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Journal of Drug Deli very & Therapeutics; 2012, 2(4), 122-128

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND STUDY ON ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF OCIMUM CANUM HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS
*Behera Sai prasanna1 , Babu S Manohar 2 , Ramani Y Ro ja 3 , Choudhury Prasanta K1 , Panigrahi Rajeshree 1
1

Department of Pharmacology, Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha- 760002
2

Department of Pharmacology, SIM S College of Pharmacy, M angaldas Nagar, Guntur- 522001

Department of Pharmacology, MKCG M edical College, Berhampur, Odisha- 760004

*Corresponding author s Email: [email protected], [email protected], Phone: 09861252518 ABS TRACT M any herbal remedies individually or in combination have been recommended in various medical expositions for the cure of dierent diseases. Free radicals are implicated for many diseases including diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cancer, aging, etc. In the treatment of these diseases, antioxidant therapy has gained utmost importance. Currently there has been an increased interest globally to identify antioxidant compound that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no side effects. As plants are source of natural antioxidants, much attention has been gain to plants. The quest for natural antioxidants for dietary, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses has become a major industrial and scientific research challenges over the last two decades. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exists within the body in which many of them are derived from dietary sources like fruits, vegetables and teas. TheOcimumcanum , commonly known as Kala Tulsi, has been recognized in dierent system of traditional medicines for the treatment of dierent diseases and ailments of human beings. In this study, Antioxidant activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Ocimumcanumwas determined by various antioxidant assays. In all the testing, a significant correlation existed between concentrations of the extract and percentage inhibition of free radicals. These findings suggest that the hydro-alcoholic extracts are able to scavenge free radicals, by either hydrogen or electron donating mechanisms, and can therefore act as primary antioxidants. The antioxidant property may be related to the phenols and flavonoids present in the extracts. These results clearly indicate that Ocimumcanumcan be effectively used against free radical mediated diseases. Key words:Ocimumcanum , phytochemical constituents, traditional uses and pharmacological properties, antioxidant activity

INTRODUCTION Natural products are important sources for biologically active drugs1 . There has been an increasing interest in the med icinal plants as natural products in different parts of the world 2 . Medicinal plants containing high antioxidant properties play an important role in the prevention of various degenerative diseases in the society. The medicinal value of these plants depends on bioactive phytochemical constituent s action in the human body. So me of the most important bioactive phytochemical constituents include alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, tannins and saponins 3 . Phenolics are commonly found in medicinal plants and their biological effects, include antioxidant activity. Due to synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), which are widely used in food industry and cosmetic, have been growing concern over the possible carcinogenic effects4 . Thus interest in natural antioxidant has increased considerably. Nowadays, it is well known that natural antioxidants extracted fro m herbs and spices have high antio xidant properties and are used in many food applications 5 . Natural antio xidants fro m p lant sources are potent and safe due to their harmless nature; wild herbs have their antioxidant properties 6. Various plants are proposed to be antioxidantsas their essential oils contain phenylpropanoids in high contents. Essential oils of plant genus Ocimumbelonged to family Lamiaceae. It is collectively called as Basil, is a diverse and rich source of aromat ic essential oil. The species such as Ocimumbasilicum L., O canum Sims., O gratissimum L. and Ocimum sanctum L. are co mposed of interesting phenyl-propenes e.g. eugenol, methyl eugenol and methyl
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chavicol. Essential oils of these plants have been broadly used as culinary herbs, as pharmaceutical agents because of their antimicrobial, antiemetic, antid iabetic, antifert ility, antiasthmatic, antistress andanticancer activity 7.

Figure 1: Ocimumcanum - Wild basil, from Yamasaki Lab. Plant Photo Gallery, by kind permission from Kazuo Yamasaki

