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Math Ce1

This document provides information about the MATH298 mathematics course for civil engineers, including details about the lecturer, lectures, and recommended texts. It also contains examples and definitions related to matrices, including how to add and multiply matrices, transpose matrices, and some properties of matrix operations.

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Osama Hassan
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199 views8 pages

Math Ce1

This document provides information about the MATH298 mathematics course for civil engineers, including details about the lecturer, lectures, and recommended texts. It also contains examples and definitions related to matrices, including how to add and multiply matrices, transpose matrices, and some properties of matrix operations.

Uploaded by

Osama Hassan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH298:

MATHEMATICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS Web: http://www.maths.liv.ac.uk/~vadim/M298 Lecturer: Prof. Vadim Biktashev (pronounced nearly as: big tah, chef!) Oce: 415A, Mathematical Sciences Building Phone: 794 4006 Email: [email protected] Lectures: Mon 1012 Wed 0911 Oce hours: Mon 1314 Thu 1314

Recommended texts for Part A:


K. A. Stroud: Engineering Mathematics (McMillan) K. A. Stroud: Further Engineering Mathematics (McMillan) E. Kreyszig: Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Wiley, New York) Check http://www.livmathsbooks.co.uk/
1

MATH298

Set 1

2008/01/21
Another system of linear algebraic equations: 2a + 3 b = 1 5a + 4 b = 1 Solution: a = 1, b = 1.

MATRICES
A system of linear algebraic equations: 2x + 3 y 5x + 4 y = 1 = 1

Solution: x = 1, y = 1.

Do we have to solve the second system if we know the solution to the rst? Both systems have: the same matrix of coecients: A = = the same augmented matrix A the same vector of solution Example (DIY) System of equations 5x 2y 3x + has matrices + z 4z = 0 = 7 5 2 1 0 3 0 4 7
2

2 5 2 3 5 4

3 4 1 1

and and

1 1

A=

5 2 1 3 0 4

= and A

Denition
An m n matrix is a rectangular table of numbers (variables, expressions . . . ) with m rows and n columns: a11 a12 . . . a1n a22 . . . a2n a A = 21 = [ajk ] = [a] . . ... . am1 am2 . . . amn A column of matrix A: a12 a22 . am2 Example: Sales gures M T W Th 0 50 27 F S I II III of a week 47 96 78
3

A row of matrix A: am1 am2 . . . amn

40 33 81 0 12 78 10 0 0

21 47 50 96 43 78

for products I, II and III during 6 days is a 3x6 matrix: 40 33 81 0 21 0 12 78 50 50 A= 10 0 0 27 43

Shapes and sizes


Square matrices A square matrix: # of rows = # of columns: 1 2 3 A B 4 5 6 , x , C D 7 8 9 are square matrices of sizes 3 3, 2 2 and 1 1. A matrix is rectangular if it is not squre. Vectors A row vector is a matrix with only one row:

a=

a1 a2 . . . a n

e.g.

a=

5 3

1 2

A column vector is a matrix with only one column: b1 4 b2 b= e.g. b= 0 . . . 7 bm A scalar is a number, i.e. not a matrix neither a vector. But sometimes a matrix 1 1, like

c=
would be called a scalar too.

6
4

Transposition
Vectors: Tr. converts rows to columns and vice versa: 5 T 1 a= 5 3 2 a = 3 4 b = 0 bT = 7

1 2

4 0 7

Matrices: If A is an m n matrix, then AT is an n m matrix so that every i-th column of AT is transposed i-th row of A: a11 a12 . . . a1n a22 . . . a2n a A = [ajk ] = 21 . . ... . am1 am2 . . . amn a11 a21 a22 a AT = [ajk ] = 12 . . a1n a2n so ajk = akj . Example: 5 4 A = 8 0 1 0
T

. . . am1 . . . am2 ... . . . . amn

A=

5 8 1 4 0 0

Equality
Denition Two matrices are equal if they have the same size and corresponding elements are equal. Examples 0.1 1 0 3 10 0.5 0.1 1 0 3 11 0.5 0.1 1 0 3 10 0.5

A=

B=

C=

0 .1 1 0 D = 3 10 0.5 1 0 0

By denition, A = B, A = C (since c22 = a22 ), and A = D (dierent sizes).

Addition
Deniton If two matrices A and B have the same size, then their sum A + B is obtained by adding corresponding entries. Example: DIY

A=

4 6 3 0 1 2

B=

5 1 0 3 1 0

A+B=

1 5 3 3 2 2
6

NB: cant add matrices of dierent sizes!

Scalar multiplication of matrices


To multiply a matrix A [ajk ] by a scalar c, multiply each element by it: cA = [cajk ]. In particular: negative of a matrix is A (1)A, negative of a multiple is (k)A = kA, and dierence of two matrices is

A + (1)B A B.
Example: If 2.7 A= 0 9.0 3 10 A= 0 9 10

1.8 0 .9 4.5 2 1 , 5

then

and

2 .7 1. 8 0 .9 , A = 0 9 .0 4. 5 0 0 0A = 0 0 . 0 0

Example (DIY):

A=

4 6 3 0 1 2

then

2A =

8 12 6 0 2 4
7

Some properties
If A, B . . . are matrices of the same size, 0 is a matrix of the same size with all elements zeros, and c is c, k are scalars, then

A + B = B + A. A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C, A + 0 = A, A A = 0,
(A + B)T = AT + BT .

c(A + B) = cA + cB, (c + k)A = cA + kA, c(kA) = (ck)A = ckA, 1A = A, (cA)T = cAT ,

(AT )T = A Example: Simplify the matrix expression 1 A + 2 AT 2 Solution: =A+2 1 2


T

AT

= A + (1)A = 0.
8

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