Foundation Examinations Functional English

FOUNDATION EXAMINATIONS
MODULE A

PAPER A 1: FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH (100 marks)

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this syllabus is to help students communicate effectively in English

language through proper usage of vocabulary & knowledge of English grammar.

INDICATIVE GRID

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1. Vocabulary 10
2. Practical use of Grammar 40
3. Composition and Comprehension 50
TOTAL 100

Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and some deviations in setting of
papers could be expected

CONTENTS:
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1. Vocabulary

a. Frequently confused words

b. Frequently misused words
c. Phrases, synonyms, antonyms, idioms
d. General vocabulary

2. Practical Use of Grammar

a. Grammar

i. Nouns
ii. Pronouns
iii. Verbs
iv. Adjectives
v. Adverbs
vi. Prepositions
vii. Conjunctions
viii. Articles
ix. Interjections
x. Tenses

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Foundation Examinations Functional English

b. Sentences

i. Types of sentences
ii. Parts of sentences
iii. Rules for structuring sentences
iv. Phrases – Types and functions
v. Clauses – Types and functions
vi. Direct and Indirect Speech
vii. Active & Passive Voice

c. Punctuation

Periods, Question Marks, Exclamation marks, Semicolons, Colons,

Commas, Apostrophes, Quotation Marks

d. Writing Mechanics

Capitals, Abbreviations

3. Composition and Comprehension

a. Story writing from outlines

b. Letter writing (informal and formal)
c. Précis writing
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e. Comprehension

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Foundation Examinations Quantitative Methods

MODULE A

PAPER A2: QUANTITATIVE METHODS (100 marks)

INTRODUCTION

The role of an accountant has changed over the years; it has become imperative for him
to have knowledge of various Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, which are being
used in Financial Analysis and Decision Making. The latest research carried out in the
above areas is mostly based on such techniques. The syllabus includes topics which the
students will use not only in their later studies but throughout their career.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the course is to train the students in the use of Quantitative Techniques
in business and finance. The students are required to gain thorough theoretical knowledge
of the subject and understanding of the application of such knowledge.

INDICATIVE GRID
SYLLABUS CONTENTS WEIGHTAGE

Mathematics
1. Basic Mathematics
2. Financial Mathematics www.ontheline.tk 50
3. Calculus
4. Matrix and Determinants
Statistics
5. Statistical Methods
6. Methods of Least Square & Regression 50
7. Probability & Probability Distribution
8. Sampling & Decision Making
TOTAL 100

Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and some deviations in setting of
papers could be expected

CONTENTS:

1. Basic Mathematics

Rates, ratios, percentages; discounts, markup, markdown; indices, exponential

and logarithmic functions

Use of brackets, simplification rules, co-ordinate system, concept of equation,

gradient, equation of straight line, application of straight line in business and

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Foundation Examinations Quantitative Methods

economics; simultaneous equations; quadratic equations; factorization of

equations including factorization by completion of squares, arithmetic progression
and geometric progression.

2. Financial Mathematics

Simple interest, present and future values; discounting notes; bank discount;
compound interest and annuities; sinking funds, present value; perpetuities;
effective rate of interest.

Note: The students should be able to use both formulas as well as mathematical table.

3. Calculus

Techniques of differentiation; sum, difference, product and quotient rules of

differentiation. Marginal function, calculation of revenue, cost & profit of
marginal unit. Use of second order derivatives; maxima, minima and point of
inflexion.

4. Matrix and Determinants

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, inverse of matrices. Solution of equations

using matrix; inequalities, graphical presentation of inequalities; graphical method
for linear programming; problems in graphical solutions such as no feasible
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solution, alternative optimum solution, unbounded solutions and redundant
constraints.

5. Statistical Methods

Collection, presentation, tabulation, graphical presentation through graphs, charts

and diagrams, stem and leaf display, box and whisker plot. Measures of central
tendencies. Measures of dispersions. Index numbers, weighted index numbers,
concept of purchasing power and deflation of income.

6. Methods of Least Square and Regression

Scatter diagram, linear relationship, simple linear regression lines by method of

least square. Simple linear correlation, Coefficient of correlation, determination
and interpretation. Rank correlation

7. Probability and Probability Distribution

Counting techniques, probability, addition law for mutually exclusive and not
mutually exclusive events. Multiplicative laws for dependent and independent
events. Binomial, Poisson, hypergeometric and normal distribution.