Ocimum canum Sims (Hairy Basil) is a trad itional med icinal plant distributes throughout Odishaand it is commonly known as KalaTulasi in Odiyahas an unusual mint-like flavor. The plant branches out from its base, with angle stems and open foliage. The plant shows a pungent, aromat ic avor and is commonly cult ivated for culinary
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Behera et al Journal of Drug Deli very & Therapeutics; 2012, 2(4), 122-128 123 purposes. O. canum is used specially fo r treating various a) Molischs test: A small portion of the filtrate will be types of diseases and lowering blood glucose and also treated with Molischs reagent and sulphuric acid. treats cold, fever, parasitic infestations on the body and Formation of a violet ring indicates the presence of inammat ion of joints and headaches 8 . Essential oil fro m carbohydrates. the leaves of O. canum possesses antibacterial and b) Fehlings test: The extract will be treated with Fehlings insecticidal properties 9.It is used in ritual as an incense as reagent A and B. The appearance of reddish brown colour well to protect the home and welcome newborns into the precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugar. world. It is an unusual and very useful addition to the med icinal garden. The hairy leaves and decorative flowers c) Benedicts test: The extract will be treated with are very aromatic and form a lush mound about 2 feet in Benedicts reagent; appearance of reddish orange colour height. This annual plant grows well in fu ll sun, wellprecipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugar. drained soil and plenty of heat. The plant branches from d) Barfoeds test: The ext ract will be treated with the base and has an angled stems and oval pubescent barfoeds reagent and heated. Appearance of reddish leaves. Its leaves are tiny and fuzzy and have violet or orange colour precipitate indicates the presence of nonwhite flowers, having a sweet scent res embling that of the reducing sugars. clove. The leaves of the Ocimum canum are opposite and toothed. It is irregular and occurs in crowded whorls. The 3) Test for steroids: Ocimum canum has a small corolla. These plants have Libermannburchards test: The ext ract will be treated with intense floral-fru ity aro mas.The oil of the Oci mum canum 3ml of acet ic anhydride, few drops of glacial acet ic acid is composed of Linalool. The seeds may provide fiber or followed by a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid. reduce constipation. Appearance of bluish green colour indicates the presence MATERIALS AND METHODS of steroids. 2.1. Plant collection 4) Test for proteins: a) Biuret test: The extract will be treated with copper sulphate solution, followed by addition of sodium hydroxide solution; appearance of violet colour indicates the presence of proteins. b) Millons test: The extract will be treated with Millons reagent; appearance of pink colour indicates the presence of proteins. 5) Test for tannins: The ext ract will be treated with 10% lead acetate solution; appearance of white precipitate indicates the presence of tannins. 6) Test for phenolic compounds: a) The ext ract will be treated with neutral ferric ch loride solution; appearance of violet colour indicates the presence of phenolic co mpounds. b) The extract will be treated with 10% sodium ch loride solution; appearance of cream co lour ind icates the presence of phenolic co mpounds. 7) Test for flavonoids: a) 5ml of ext ract will be hydrolyzed with 10%sulphuric acid and cooled. Then, it will be extract ing with diethyl ether and divided in to three portions in three separate test tubes. 1ml of d iluted sodium carbonate, 1ml of 0.1N sodium hydroxide, and 1ml of strong ammonia solution will be added to the first, second and third test tubes respectively. In each test tube, development of yellow colour demonstrated the presence of flavonoids. b) Shinodas test: The extract will be dissolved in alcohol, to which few magnesiu m turnings will beaded followed by concentrated HCL drop wise and heated, and appearance of magenta colour shows the presence of flavonoids.

Leaves of Ocimum canum were collected in the month of December 2011 fro m its natural habitat from nearby Mohuda village, Berhampur, Ganjam district of Od isha. The plant was authenticated from Depart ment of Botany, Khalikote Co llege, Berhampur, Odisha. The leaves were cleaned and dried under the shade to avoid degradation of volatile o il. The leaves were dried in hot air woven at 55C for 3 days and at 40C for the next 4 days 2.2. Extraction

The dried leaves were coarsely powdered and extracted with a mixture of methanol: water (7:3, v/v) by a Soxhlet apparatus at 50C. The solvent was completely removed and obtained dried crude ext ract which was used for investigation. Further the extracts were subjected for the phytochemical study as well as pharmaco logical screening. 2.3. Phytochemical screening

Phytochemical screenings were perfo rmed using standard procedures.10, 11,12 1) Test for alkaloids: To the extract dilute hydrochloric acid will be added and filtered. The filtrate will be treated with various alkaloidal reagents a) Mayers test: The filtrate will be treated with Mayers reagent: appearance of cream colour indicates the presence of alkalo ids. b) Dragendroffs test: The filt rate will be treated with Dragendroffs reagent: appearance of reddish brown precipitate indicates the presence of alkalo ids. c) Hagers test: The filtrate when treated with Hagers reagent, appearance of yellow colour precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. 2) Test for carbohydrates and reducing sugar: The small quantities of the filtrate will be dissolved in 4ml of distilled water and filtered. The filtrate will be subjected to
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Behera et al 8) Test for gums and mucilage:

