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Chemical Concepts: References

This document provides an overview of key chemical concepts relevant to wastewater engineering. It covers inorganic chemistry including elements, radicals, and concentration units. It also discusses physical chemistry concepts such as hydrogen ion concentration, chemical equilibria, kinetics, and mass transfer. Additionally, it outlines organic chemistry including functional groups, aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Finally, it briefly mentions priority pollutants of concern to wastewater treatment.

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64 views5 pages

Chemical Concepts: References

This document provides an overview of key chemical concepts relevant to wastewater engineering. It covers inorganic chemistry including elements, radicals, and concentration units. It also discusses physical chemistry concepts such as hydrogen ion concentration, chemical equilibria, kinetics, and mass transfer. Additionally, it outlines organic chemistry including functional groups, aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Finally, it briefly mentions priority pollutants of concern to wastewater treatment.

Uploaded by

miguel_marsh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMICAL CONCEPTS

Wastewater Engineering
Dr. Mehrab Mehrvar, P.Eng.

Dept. of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

REFERENCES
Chapter 1: Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering, Reynolds and Richards, 2nd Edition, PWS publishing company, 1996.

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

Objectives
1. Inorganic Chemistry 2. Physical Chemistry (Kinetics) 3. Organic Chemistry

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

Inorganic Chemistry
Elements: Atomic Weight: Molecular Weight: Valence:
Combining power of an element relative to that of the hydrogen a toms, which has an assigned value of 1. An element with +3 valence can replace 3 hydrogen atoms in a comp o u n d . An element with -3 valence can react with 3 hydrogen atoms.

Equivalent Weight of an Element (Compound):

Atomic(Compound) Weight Valence

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

Radicals
(OH- ) (SO4-2) (OCl- : (HCO3- ) (CO3-2) (PO4-3 : orthophosphate) (NO2-) (NO3-)

(NH 4+ : ammonium) hypochlorite)

Radicals themselves are not compounds, but they join with other elements to form compounds.

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

Concentration Units
mg/l ( ppm) Chemical Dosage:
+2

lb/Mgal ,kg/Ml, grains/gal (1 grain/gal = 17.1 mg/l)

Hardness (Ca and Mg+2): as mg/l CaCO3 Alkalinity: (OH- , HCO3- , CO3-2): as mg/l CaCO3

All nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate): mg/l N All phosphates: Sometimes: meq/l mg/l phosphorus or mg/l P (meq is expressed as mg)

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

Hydrogen Ion Conc.

H 2O H + + OH
pH = log[ H + ] [ H + ] = 10 7 mole/l [ H + ][OH ] = K w = 10 14

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

Chemical Equilibira

aA + bB cC + dD

K=

[C ]c [ D]d [ A]a [B ]b
+

[ ] = molar conc.
7 11

Equilibrium between Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate-Carbonate system:

H2CO3 H + HCO 3 HCO H + CO


3 + 2 3

K1 = 4. 4510

@ 25 C @ 25 C
o

K 2 = 4.45 10

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

pH and Alkalinity
Alkalinity: a measure of the capacity of a water to neutralize acids, that is to absorb hydrogen ions without significant pH changes. Determined by titrating the water with 0.02 N H2SO4. The alkalinity ions are related to carbon dioxide and H+ (pH) concs as follows:
CO2 + H 2O H 2CO3 HCO3 +H+ M (HCO3 )2 M +2 + 2HCO3 2 HCO3 CO3 + H+ CO32 + H2O HCO3 + OH
Chemical Concepts Wastewater Engineering 9

Chemical Kinetics
Rate at which a chemical reaction occurs. Zero order: First order: Second order: Temperature Change: General Gas Law (ideal): Daltons Law: Henrys Law:
Chemical Concepts

k2=k1(T2-T1) PV = nRT PA = yA.P Cs = H.PA


Wastewater Engineering 10

Mass Transfer
From gas to liquid:

dC (Cs Ca ) dt
From liquid to gas (For gas removal):

dC (C a C s ) dt

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

11

Colloidal Dispersions
Colloids are fine materials suspended in solids, liquids, and gases. In water and WW eng., they are dispersions in liquid. Could be a solid (clay), organic debris, waste materials, or may be a liquid (oils secreted by algae in natural waters or oils present in wastewaters). 1 m 1 (not visible by naked eyes) Large surface area Gravitational effects are negligible since they are very light. Properties:
They are electrically charged (- or +). Colloids such as clays, algae, and bacteria are negatively charged in the pH range of water and wastewaters. Like charges repel, as a results they are always suspended. Due to their small size, they reflect light. Therefore, turbidity is based on this principle. Due to their high surface area, they have great adsorptive powers. Colloids, due to their large particle size, do not pass through semi-permeable membranes and are removed by reverse osmosis (water under pressure passes through a semi -permeable membrane and leaves colloidal and some ionic materials behind).
Chemical Concepts Wastewater Engineering 12

Organic Chemistry
Chemistry of carbon compounds (C-C) Straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic structures Major elements: C, H, O Minor elements: N, P, S, and certain metals Despite inorganic compounds, organic compounds are:
Usually combustible High molecular weight Only slightly soluble in water Source of food for animal and microbial life Hydroxyl (-OH) to form alcohols Aldehyde (-COH) to form aldehydes Carboxylic (-COOH) to form carboxylic acids Ketone (-CO-) to form ketones Ether (-O-) to form ethers Amine (-NH2 ) to form amines.
Wastewater Engineering 13

Functional groups:

Chemical Concepts

Organic Chemistry (cont)


Aliphatic: Aromatic: molecules based on simple or branched straight chains molecules based on benzene skeleton (C6H6)

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

14

Priority Pollutants
Main organic and inorganic compounds of concern Toxic inorganic chemicals:
Heavy metals (Br, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg): very toxic to human life

Toxic organic chemicals:


All organic chemicals of concern to health (based on EPA list)

Chemical Concepts

Wastewater Engineering

15

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