Geometry of quantum entanglement

Ana Kontrec, supervisor: prof. Alan Huckleberry January 15, 2013

Introduction

In this paper we present a basic setting for a geometrical description of quantum entanglement, using methods and results from symplectic geometry. The space of states of particles is the complex projective space

P( H )

associated to a certain Hilbert space

of tensors. It is a symplectic manifold with an induced Fubini-Study symplectic form. Entanglement properties remain invariant under the action of the local unitary group

K = SUn (H),

so the study of orbits of that action leads to a classication of degrees of

entanglement. An important tool is the moment map, which maps of states onto coadjoint orbits in the dual Lie algebra of

K -orbits in the space

K.

The degree of degeneracy

of the symplectic form on an orbit can be used as a measure of entanglement. In the last section we discuss a criterion under which properties of the

K -orbits

in the space

of states are determined by the corresponding coadjoint orbits, i.e. when the moment map maps the set of

K -orbits

bijectively on their image.

Complex pro jective space

Complex manifolds
Let

be a topological Hausdor space with a countable basis for its topology. Then

is called a topological

n-manifold

if every point

xX

has an open neighborhood

that is homeomorphic to an open subset of For every point open subset

of

x X there exists a chart, i.e. a homeomorphism x : U V of an X onto an open subset V of Cn . To be able to dene a holomorphic
1

function on

X,

we require dierent charts to be holomorphically compatible, which

1 : U1 V1 and 2 : U2 V2 , either U1 U2 = or the 1 change of coordinates map 2 1 : 1 (U1 U2 ) 2 (U1 U2 ) is a biholomorphism. n A function f : X C is holomorphic on X if for every x X , there exists a 1 holomorphic chart (U, ) such that f : (U ) Cn is holomorphic on (U ) .
means that for every two charts The

n-dimensional

complex projective space

CPn

is a very important example of a

complex manifold. As a set,

CPn := L | L < Cn+1 , dim(L) = 1 ,

1-dimensional

subspaces of

Cn+1 . L

is often called a line or a state.

Topological properties of CPn

CPn with the z, w Cn+1 \ {0},

following set of equivalence classes:

CPn =

Cn+1 \{0}/,

z w C \ {0} , z = w. S 2n+1 in a circle of unit vectors, and 2n+1 we can dene a surjective mapping : S CPn with (z ) = [z ] = {z | C}. n The map induces the (unique) quotient topology on CP . n To prove that CP is a compact Hausdor space, we will need the following lemma.
Every line intersects the unit sphere

L CPn

Lemma

Let

be a compact and

a Hausdor space.

If

f : X Y

is a

Y is also compact. Now, let z, y S , z = y be the points on the sphere which generate the lines n [z ],[y ] CP . Dene R := min {|z y | : , C, || = || = 1} and U, V S 2n+1
countinuous surjection, then

2n+1

such that

U := U
and

x S 2n+1 : |x z | <

R 2

, V :=

x S 2n+1 : |x y | <

R 2

are open and disjoint in

S 2n+1 .

 C such that || = 1, V = V and U = U , it holds that ( (V )) = V and 1 ( (U )) = U . Therefore (U ) and (V ) are open and disjoint n n n in CP , and CP is Hausdor. From Lemma it follows that CP is compact.
Since for every

CPn

as a complex manifold
CPn . Let (z1 , z2 , ..., zn+1 ) be the n+1 space C . Consider the open subset Ui coordinate zi , Ui := {[z ] | zi = 0} and the

Next, we will introduce the coordinate charts on standard coordinates on the complex vector n containing lines L CP with non-zero i-th homeomorphism

i :Ui Cn , i ([z ]) = z1 zi1 zi+1 zn+1 , ..., , , ..., zi zi zi zi .

The change of coordinates

1 i k : k (Ui Uk ) i (Ui Uk )

1 i k

zn+1 z1 , ..., zk zk

z1 zn+1 , ..., zi zi

it is not only holomorphic, but also rational.

The Fubini-Study symplectic structure

Symplectic manifolds
A symplectic manifold is a pair

(M, ) where

is a dierential

2form on the manifold

= 0). If M = R is the phase space with standard coordinates (q1 , ..., qn , p1 , ..., pn ), where qj are position coordinates and pj are momentum coordinates, and std = n j =1 dqi dpi , 2n then (R , std ) is an example of a symplectic manifold.
2n

which is at every point non-degenerate and closed (d

Complex dierential operators

(z1 , z2 , ..., zn ),

with

zj = xj + iyj ,

the dierential

(Wirtinger) operators are dened as

zj z j
and the operators

1 2 1 = 2 =

i xj yj +i xj yj

and

are
n

f =
j =1 n

f dzj zj f dz j z j

= f
j =1

Standard symplectic form

be a domain in the complex plane

C and (z ) = z z the norm function.