Journal of Drug Deli very & Therapeutics; 2012, 2(4), 122-128 124 mM in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 was added. The experiment was performed in triplicate. The extract was treated with 25 ml of absolute alcohol, and filtered. The filtrate will examine for its swelling e) Iron chelating acti vity assay13 properties. The reaction mixture containing 1 ml O-Phenanthroline, 2 9) Test for glycosides: ml Ferric chloride, and 2 ml ext ract at various concentrations ranging from 250 to 2000 g/ ml in a final When a pinch the extract was treated with glacial acetic volume of 5 ml was incubated for 10 minutes at ambient acid and few drops of ferric chloride solution, followed by temperature. The absorbance at 510 n m was recorded. the addition of conc. Sulphuric acid, formation of ring at Ascorbic acid was added instead of extract and absorbance the junction of two liquids indicates the presence of obtained was taken as equivalent to 100% reduction of all glycosides. ferric ions. Blank was carried out without extract. 10) Test for saponins: Experiment was performed in triplicate. Foam test About 1 ml of the ext ract was diluted to 20 ml of with distilled water and shaken well in a test tube. The formation of foam in the upper part of test tube indicates the presence of saponins. 11) Test for Triterpenoids: The substance was warmed with tin and thionyl chloride. Pink colour indicates the presence of triterpenoids. 2.4. Determination of antioxi dant acti vity a) DPPH radical scavenging assay13 To the Methanol solution of DPPH (1 mM ) an equal volume of the extract dissolved in alcohol was added at various concentrations from 250 to 2000 g/ ml in a final volume of 1.0 ml. An equal amount of alcohol was added to the control. After 20 min, absorbance was recorded at 517 n m. Experiment was performed in trip licate. b) AB TS radical scavenging assay13 To the reaction mixtu re containing 0.3 ml of ABTS radical, 1.7 ml phosphate buffer and 0.5 ml ext ract was added at various concentrations from 250 to 2000 g/ ml. Blank was carried out without drug. Absorbance was recorded at 734 n m. Experiment was performed in triplicate. c) Nitric oxi de radical scavenging 13 Sodiu m nitroprusside (5M) in standard phosphate buffer solution was incubated with different concentration of the test extracts dissolved in standard phosphate buffer (0.025M , pH 7.4) and the tubes were incubated at 25 C for 5 hr. After 5 h, 0.5 ml of incubation solution was removed and diluted with 0.5 ml Griess reagent (prepared by mixing equal volu me of 1% sulphanilamide in 2% phosphoric acid and 0.1% naphthylethylene di-amine dihydrochloride in water). The absorbance of chromophore formed was read at 546 n m. The control experiment was also carried out in similar manner, using distilled water in the place of extracts. The experiment was performed (in triplicate) and % scavenging activity was calculated using the formula :100 [100/blank a bsorbance sample absorbance] The activity was co mpared with ascorbic acid, which was used as a standard antioxidant. d) Superoxi de scavenging (NBT reduction assay)13 Alkaline DM SO was used as a super oxide generating system. To 0.5 ml of different concentrations of the test compound, 1 ml of alkaline DMSO and 0.2 ml of NBT 20
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f) Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Acti vity (Deoxyri bose degradati on assay) The scavenging capacity for hydroxyl radical was measured according to the modified method of Halliwellet al., (1987)14. Stock solutions of EDTA (1mM ), FeCl3 (10 mM ), ascorbic acid (1mM), H2 O2 (10mM) and deoxyribose (10mM ) were prepared in distilled deionized water. The assay was performed by adding 0.1 ml of EDTA 0.01 ml of FeCl3 , 0.1 ml of H2 02 , 0.36 ml of deoxy ribose, 1.0 ml of plant extract (250-2000 g/ml), 0.33 ml of phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4) and 0.1ml of ascorbic acid in sequence. The mixture was then incubated at 37C for 1hr. About 1.0 ml portion of the incubated mixture was mixed with 1.0 ml of 10% TCA and 1.0 ml of 0.5% TBA to develop the pink chro mogen, measured at 532 n m.The hydro xyl radicals scavenging activity was calculated using the following equation:% Inhibit ion = [(A 0 -A 1 ) / A 0 100] Where, A 0 was the absorbance of the control (blan k) and A 1 was the absorbance in the presence different concentrations of the extract g) Total reducti on capability15 The Fe3+ reducing power of the extract was determined by the method of Oyaizu et al ., with a slight modication. Dierent concentrations (250 2000 g/ mL) of extract (0.5 mL) were mixed with 0.5-mL Phosphate bu er (pH 6.6) and 0.5-mL 0.1% potassium hex-cyanoferrate, followed by incubation at 50C in water bath for 20 min. After incubation, 0.5-mL 10% TCA was added to terminate the reaction. The upper portion of the solution (1 mL) was mixed with 1 mL of d istilled water and 0.1 mL 0.01% FeCl3 solution was added. The reaction mixtu re was left for 10 min at room temperature and the absorbance was measured at 700 n m against appropriate blank solution. All tests were performed three times. A higher absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated greater reducing power. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. h) Scavenging Acti vi ty of Hydrogen Peroxi de 16 This activity was determined according to a methodsuggested by B. Halliwell and groupwith minor changes. Aliquot of 50-mM H2 O2 and various concentrations (0 2000 g/ mL) of samples were mixed (1: 1 v /v) and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. After incubation, 90l of the H2 O2 -samp le solution was mixed with 10 l HPLC -grade methanol and 0.9-mL FOX reagent was added (previously prepared by mixing 9
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Behera et al Journal of Drug Deli very & Therapeutics; 2012, 2(4), 122-128 125 volumes of 4.4-mM Ascorbic acid in HPLC -grade The DPPH test provides informat ion on their activity of methanol with 1 volume of 1-mM xylenol orange and 2.56the test compounds with a stable free radical. Th is assay mM ammonium ferrous sulfate in 0.25-M H2 SO4 ). The determines the scavenging of stable radical species of reaction mixture was then vortexed and incubated at room DPPH by antio xidants. The degree of reduction in temperature for 30 min. The absorbance of ferric-xy lenol absorbance measurement by Ocimumcanumis indicative of orange complex was measured at 560 n m. All tests were the radical scavenging (antio xidant) power of the plant. carried out three times and sodium pyruvate was used as The study showed that the hydro-alcoholic extract have the the reference co mpound proton-donating ability and can serve as free radical inhibitors or scavenger, acting possibly as primary 17 2.5 Statistical anal ysis antioxidant. The experimental results were expressed as mean SEM Table 1:- Phytochemical analysis of Ocimumcanum leaves of three replicates. Where applicable, the data were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA ) and S. No Phytoconstituents Ethanol Aqueous two way analysis of variance (ANOVA ). All these analysis 1 Alkaloids was done by Graph Pad Pris m So ftware program (version 2 Carbohydrates + + 5). P values < 0.05 were regarded as significant. 3 Glycosides 4 Phtyosterols 3. RES ULTS AND DIS CUSSION 5 Fixed oils 3.1 Phytochemical screening 6 Saponins 7 Tannins + Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the 8 Protein and amino acids presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids and tannins 9 Gu ms and mucilage 3.2 Antioxi dant assays 10 Flavonoids + + DPPH radical scavenging assay 11 Terpenoids + + The proton radical scavenging action is known to be one of the various mechanisms fo r measuring antio xidant activity.
DPPH scavenging activity in O.canum leaves 100 80 Ascorbic Acid Ocimum canum leaves

