r.ule (t4J p.43, p.93, p.94, p.165). In
zz

Df.het' s 2-6y8t..mr.

l-Dul.

<t19]

p.6) ls

2-t rrle. In i-he sm wy rhc cliu,rch cLl]t der.Ivd t'ule lE

fct

der'lvd !'ul6a r.e

([19' coDsldered by KleeDe nd Chr,''ch s mettnal'hem1-tc' thor'ems Derlved !'ules Ie her'e whet' fl bve clled p.46, t4l

P'8:|). 2-mei.loBlc.1 .ules,

cDlder'ed.

dlsltrul8hed ft'om

2-prmlslbl r'ules tld t'treD . r'e Dot 2-de!lvd "r'lles tthioh ate tro exp'lclt'I le

Fo!' example| Lhe dedrrct loD t heoDem l cortldt'd t l'e wot'klng t'lly ltt met at heretn ( det'lvd ful)' But' lf Ye wtren l-syst rts, t.hls l Dot detlved t.r'le' Dumme l mlleadlttt ("t')ls det'lved sylng t,hf f.lie deduci.loD heor'm st-f'es l'hat t+ (tA' p'fz?>' In our' exmPles: Che rul of hls l-s!,t m ^x t'ule of t but' rrot' of 3' It ls dr'lvble ls ireot'em deduct lon
2-

mt'locilcal t'ule of 3.

2. Pr'dalbtuY

the noiotl of Pe,',rttble t'ul w put't1n6 forsI'd t he nd of he flft les by P.LorenzD t2tl' Moh Sha*-Kwey tSlI' Hi; t1?' ,!dtt,eDtt'udtedbyx.schut.t32t,t'.vDat42],H.C-vasI.''t't
t43I,
Vr.A.

Po8ol.zlki

t261.

rules ls \i/hc emPlrlzed t ttf- t'h eL of Pr''nl3lble

cesed noL stble by xLenlon of ltst'etn: per'stbte rules can to be Penmltslble 1f 'e xLend he ye'n' Bug not.e t'h t'he ln ll cDverae ls fIe: pe!'nslble t'ule ctt b pet''ntlble ltr _ t.he exLenslorE of sysoe,n, t'hi t t'he e of ttr cuL r'ule

(lf ve con6lder exeDsloD ln h Dr''I rty: by clre,l of ru'[e)' The concePt of Pe!'nrlsslble t'ule apPeated st..rre phnomenon ,r.elDly bcr'lse of t'lllngs dtrlbed ln or.l ' r'ema,.k
follodgi
16.

^lthouhL,

s se lrve een lD Llr pr'cdetti' sect'lon'

z3

Llre

dltnctlon bt veD ,-Eysl-ma ttd 2-t'enr ls rthD confuaed lt, sm trt Pet.mlsslbl r'ul 96 devloPed esertielly ln ttre fr.atrelrr'k of ,-conep8. he fct th he cutnule is 2-pet'mlslble rld ,to 2_det'lvd Dule w ,ieve!' al,t d Lh corcePt- of
c.le!ly.

J.Pt!f, t29, t s Lhe fl!'s f-o mke D er.pltctl- dttncton beLwr! sJrst etD ('sj,sms lo6itlqu3', buf. such saema t'e
cnsldeDed lndependell+.ly of tlre loilE Che det er'rnlne), eeml-loglc (lrstmes tbt'lqueE) rrd loelc (s!.st mes dductlonneLs) aDd to

sLudy hei!' reltlons. 8ut t-be dlsLlllct.lon bett eeD l-syema nd 2-syst.ems ls Dt expllclt. H ttves tr follolitrt deflnlt.tor 291 p.SB): pt'lrrCle t'ute R ls T-lhdptrdeDt, fl'o t st of Dules E lff he se,l-lBic of !R-{R} ls the sme ch semi-}oglc of fr rld pt'Irtlve .ule ls D-independeDt lff t-h loelc of n-JR| ls t-he sm s Che loglc of 8. If e lrtf.eDPt't- t-hese deflrlorr for 2-r.ule ttd 2-ttrl, uslrt6 ihl t et'rrtrolo6y lf- t lr' chltn Ur the ldnt.tt.y t'ule te A-lDdPeDdent, buf. riot D-lndePrrdrit. Buf, rlt, ls st'I'rr8e ts t.hf- Port seys 291 p.37> tri, th cut IrrI is
D-lndepDdertf- trd nf- T-lndepetldrt, bu tn {5- tt-

is

T- lndependent-

nd ,!ot D-lDdeperrdertt-'