The form

2 = dz dz = = dx dy, i
after normalization becomes the standard (real) symplectic form on

i std = = dx dy. 2

Fubini-Study form
a complex vector space with a unitary structure which denes a norm2 2 2 squared function = . In the standard coordinates z = (z1 , z2 ), (z ) = |z1 | +|z2 | = Let

V = C2 ,

z1 z 1 + z2 z 2 .
We introduce the

2form

i = log(), 2

which is written in coordinates as

|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 (dz1 dz 1 + dz2 dz 2 ) ( z1 dz1 + z 2 dz2 ) (z1 dz 1 + z2 dz 2 ) |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 CP1 .

This form (Fubini-Study form) is well-dened on

It is closed, non-degenerate and

invariant under the group of unitary transformations.

The moment map

Lie algebra of a matrix Lie group

K = SUn (C).
A matrix Lie group

Denition
sequence

is a closed subgroup of

Am

in

that converges to a matrix

A,

either

GLn (C), A G or A is not

i.e.

for any

invertible.

Important examples of matrix Lie groups include general and special linear groups, unitary, orthogonal, symplectic and the Heisenberg group.

G be a matrix Lie group. The Lie algebra g of G is the set of all tX matrices X such that e is in G for all real numbers t. This means that X is in g if and only if the one-parameter group Ut generated by X lies in G. In our example, from the properties of SUn (C) it follows that its Lie algebra l is the space of all matrices X M atn (C) such that X = X and trace(X ) = 0. Equipped with the bracket [X, Y ] = XY Y X , the Lie algebra of a matrix Lie
Let group is a (abstract) Lie algebra, in the sense of the following denition:

Denition

Deniton
[., .] : g g g

A Lie algebra is a real or complex vector space such that:

together with a map

(i) (ii)

[., .]

is bilinear for all

[X, Y ] = [Y, X ],

X, Y g
5

(iii)

[X, [Y, Z ]] + [Y, [Z, X ]] + [Z, [X, Y ]] = 0,

for all

X, Y, Z g.

Poisson structure
Poisson structures arise naturally in descriptions of many physical systems. For example, every symplectic manifold is a Poisson manifold.

Denition
bilinear map

A Poisson bracket (or a Poisson structure) on a manifold on

is a

{., .}

C (M )

such that:

(i) (ii)

(C (M ), {., .}) {., .}

is a Lie algebra

is a derivation, i.e. it satises the Leibnitz rule

{f g, h} = f {h, g } + {f, h} g ,

for all A manifold

f, g, h C (M ). P
together with a Poisson structure on

C (P ) is called a Poisson manifold.

The dual space of a Lie algebra is a classical example of a Poisson manifold. In fact, there is a natural bijection between linear Poisson structures and nite-dimensional Lie algebras.

f : g C we the element in g corresponding to it (through the identication (g ) = g). denote by f

(g, [., .])

be a Lie algebra, and for any linear function

Then,

{f, g } () :=
for every

, g f g .

g ,

denes a Poisson structure on

Properties of the moment map

act smoothly on a symplectic manifold

(M, ), (g, x) gx

K M M,
For every

l,

we dene the fundamental vector eld for that action,

(x) = d dt

exp(t )x.
t=0

The Poisson bracket on for

is dened using the symplectic form:

{F, G} = (XF , XG ), . . d = ,

F, G C (M ) l

and the vector elds

XF , XG .
such that

For each Lie algebra element Since is nite-dimensional,

there exists a function

can be chosen to be linear in

so that

(x) = (x), ,
where

(x) l , : M l
obtained this way is

is the pairing between

and

l .

The map

called the moment map. Due to the Poisson structure on erties. The group conjugation),

l ,

the moment map has many interesting prop-

K acts also on its Lie algebra l by the adjoint action (in this case 1 Adg = gg . The dual of the adjoint action is the coadjoint action
Ad ,
g

= , Adg1 = , g 1 g , x M , g K,

for

l, g K , l .

The moment map is equivariant, i.e. for

(gx) = Ad (x). g
In fact, Poisson structure on coadjoint

denes an invariant symplectic structure on every

K -orbit

on

(the Kirillov-Kostant-Souriau form).

Moment map on the complex projective space

K = SUn (C)

on the symplectic

(P(V ), F S ).

For

l,

dene

1 log := J 4
where map,

1 = J , 4

J is the complex structure on V . This map satises the properties of the moment . and (g (v )) = g ((v )) . Let us compute it explicitly: d = , 1 1 d (v ) = J (v ) = 4 4 dt log eit v | eit v =
t=0

1 v | v i v | v Im = , 2 v|v 2 v|v

where

denotes the standard scalar product.

Since

is invariant with respect to

scalar multiplication

v v ,

it is well-dened on

P(V ).