+ = presence, = absence.

% Inhibition

60 40 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Concentration (g/ml) 2500

Figure 2: Study on DPPH scavenging activity in Oci mumcanum leaves at 517 n m

% Inhibition

60 40 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Concentration (g/ml) 2500

Figure 3: Study on ABTS scavenging activity in Ocimu mcanu m leaves at 405 n m ABTS radical scavenging acti vi ty ABTS, a protonated radical, has characteristic absorbance maxima at 734 nm which decreases with the scavenging of the proton radicals (Mathew and Abraham 2006). The
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scavenging of the ABTS+ radical by the O. canum was found to be much higher than that of DPPH rad ical. Nitric oxi de scavenging Sodiu m nitroprusside serves as a chief source of free radicals. The absorbance of the chromophore formed
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Behera et al Journal of Drug Deli very & Therapeutics; 2012, 2(4), 122-128 126 during diazotizat ion of the nitrite with sulphanilamide and extract possess significant free radical scavenging action subsequent coupling with napthyl-ethylene-diamine is used against nitric o xide (NO) induced release of free radicals at as the marker for NO scavenging activity. O. canum leaf the concentrations between 250-2000 g/ ml.
Nitric oxide scavenging activity in O. canum leaves 100 80 Ascorbic acid Ocimum canum leaves

% Inhibition

60 40 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Concentration (g/ml)

Figure 4: Study on Nit ric o xide scavenging activity in Oci mumcanumleaves at 546 n m Superoxi de radical scavenging acti vity Superoxide radical scavenging activity exhibited by the hydro-alcoholic extract of Ocimu mcanumat different concentration showed that the superoxide scavenging
100 80

activity of Ocimumcanumwas less as compared to the standard .The probable mechanism may be due to the non inhibitory effect of hydro-alcoholic ext ract of the leaf towards generation of super oxides in the reaction mixture.

