Computer Animation

CSE169: Computer Animation Instructor: Steve Rotenberg UCSD, Winter 2009

CSE169

Computer Animation Programming Instructor: Steve Rotenberg ([email protected]) TA: Robert Thomas ([email protected]) Lecture: EBU3 2154 (MW 6:30-7:50pm) Office: ??? (MW 5:15-6:15pm) Lab: EBU3 basement Discussion: ??? Web page:

http://graphics.ucsd.edu/courses/cse169_w09/index.html

Prerequisites

CSE167 or equivalent introduction to computer graphics Familiarity with:

Vectors (dot products, cross products) Matrices (4x4 homogeneous transformations) Polygon rendering Basic lighting (normals, Gouraud, Phong) OpenGL, Direct3D, Java3D, or equivalent C++ or Java Object oriented programming Basic physics

Undergraduate Computer Graphics at UCSD

CSE 166: Image Processing CSE 167: Computer Graphics CSE 168: Rendering Algorithms CSE 169: Computer Animation CSE 125: Software Engineering (Game Project) Math 155B: Mathematics for Computer Graphics

Reading

Papers Chapters Suggested book

3D Computer Graphics: A Mathematical Introduction with OpenGL (Buss)

Programming Projects

Project 1: Due Beginning of Week 3

Skeleton Hierarchy: Load a .skel file and display a 3D pose-able skeleton Skin: Load .skin file and attach to the skeleton Animation: Load .anim file and play back a key-framed animation on the skeleton Cloth: Implement a simple cloth simulation Locomotion & Inverse Kinematics: Implement an IK algorithm and use it to achieve a walking character Rigid Bodies: Implement a simple rigid body system with collisions Choose your own project (but talk to me first)

Project 2: Due Beginning of Week 5

Project 3: Due Beginning of Week 7

Project 4: Due Beginning of Week 10 (Choose one of the following)

Grading

15% Project 1 15% Project 2 15% Project 3 20% Project 4 15% Midterm 20% Final

Course Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1/5: Introduction 1/7: Skeletons 1/12: Quaternions 1/14: Skinning 1/19: (Holiday) 1/21: Facial Animation 1/26: Advanced Skinning 1/28: Channels & Keyframes 2/2: Review 2/4: Midterm

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

2/9: Animation Blending 2/11: Inverse Kinematics 1 2/16: (Holiday) 2/18: Inverse Kinematics 2 2/23: Locomotion 2/25: Particle Systems 3/2: Cloth Simulation 3/4: Collision Detection 3/9: Rigid Body Physics 3/11: Final Review

Motion Capture

The new CAL(IT)2 building is equipped with a motion capture studio The system is capable of capturing 3D motion of a complex articulated figure (such as a human actor) It uses a Vicon motion capture system with 22 4megapixel cameras capable of capturing at 160 frames per second We have an opportunity to work with some of this equipment this quarter Please come talk to me if you are interested in learning more about this

Angel Studios

Movies:

The Lawnmower Man Enertopia (stereoscopic IMAX)

Videos: Peter Gabriels Kiss That Frog Games:

Midnight Club 1 & 2 (PS2, XBox) Transworld Surf (PS2, XBox, GameCube) Smugglers Run 1 & 2 (PS2, XBox, GameCube) Midtown Madness 1 & 2 (PC) Savage Quest (Arcade) Test Drive Offroad: Wide Open (PS2) N64 version of Resident Evil 2 (N64) Ken Griffey Jr.s Slugfest (N64) Major League Baseball Featuring Ken Griffey Jr. (N64)

Sold to Take Two Interactive (Rockstar) in November, 2002

Angel Games

PixelActive

Currently, I run a company in Carlsbad called PixelActive We make video game technology including a 3D world editor capable of making complex road networks and dense urban areas (cities) We also develop a game engine for the PC, XBox360, Wii, and PS3

PixelActive

Computer Animation Overview

Applications

Special Effects (Movies, TV) Video Games Virtual Reality Simulation, Training, Military Medical Robotics, Animatronics Visualization Communication

Computer Animation

Kinematics Physics (a.k.a. dynamics, simulation, mechanics) Character animation Artificial intelligence Motion capture / data driven animation

Animation Process
while (not finished) {
MoveEverything(); DrawEverything();

Interactive vs. Non-Interactive Real Time vs. Non-Real Time

Character Rigging

Skeleton Skin Facial Expressions Muscles Secondary motion: fat, hair, clothing

Character Animation

Keyframe Animation Motion Capture Inverse Kinematics Locomotion Procedural Animation Artificial Intelligence

Character Animation

Physics Simulation

Particles Rigid bodies

Fluid dynamics

Collisions, contact, stacking, rolling, sliding Hinges, constraints

Articulated bodies

Fluid flow (liquids & gasses) Combustion (fire, smoke, explosions) Phase changes (melting, freezing, boiling) Cars, boats, airplanes, helicopters, motorcycles Body motion, skin & muscle, hair, clothing

Deformable bodies (solid mechanics)

Vehicle dynamics

Elasticity, plasticity, viscosity Fracture Cloth

Character dynamics

Physics Simulation

Animation Tools

Maya 3D Studio Lightwave Filmbox Blender Many more

Animation Production

Conceptual Design Production Design Modeling Materials & Shaders Rigging Blocking Animation Lighting Effects Rendering Post-Production

Resolution & Frame Rates

Video:

NTSC: 720 x 480 @ 30 Hz (interlaced) PAL: 720 x 576 @ 25 Hz (interlaced) 720p: 1280 x 720 @ 60 Hz 1080i: 1920 x 1080 @ 30 Hz (interlaced) 1080p: 1920 x 1080 @ 60 Hz 35mm: ~2000 x ~1500 @ 24 Hz 70mm: ~4000 x ~2000 @ 24 Hz IMAX: ~5000 x ~4000 @ 24-48 Hz

HDTV:

Film:

Note: Hz (Hertz) = frames per second (fps) Note: Video standards with an i (such as 1080i) are interlaced, while standards with a p (1080p) are progressive scan

Interlacing

Older video formats (NTSC, PAL) and some HD formats (1080i) use a technique called interlacing With this technique, the image is actually displayed twice, once showing the odd scanlines, and once showing the even scanlines (slightly offset) This is a trick for achieving higher vertical resolution at the expense of frame rate (cuts effective frame rate in half) The two different displayed images are called fields NTSC video, for example, is 720 x 480 at 30 frames per second, but is really 720 x 240 at 60 fields per second Interlacing is an important issue to consider when working with video, especially in animation as in TV effects and video games Computer monitors are generally not interlaced

Rendering

There are many ways to design a 3D renderer The two most common approaches are:

Traditional graphics pipeline Ray-based rendering

With the traditional approach, primitives (usually triangles) are rendered into the image one at a time, and complex visual effects often involve a variety of different tricks With ray-based approaches, the entire scene is stored and then rendered one pixel at a time. Ray based approaches can simulate light more accurately and offer the possibility of significant quality improvements, but with a large cost In this class, we will not be very concerned with rendering, as we will focus mainly on how objects move rather than how they look

Vector Review

Coordinate Systems

Right handed coordinate system

x z

Vector Arithmetic

[ b=[ b

a = ax
x

ay by

] b]
az
z

[ ab = [ a a = [ a sa = [ sa
x

a + b = a x + bx
x x

a y + by a y by az sa z

a z + bz az
z

bx ay sa y

] b ]

Vector Magnitude

The magnitude (length) of a vector is:

v = v +v +v

2 x

2 y

2 z

A vector with length=1.0 is called a unit vector We can also normalize a vector to make it a unit vector:

v v

Dot Product
a b = ai bi a b = a x bx + a y by + a z bz a b = a b cos

Dot Product
a b = ai bi a b = a x bx + a y by + a z bz a b = a b cos a b = a b
T

a b = ax

ay

bx a z by b z

Example: Angle Between Vectors

How do you find the angle _ between vectors a and b? b _ a

Example: Angle Between Vectors

Dot Products with General Vectors

The dot product is a scalar value that tells us something about the relationship between two vectors

If a b > 0 then _ < 90 If a b < 0 then _ > 90 If a b = 0 then _ = 90 (or one or more of the vectors is degenerate (0,0,0))

Dot Products with One Unit Vector

If |u|=1.0 then au is the length of the projection of a onto u

u a u

Example: Distance to Plane

A plane is described by a point p on the plane and a unit normal n. Find the distance from point x to the plane

x n p

Example: Distance to Plane

The distance is the length of the projection of x-p onto n:

dist = (x p ) n
n p

x x-p

Dot Products with Unit Vectors

a = b = 1.0 a b = cos( )

Cross Product
i a b = ax bx j ay by k az bz a z bx a x bz a x by a y bx

a b = a y bz a z by

Properties of the Cross Product

a b = a b sin a b = area of parallelogram ab a b = 0 if a and b are parallel

Example: Normal of a Triangle

Find the unit length normal of the triangle defined by 3D points a, b, and c c

Example: Normal of a Triangle

n n= n

c c-a a b-a b

Example: Area of a Triangle

Find the area of the triangle defined by 3D points a, b, and c c

Example: Area of a Triangle

Example: Alignment to Target

An object is at position p with a unit length heading of h. We want to rotate it so that the heading is facing some target t. Find a unit axis a and an angle _ to rotate around.

Example: Alignment to Target

t-p
_

h (t p ) = cos (t p ) t
1

Vector Class
class Vector3 { public: Vector3() {x=0.0f; y=0.0f; z=0.0f;} Vector3(float x0,float y0,float z0) {x=x0; y=y0; z=z0;} void Set(float x0,float y0,float z0) {x=x0; y=y0; z=z0;} void Add(Vector3 &a) {x+=a.x; y+=a.y; z+=a.z;} void Add(Vector3 &a,Vector3 &b) {x=a.x+b.x; y=a.y+b.y; z=a.z+b.z;} void Subtract(Vector3 &a) {x-=a.x; y-=a.y; z-=a.z;} void Subtract(Vector3 &a,Vector3 &b) {x=a.x-b.x; y=a.y-b.y; z=a.z-b.z;} void Negate() {x=-x; y=-y; z=-z;} void Negate(Vector3 &a) {x=-a.x; y=-a.y; z=-a.z;} void Scale(float s) {x*=s; y*=s; z*=s;} void Scale(float s,Vector3 &a) {x=s*a.x; y=s*a.y; z=s*a.z;} float Dot(Vector3 &a) {return x*a.x+y*a.y+z*a.z;} void Cross(Vector3 &a,Vector3 &b) {x=a.y*b.z-a.z*b.y; y=a.z*b.x-a.x*b.z; z=a.x*b.y-a.y*b.x;} float Magnitude() {return sqrtf(x*x+y*y+z*z);} void Normalize() {Scale(1.0f/Magnitude());} float x,y,z; };