Brion's theorem

Consider a

K -moment map : P(V ) l and a G-invariant complex submanifold X of P(V ). We are interested in the conditions on the space X under which the moment map for the K -action separates all the orbits, i.e. from (x) = (y ) it follows that y Kx, for all x, y X . Equivalently, this can be stated 1 as ((Kx)) = Kx, for all x X . If this condition is satised, we say that has the G-action
on

V,

the

orbit separation property.

G = SLn (C)

and

K = SUn (C),

we need the

notion of a Borel subgroup. Generally, a Borel subgroup of an algebraic group maximal closed and connected solvable algebraic subgroup. In subgroup

is a

G = SLn (C),

a Borel

B+

is the set of upper-triangular matrices. There is a single conjugacy class

of Borel subgroups, i.e. any two of them are conjugate to each other.

Theorem (Brion)

The following are equivalent:

1. the moment map

has the orbit separation property on

2. any Borel subgroup has an open orbit in The moment map maps dual Lie algebra of

X.

K -orbits

in the space of states onto coadjoint orbits in the

K, x

which can be identied with the space of Hermitian matrices.

Using the moment map, we have transferred the problem of checking the local unitary equivalence of states coadjoint orbit of lie in the same many and

to establishing whether

(x)

and

(y )

lie on the same

K , which we understand much better; namely, two Hermitian matrices

K -orbit if and only if they have the same eigenvalues. It is possible that K -orbits in P(V ) are mapped to the same orbit, so we cannot use the spectral x
in

method. However, in a situation where we can apply Brion's theorem, the properties of the orbit of a point

P(V )

are completely determined by the spectrum of its image

(x).

Action of the unitary group on the space of states - two particle case
Let

Cn

with the standard scalar product be the one particle Hilbert space. The two

particle Hilbert space for bosons and fermions are the symmetric and antisymmetric part of the two-fold tensor product of

Cn ,

i.e.

HB = S 2 (Cn )
2

HF =

(Cn ). v w := v w +w v HF
with

We will denote the symmetric and antisymmetric tensor product by and

v w := v w w v . The compact Lie group K = SUn (C)

acts diagonally on

HB

and

k (v w) := kv kw k (v w) := kv kw. G = SLn (C) (which can be regarded as the complexication of K ) acts in the n s same way. If {e1 , ..., en } is the orthonormal basis for C , then eij := ei ej | 1 i, j n a and eij := ei ej | 1 i, j n are orthogonal bases for HB and HF . We can represent tensors v in HB or HF with n n matrices Cv , i.e. for any v in HB ,
The group

v=
i,j =1
and analogously for

(Cv )ij ei ej , Cv
is symmetric for symmetric tensors and an-

v in HF .

The matrix

tisymmetric for antisymmetric tensors. The action of in terms of matrices as

(and

G) hence can be expressed

U.Cv = U Cv U .

Let

sn = e1 e1 + e2 e2 + ... + en en , a2n = e1 e2 + e3 e4 + ... + e2n1 e2n .

Corresponding matrices for these tensors are block diagonal matrix with each

C sn = 2 I

and

Ca2n = J ,

where

is the

22
or

block a standard symplectic matrix. For the above action of

In this setting, we can apply Brion's theorem. complex projective space

on the

P(HB )

P(HF ),

rank is the only invariant, i.e. two points

are equivalent if and only if they have the same rank. The set of maximal rank tensors is an open orbit of the full group, containing the points (for the standard Borel subgroup

sn

and

B+ )

of the points

[Csn ]

and

a2n . The B+ -orbits [Ca2n ] are open in the

projective spaces. For example, the orbit of

Cs3 is

given by

a b c a 0 0 a2 + b2 + c2 bd + ce cf BCs3 B t = BB t = 0 d e b d 0 = bd + ce d2 + e2 ef , 0 0 f c e f cf ef f2 [C ] near [Csn ] is in the B+ -orbit of [Csn ], i.e. it can be obtained with a transformation in B+ . It follows that the moment map has the orbit separation property on P(HB ) and P(HF ).
with

adf = 1.

Any point

References
[1] Huckleberry, A., Kus, M., Sawicki, A. : Bipartite entanglement, spherical actions and geometry of local unitary orbits (submitted, arXiv: 1206.4200) [2] Huckleberry, A., Kus, M., Sawicki, A. : Symplectic geometry of entanglement, Comm. Math. Phys. 305, 441-468(2011) [3] Kus, M., Sawicki, A. : Geometry of the local equivalence of states, J. Phys. A 44, 495301(2011) [4] Hall, B.C. : Lie groups, Lie algebras and representations: an elementary introduction, New York, Springer, 2003. [5] Munkres, J.R. : Topology, New York, Prentice Hall, 2000. [6] Arnold, V.I. : Springer, 1989. Mathematical metods of classical mechanics, New York,

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