The fc h the tat.us of h cul. t'ul ls nt- clet' PP

for

exmpl ln n rt'lcle by D.S.Scot rrlrt'e tre .ty: "ID ,tttty for.mliztlo'l g!.et' del of ffot't ls erapended to ellmlr! cut

s pDrClve t'ule. ; bui l tt o be Pt'oved det'lved nule. ID grletI, cut ls nt e.urDtDble <...). It l3 only fot' aome vry specil r'elt-lD (...) t lrC he r.ule crt b volded at rt
sumptlon." (1351 p.414).

! mus empltize t lre fllodng potn. Th crr t'ul l rto

24

dlived rrll of he slrsm 6-. It t vet\y sy t flttd B''em for 3 theDe crrt l ,roL pr.lmrtl rul' bu l a deDlved r'ul,
e.g. ,l rtd 5. To pDove ID uch ytem he cu is d ved rule t not-htng to do -th tle cu-ellnnlott heot'etn of 6en'Lzen. 3. OD tt! lrrtr'pt etOIoD of OeDtzen's ytrrol
-)

t 1s know't geDt zen Yrle,s equenL Ydth t. Buf. the ^s l6rllflct loD of Chl syrrbol ls not eIly clet'. Oblualy GertLzen ook hI sy,,|bol ft'om Heftz (se GenrLzn tlOI 1932>. lr must- recll ght vrhtthed rtd Rtlsel use t-he ymbol > fol' lrnpltct.loD nd .1o e kJnd of mea_imPUct lon d44, 1910). HllbeDt ue tho ytnbol + foD lmPllclon 14I 1922). In t.hla conext he rrBe by He.z of tbe yrnbol , lB not- cll' i, ll, th('uBh tte hlmIf says Lht he ue lt s Llt fol'rnl ImPcloD of larhtt ehad Dd RuBe <lt3, P.217 fooctloL one, 1922). I l3 eler' +-h i.hen genozen use thl lfe!'i.zetrt slrnbol, tt- t3 not. forlmat lmplictlotr, 1n fc he uss > for' fortnl lmPuci,lot!. sle tave lDLt'oduced lrt' t.he s!,mbol )- becuae e ,fe usitrB t f lmpclort. fn Dy case lt ls burd i.o use f- fot' tlr 6n2tilD but- ll, ppeat't !r tt 13 uefu! t-o uae more yrrbot . rrtestlve ymbol hD ''' or\ ''' 6 ln tgr. Th mbof )- E;e"tsr tood bcuse lt' u88tts crrnt lon r,it.h f_., bui, t'h lef Pt't lls not the vett.lcl sL!'oke tEed b F!'e6 ([9I lA79> t yrnboze h ader.IoDl mod. <Fot a sPeclal tr'rnnt, of t-hl ubjci, eee
12t>.

Plrnls dt!'ecly the lnf.e!'pr.el,al-loD t!.at e lrve ttrde lrerie, le he dlsttnct-ln bt vn eo sf.rictl p!lll ysl,er'l6 (t-ystrr nd 2-ystenr), trd t hlclt the ty OentzeD !rlLes rrrls
25

-as lD fec dvelopd by 6.C.Motil t'tclt conIdl'd hle!t'cby of calcult ccot dlD6 t C,e compl,dy of f.he under'lyltr ob:lcf-a
t2s]f,24t-

a, Orr th thoDy of tte cor!equence oPrr'iat-or

A f.he nd of he ts,ntlE, Dakl lDit'odued t'h cotEqunce opet't-o!' Cn I39t. Ottvlous.ly lile ts EeDer'l t.t'el,mDt of
1-lo61c. But no of l-ystenE. The lde of Tr'kl w o Provld D rdomlsion of tle r|oi.iort of deduc|lti as li, PPear. ln

ever'