Superoxide ion scavenging activity in O. canum leaves Ascorbic acid Ocimum canum leaves

% Inhibition

60 40 20 0

500

1000 1500 2000 Concentration (g/ml)

2500

Figure 5: Study on Superoxide ion scavenging activity in Ocimumcanumleaves at 560 n m Iron chelating acti vity assay O-phenanthroline quantitatively forms co mplexes with Fe+2 which get disrupted in the presence of chelating agents. The hydro-alcoholic ext ract of
100 80

Ocimumcanuminterferedwith the formation of a ferrous -ophenanthroline complex, thereby suggesting that the extracts had metal chelat ing activity. This study suggests that Ocimumcanumpossess antio xidant activity.

Iron chelating activity in O. canum leaves Ascorbic acid Ocimum canum leaves

% Inhibition

60 40 20 0

500 1000 1500 2000 Concentration (g/ml)

2500

Figure 6: Study on Iron chelating activity in Oci mumcanum leaves at 510 n m Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Acti vi ty The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity is measured as the percentage inhibition of hydroxyl radicals generated in the Fenton's reaction mixtu reby studying the competition between deoxyribose and the extract for hydrogen radicals
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generated from Fe 2+/ascorbate/EDTA/H2 O2 systems. The hydroxyl radicals attack deo xyribose which eventually results in TBARS formation. Fro m the present results, it is observed that the leaf extract of O. canumhave better hydroxyl radical scavenging activity as reflected in terms of percentage inhibition
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Behera et al
100 80

Journal of Drug Deli very & Therapeutics; 2012, 2(4), 122-128

127

% Inhibition

60 40 20 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000

Concentration (g/ml)

Figure 7: Study on Hydro xyl Rad ical Scavenging Activity in Ocimumcanum leaves
Total reduction capability in Ocimum canum leaves 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 500 1000 1500 Concentration (g/ml) 2000 Ascorbic acid Ocimum canum leaves

Figure 8: Study on Total reduction capability in Oci mumcanum leaves at 700 n m Total reduction capability18 Reducing power assay measures the electron-donating capacity of an antioxidant. The reduction of the ferric ion (Fe3+) to ferrous ion (Fe 2+) is measured by the intensity of the resultant blue-green solution which absorbs at 700 n m, and an increased absorbance is indicative of higher reducing power.The reducing power of the extract increased progressively over the concentration range studied. Extract solutions at 1000g/ mlhad co mparable reducing power to Ascorbic acid at 250 g/ ml. These findings suggest that the Ocimumcanumhydro-alcoholic extract is capable of donating electrons, and could therefore react with free radicals or terminate chain reactions. Scavenging Acti vity of Hydrogen Peroxi de 18 The scavenging of hydrogen peroxide by the standard (ascorbic acid) and extract after incubation for 10 minutes increased with increased concentration.Ocimumcanumhydro-alcoholic extracts exhibited higher hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity than ascorbic acids at similar concentrations.While hydrogen peroxide itself is not very reactive, it can generate the highly reactive hydroxyl rad ical ( OH) through the Fenton reaction (Equation 1).Thus, the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide is an important antioxidant defense mechanis m. Fe2+ + H2 O2 Fe3+ +OH + OH-(Equation 1) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water involves the transfer of electrons as in Equation 2. H2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2 O (Equation 2) The scavenging of hydrogen peroxide by phenolic compounds has been attributed to their electron-donating ability. The hydro-alcoholic OC ext racts have high electron-donating abilit ies, and 68.21 0.35scavenging was achieved with concentrations of hydro-alcoholic extracts at 2000 g/ ml. In comparison, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of ascorbic acid at 2000 g/ mlwere found to be 98.79 0.28

Scavenging Activity of Hydrogen Peroxide in Ocimum canum leaves

Absorbance

Ascorbic acid Ocimum canum leaves

% Inhibition

100

50

500 1000 1500 Concentration (g/ml)

2000

Figure 9: Study on Scavenging Activity of Hydrogen Pero xide in Ocimumcanum leaves at 560 n m
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Behera et al CONCLUS IONS

Journal of Drug Deli very & Therapeutics; 2012, 2(4), 122-128 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors acknowledge the immense help received fro m the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

128

The present study clearly indicates that Ocimumcanumis a rich source of phyto-constituents having immense antioxidant potential. Oci mumcanumis rich in flavonoids, thus the results indicate that hydro-alcoholic leaf ext ract of Ocimumcanumhave potent antioxidant activity, achieved by scavenging abilities observed against DPPH, ABTS, Nitric-o xide, Supero xide, Iron chelating, Hydro xy l radical, Reducing power assay andHydrogen Peroxide.
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