Note: The students should be able to use both formulas as well as mathematical tables

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Foundation Examinations Quantitative Methods

8. Sampling and Decision Making

Simple random sampling, sampling distribution of mean, standard error of mean.

Sampling with and without replacement. Testing of hypothesis for population
mean, difference between population means, population proportion, difference
between two population proportions, single population variance and test of
association through z, t and Chi-square. Confidence interval for estimating
population mean. Population and variance. Difference between means, proportion
and difference between proportion and population variance. Problems of
determination of sample size for the study of population mean and proportion.

Note: Although the use of scientific calculators is allowed, the use of programmable
calculators/ devices is not allowed

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Foundation Examinations Introduction to Economics and Finance

MODULE B

PAPER B 3 : INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS AND FINANCE (100 marks)

INTRODUCTION

The object of the course is to enable candidates to equip themselves with the main economic
concepts and their use, relevance in economic analysis and as an introduction to the
economic environment of trade, industry and banking as well as to methods of analysis
relevant to the study of financial decisions.

INDICATIVE GRID

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1. Economic Concepts 10
2. Microeconomics 40
3. Macroeconomic 50
TOTAL 100

Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and some deviations in setting of
papers could be expected www.ontheline.tk
CONTENTS

1. Economic Concepts

• Basic concepts;
• Natural resources, labour, capital and enterprise;
• Allocation of scarce resources – production, distribution and consumption;
• Production possibility frontier and the opportunity cost;
• Key characteristics of market economy, planned economy and mix economy;
• Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.

2. Microeconomics

− Concept of Market

• Market forces of Demand and Supply;

• Demand and supply;
• Equilibrium of demand and supply;
• Elasticity of demand and supply;
• Utility analysis and indifference curve;
• Consumer, producers and efficiency of market.

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Foundation Examinations Introduction to Economics and Finance

− Theory of the Firm

• Production function and isoquants;

• Cost, revenue and profits;
• Maximization of profits;
• Cost and revenue curves;
• Distinction between long run and short run assumptions;
• Equilibrium of firm under perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly and
monopolistic conditions.

− Factors of Production

• Laws of returns;
• Pricing of factors of production
• Marginal productivity theory.

3. Macroeconomics

− National Income

• Circular flow of income;

• Measurement of national income including knowledge of basic concepts
like GDP, GNP, NNP;
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Marginal propensity to consume and save;
• Consumption, saving and investment functions;
• Multiplier and accelerator;
• Equilibrium of national income;

− Government and the Economy

• Fiscal Budget
• Unemployment;
• Inflation;
• Growth, price stability and employment;
• Recession

− Fiscal Policy

• Direct and indirect taxation;

• Principles, methods and forms of taxation.

− Money & Monetary Policy

• Types of money;
• Value of money;

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Foundation Examinations Introduction to Economics and Finance

• Nature and functions of money;

• Definitions of banking, banking system and its institutions;
• Financial intermediaries;
• Role of State Bank;
• The supply of money and interest rate policy.

− Capital

• Role of the money and capital markets.

− International Trade

• Trade and balance of payments;

• Foreign exchange rates (floating and fixed exchange rates) their nature,
function and determination;
• Trade and its determinants;
• Markets and demand for imports and exports;
• Open Economy (Basic concept)
• Introduction to World Trade Organization

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Foundation Examinations Introduction to Financial Accounting

MODULE B

PAPER B 4 : INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING (100 marks)

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this course is to enable candidates to understand fundamentals of

accounting theory; apply theory to basic financial accounting and prepare accounting
statements of sole proprietorships and partnerships. To develop knowledge and
understanding of financial statements and the techniques used to prepare financial
statements including necessary underlying records.