deduct

lv theot y t4o]t4tl. ID ft hl l tl rdornf.ltlon

?ae cD

of 1-y6tenE of dducilorl

see by t.h clrosen tdont foD

tre co,lsequence opt!t.o!. he atdornat-ttt ton of the dedtltlot! cD be vlerred slrstem of deduct-loD bui. lt fci. Tt'ski nve! rred 7 for' che corlcepc of r.ule tn Lhts cnt xt- (see tll
coDmnr'les). Tt nol,lon of Dule t B :lver! foD ttre ftt'i, Llme tn

tre frarne?aot'k of .lhe heo,'y of he conseqrtence oPeDt.oI by Los rld

suszko ln 79AA C22l- Ttrts dftnit lon i veDy tnerl dfiDllott of 1-t'ule rhlch Is qulLe stmtlD o f.h oDe PreeDid hel.e, brt hey deflne the trot ln of Dule oD el, Yrtrrh 13 'Lkan s tr bolut fDe ltebt', vlslon of th ot'dlnr'y set of t lve dftntLtD of schem in erms of endomoDPts, wht thy cll st ructur'l t'ule (Lhle wot'd l ued ln diff!nt tYey by Gentze,n, ee scl.2,
t>ropo!tt

iot!l for'mul btch pet'tnlt t

Suszko t38I a i De of ire dtverle of Hl, ^lhorr6h l.he ,rol,lo'l of pet'mitsJbtltty wet dhectly t-t't d (,nly .lf.et' by

pr2).

,.A.Po6oDzelskl t26l sho h defined Lhe tloloD of

det'lvble tld
Che

peDmtsslbl Dules lnplt'd by

H-t

eD f42r. H hs int'oduced

DoloD of

i,r.uct

ulal

comPleteDess of
26

sysem t26]: t'

Ct'ucural perimlsslble

rrde

deDlvbl. ID

thls

coDexf.

sLruct-rrr'l conlpletetts hB bn 8lrtemt.lc.lly tt t dled t28I rtd for' exmple T.PDucnal tso, ht prved l,he st t'uc'Lu.t'l conrPletrs of t.he lmpllcalve int ullotslc
coDt

P!'oPolt

loD.l lo6lc

<cf

i16).
Cudy

But, lI t.ht t ks plc ln 're conex0 of l-coDceptt. 1o

2-ynE irt the
opt

exf. of h srtuctur'l trer'y of

fuDct ltE.

coDaequeDce

o!' oD Dd o corldet the btc s s mole comPlex In fct2-!'rat

lgeb!, rdLh t.eo typs of sudled orrly ler ln

enE rrel'e

Chls corrLext t4B, Dd Lhe Do0lon of

2-der.1vbllty, 2_pDmlslbt Dd 2-t-r'rtctut'.1 eomPlet,n hav not- ben t rrdled yeo iD h ft'nreuot'k of he t'hot'y of the
conequDc opt'tr.

prserr expositlon ra ln6PlDed by ever'l vot'ka of N.C.A. d Ct' (ee .3. I12II2O!) rrho lt deftDed t-he riot loD of 1-ysenr nd t-r.ule ln e veDy eneDal rry. A flr'st dveloPrnei, of ou! bstract. deflntf.toD of l-s!,tl-em ttd l-rul !,ell t of 2-rrt.em Dd z-I'ule h beit preented by fl.C.^ d Cost e Dd ttte ut.ho,r ln
tst.

z7

B|BLlooRAPHY

Bzleu, J-Y., 'L midolole des sclence dduct lvs l'opitrrr d coDsqutrce Ettlv,r T!.akl', Co t)per. 121 Bztu, J-Y., 'f-', to appear.. I3I Bztu, J-Y., nsubei.lutlo wlt- la formal loglc ?',

ftl

et

PPlr.