INDICATIVE GRID

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1. Introduction to business and accounting theory 10
2. Financial accounting practices 35
3. Receipt and payment accounts, income and expenditure accounts
and preparation of accounts from incomplete records 20
4. Other specialized areas 35
TOTAL 100
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Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and some deviations in setting of
papers could be expected

CONTENTS
1. a) Introduction to business and accounting theory

• Definition and scope of business;

• Economic setup of business;
• Organization structures;
- Sole proprietorship;
- Partnership (its merits and demerits);
- Limited Companies (their advantages and disadvantages);
• Types of finances including
- Long term finance;
- Short term finance;
• Commercial Banks;
• Stock Exchange
• Insurance Companies;
• Procurement and production of goods;
• Marketing and sales;
• Marketing channels;

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Foundation Examinations Introduction to Financial Accounting

- Sole Distributors;
- Wholesalers and;
- Retailers.

b) Accounting Theory
• Fundamental accounting concepts including:
- Accrual basis
- Consistency
- True and fair view
- Materiality
- Prudence
- Completeness
- Going Concern
- Substance over form

• Financial statements;
- Components
- Responsibility
- Presentation
- Users of financial statements;

• Asset valuation alternatives;

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- Historical cost;
- Fair value;
- Net realizable value;
- Replacement cost;

2. Financial accounting practices

Accounting Records

• Petty cash book and imprest system;

• Cash books (including transactions with banks and their
documentation);
• Sales journal and the sales ledger;
• Purchase journal and the purchase ledger;
• General journal;
• General ledger
• Computerized Accounting

Introduction to Double Entry

• Double entry System, Accounting Equation and Rules of Debit &

Credit

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Foundation Examinations Introduction to Financial Accounting

• Concept of capital and revenue expenditure;

• Concept of liability and income
• Effect of profit or loss on capital;
• Balancing of accounts;
• Trial balance;

Adjustments before Final Accounts

• Methods and recording of depreciation on Fixed Assets;

• Provisions for bad debts/ write off;
• Provisions for discounts on debtors;
• Prepayments and accruals;
• Inventory adjustments
• Bank reconciliation and related adjustments;
• Control accounts reconciliation and adjustments
• Errors in trial balance
• Suspense accounts
• Other adjustments;

The Final Accounts of Sole Traders & Partnership

• Balance sheets;
• Manufacturing, Trading and profit and loss accounts (Income
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Statement);
• Cash Flows Statements

3. Receipt and payment accounts and accounts from incomplete records

• Receipt and payment accounts;
• Income and expenditure accounts;
• Preparation of accounts from incomplete records.

4. Other specialized areas

a) Accounting for inventories (IAS-2)
• Cost formulas (LIFO/ FIFO/ weighted average cost);
• Cost of inventories (cost of purchase, cost of conversions, other
costs);
• Measurement of inventories (lower of cost or Net realizable value);
• Presentation of inventories in financial statements.

Note: (Cost Accounting techniques will not be tested at this stage)

b) Accounting for property, plant and equipment (IAS-16)

• Initial measurement of property, plant & equipment (components
of cost, exchange of assets);

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Foundation Examinations Introduction to Financial Accounting

• Subsequent costs;
• Depreciation – Unit of measure, depreciable amount, depreciation
period and depreciation method
• Derecognition

c) Branch accounts (excluding foreign branches);

d) Treatment of the following in partnership accounts:

• Admission;
• Retirement / death of partner (excluding life insurance policies,
annuities etc);
• Goodwill.

Note (s):

Reference to IAS shall be deemed to have been changed whenever the same is
replaced by a new reporting standard.

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Foundation Examinations Mercantile Law

MODULE B

PAPER B 5: MERCANTILE LAW (100 marks)

OBJECTIVE

The syllabus aims to enable the students to develop a professional approach towards
matters connected with Mercantile Law in the performance of their duties as Chartered
Accountants.
INDICATIVE GRID

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1. Introduction to legal system
Contract Act 1872 40
2. Partnership Act 1932
3. Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 30
4. Sale of Goods Act 1930
5. Trust Act 1920 30
6. Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1925
TOTAL 100

Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and some deviations in setting of
papers could be expected
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CONTENTS:
1. Introduction to Legal System
Sources of law; process of legislation; and the legal system in Pakistan
Contract Act 1872
All sections

2. Partnership Act 1932

All Sections

3. Negotiable Instruments Act 1881

All Sections

4. Sale of Goods Act 1930

All Sections

5. Trust Act 1920

Duties and Liabilities of Trustees; Rights, powers and liabilities of the
beneficiary; Revocation of Trust

6. Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1925

All Sections

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