Church, Ilrtro.ductLon to ,nathmoticol aodc, PllDcet rr ^., Unlvet'laty Pr.ea, PDlDceort, 1OE,6. t5l d Cot, N,C.A. nd J-Y.Ezlu, Tliolle de L ltraoloD,, t pp!. tdl Cuar.y, H.8., Ln d lodque da:brtqu, gut-hle!-VlUt., Pr'le / Nuveler.t, Luvltt, 1952. C?7 Czlko-skl, J. nd Gl.l{.llnoyr8kl, ,<ay ,!ot loDs of tDakl'a ,nehodology of dductlv ).sl.erE', Stud.la Lodcd, o.l.XLIV' no4 (193), pp.321-361. tAl Dummet, ,rL, Earant.s of lntltlo.nlsm, Clr'ndon, OrdoDd,

t4!

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t9l [1ol t11, t12,

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ztr

'bet dl ErdeDz urtbttSDBl8t ArdomrEr,Lnre uDertdllcttn szalramen', ,ldthmotisch nnd,en, llbt d lo8lsche 'SchlleltaeD', vol.39 (t994), W.776-2tO aDd

ot.r7 <1992>, pp.329-34o. 6ent zn, 6., rie!'uohullrt lrollremdt{.sch zLtcrt '11t,
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N., .sIld to.r,lo del. odautazTn', di X.C.. do Costd, Llgu , t{apoll 199. trs, Heltz, P., 'tjbet' ArdomerEy8ern ftlt' beblg Sz8yBeme I. Tell', Mdtrtr,,dtLsch'r nnolen, vo,.l Q9f2>, PP.246-269. Mthemt-lk. Er.t t14, Ellbet't,, D., leulre6!'rdtrng dt' l'tt.lluD', ArrEndarrnen au.s irm l,loth. Smlndr d. Hdrnb. Un'L., vol., <t9t2), pp.ta7-1776lrr,

f15l HtlbeDt, D.,

loglschrt gt u,ldlBeD der. Mhemt-1kr, Nath,er,.otischen lnnale , vol.84 (1923), pp.t5l-165. tldj H1*,, H., 'Cmplet' nerrtl.l cIcrrlus dmttt ln xLrElrrrr, lrr.SumrndF{.s olf Tdah., prsnfd dt th Surn rtr Inst,ttut lr ymoltc Lodc, vo,l.2 <edlt-d by J.B. Roer), Crnell

Dte

Urerlt, 19fJ7, DD-2O-262Cfz, Hl;t, tl-, xendlble sDterrttal clculus', Joiur'rdl o .symarolt Lo:lc, v1.21, n"S <t939>, FlF.l93-20,2. [18] l(lrre, S.C., ?noof by ce In fornrl lolc', Annals of M.,thtdttcs, 2S, ol.g <1934), pp.S29-544t19l Kleene,S.C., fntrdut'ln to mtdmdtrtrrldt'tc, Nor.th-llo.llDd,
Amreldnr, ,952. t2OI Lopr'lc, A. and N.C.^. d. Coet , t corEl8trcy, prcomplet,erress nd valrrt.lon', Lodi'qu t y'naly.s, rrolo6 (1944), pp.1t9-131. [21] Lor'rrzrr, P., Ei,rlfiJr-ung a dt oPer-at'lue Lo$h und Mat,lemattk, Spt lr!6e., Berlln, 195t. 1221 Lo,, J. rrd R.Srrzko, *e,n!.ka on 6eDi.eI|ll IoIc', IndTattons Motrrematl.cae, ol.2o (t968>, pp. 177-14S. t23I Motstl, O.C., 'Sut' le logtqrr t,osllve', Acto Lodcd, n"l (1964), pp.149-t43. t24I MotEtI, g.(:., {. loglqu clalque d pDopolt loD d'ot'dl'e
supt

lu!',,

studt't

16.

mot.,

vol.2(), no2

(196{r),

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I25I Potor.zlkl, 1r.4., 1(llk r.rlrE po:llu zupelocl nachunku zdla l', Stdta Lodco, vol.]croll (196>, pp..ts-s{r. ns!.ucl,ut'l completDs of Lbe 126I Po8oDzelkl, V.^., proposlt loDI cluftj" Eulltln d a'cadrr|i Polo.na'ls de.s Si[nc.s, .srl des .sc{nc.s moth., o.str,, f, phy.s.,
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29

Prl / Nuireler.Ls' LottvID, ,965. ISOI Pr'ucnI, T., 'OD the Ct'uct,url complecenss of some Pule Lo:id, clcull', Stndta lmpucLtonl pt'oposltlon.l voLfrOa <t72t, pp.45-52.

t91l

J.8., 'A ,DLhtrt-lcl loglc wlohou vr.ibla', nnors f Moth.-mdthlcs', 2S' vol.36 <195), pp.l27-t5o. f32I Sch{lt , K., Eerr,{.stheorle, SpDiDer', Bllln, 1960. t33l scot r D.s., *rrle Dd derlvd rule' ln Lo$cal tho.ry dnd smontl.caa dnaly,sl.s (edted by S.St etJrrnd), D.Reldel,
Ro6llet',

.fld rdomtzbtlly lD mrllFlued lotc' tn Procedanes of th Ta,^shl Syrrposlrrm (edlLed by L.Nr*tn), Arnerlcfl Mt'hemlcl Socley, P!.ovldnc, 79? 4' PP.4tt'13fJ. t35, Sttw-Xey, Hoh, 'L-chcb'i hst-'utr8 L ID|tr-tse, rrn-l.l', No,a-hlne d_hseh ,Lstlh-poo a.se-Jan 'o-rrseh Pdn, vor.t, t94l Scott, D.S.,
'Cornplet

t!

te6] t97l

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ld Urvr.sly Pfe8, canbr'ld6,

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Do.d.rectt, 193, Pp.ig3-tAA. t38t SrEzko, R., 'Cortcer.rlln Llre rnthod of loBlcal aclrem, he nolon of lotEl calcrrftra nd the r'ol of cot)8eqrrerto t'eltlon'r Studla Lotca, vol.lo (1961>, PP.18r-214. I99I TFskl, 4., *rDr.ques u.! le nol-lons fondment le8 de l nrthodologl des ,nthrnt tques', y'nndr.s d la Soctt Pololna'.se de Ndthmdtlqu,s' vl.yll <t}A>' PP.Z7O-272F.Cruenl,hDr'), D.RetdeI'

t4ol TaI'kt,

BeSrtffe dt' 'Uber elDlg furtdment ale ^., Mea,nLhemt tk'' co.mpts rend.s d.s sonce,s de ld sott ds Leftre.s f de.s ,S{nce.s de oa.su{e' Cla.ss f.rf' .Sc{ncs l,tatht.dttqus t Ph.sCq.s, vol.2g <193()),
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t41l !skt, ,t.,

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le Ber'lffe det' I'lehodolo6te dr' vrlssen6cllft en', fio'rats,rc{t $r' HdtrmatLk und ittfreDce', Zettscrt -tft /(lr

30

Mdtmot'lst:he Lo:th und G'rundlart der H(,th,,rtotlk, o.l.ll

(1965>, pp.t93-196.

derlbles t ule8, rld t43, Vlsser'mn, It.C., 'Adtraelble fules, '.Letldlile loglsl-lc syst.ltts', Ntr Ddrn Journdl o For,,rol
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Lodc,

r,iotherr,dtdca,
Dot'dr'ech,

t4s

jclcki, R.' TrreoF olf lcdl.coa colul'|, Klut't',

19a8.

Jus.silu Unlerslfy (Pa,ris ?). Depattrn'nt of ,,,at,t3r,tics e Pa/,th.,n-Sorbla,nn ar',tl1,Fslty (Parl.s 1)' Dp.dl^tn ttt ol pdlosdPhy a.s ben r.r{rtn r.rren t,l dutho'. r.'os dt th DePorment of Lo$c of trte ttn'trstty ol l,/rorw (Poaon'dt tn th etttn ol

?|hts

p.o,p,:'.

Fr anco-Pl t sh ca,a.pr ertTon (Frncrr

oll1t O l l t / Pol{sh H{n{stry

oli Edcotio.n)llh .,,!ltrtor 1!,old l/-h to trnh trr' Prors.sor Jdn zg'unt to'' conrnentat-les,'lnlelr'rtt'to,ns dnd btbalo1^ophl,'col pPly.
JeD-Yvea Bzlu UrltveD!et. \r!'oclr,akl Kat edr' Locikl ItL- Szerrk 36 30-139 V'ROCLAU'
POI.SKA

./

POLAND

31