Exam Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which one of the following statements about the atomic nucleus is accurate? A) The nucleus is held together mostly by the electrical and gravitational forces. B) Large nuclei are denser than light nuclei. C) All nuclei have nearly the same density. D) A nucleus containing 20 nucleons will have approximately twice the radius as a nucleus containing 10 nucleons. E) Heavy nuclei most easily undergo nuclear fusion. 2) Nucleus "a" contains 5 protons and 5 neutrons and has radius R . The radius of nucleus "b", which contains 35 protons and 45 neutrons, is closest to: A) 8R B) R C) 2R D) 1.4R E) 4R 3) The decay rate of an isotope is initially R 0 but after one half-life has gone by, the rate is R 0/2. At the end of the next half-life, the decay rate will be: A) 0 B) R /4 C) R/e D) R/ 2 E) R/e 2 1)

2)

3)

Situation 43.1 Two sealed boxes each start out containing 100.0 g of radioactive samples and contain nothing else. The isotope in one box has a half-life of 1.00 hr, while the isotope in the other box has a half-life of 2.00 hr. Both isotope samples have the same initial decay rate and both are beta-minus emitters. Each box is on a laboratory scale, and the boxes themselves have negligible weight. 4) In Situation 43.1, after 4.00 hr have elapsed, the ratio of the scale reading for the 2.00-hr isotope to the scale reading of the 1.00-hr isotope will be closest to: A) 2 B) 16 C) 1 D) 4 E) 8 5) In Situation 43.1, after 4.00 hr have elapsed, the ratio of the decay rate of the 2.00-hr isotope to the decay rate of the 1.00 -hr isotope will be closest to: A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 16 E) 8 6) The following masses are known:
1n 0 1H 1 7 Li 3

4)

5)

6)

1.008665 u 1.007825 u 7.016004 u

The binding energy of 7 Li, in MeV, is closest to:

A) 48

B) 56

C) 39 1

D) 52

E) 43

7) The binding energy per nucleon for 60 Co, calculated from the liquid drop model, in MeV, is
27

7)

closest to: A) 8.4

B) 8.8

C) 8.0

D) 8.6

E) 8.2 8)

8) A proton is projected at a stationary 62 Ni aluminum target. The proton momentarily comes to a

halt at a distance from the center of an aluminum nucleus, equal to twice the nuclear radius. Assume that the nucleus retains its spherical shape and that the nuclear force on the proton is negligible. The initial kinetic energy of the proton, in MeV, is closest to: A) 5.8 B) 12 C) 1.9 D) 3.8 E) 8.6 9) Rubidium 87 Rb is a naturally occurring nuclide that undergoes beta-minus decay. The nuclide,
37

9)

which is the product of the decay, is: A) 87 Kr

B) 88 Rb
37

C) 87 Kr
36

D) 87 Sr
38

E) 87 Sr
36

10) Naturally occurring tellurium, 123 Te, transforms by electron capture, according to the reaction
52

10)

123 Te + e - X +v e 52

The product nuclide, denoted by X, is: A) 123 I

B) 123 Sb
53

C) 123 Te
52

D) 123 Sb
51

E) 123 I
51

11) Neodymium 144Nd is a nuclide that undergoes alpha decay. The nuclide that is the product of the decay is: A) 148 Sm
62

11)

B) 142 Ba
56

C) 140 Pr
559

D) 140 Ce
58

E) 146 Gd
64

12) Scandium 44Sc decays by emitting a positron. The nuclide that is the product of the decay is: A) 44 Ti
22

12)

B) 43 Sc
21

C) 44 Ca
20

D) 45 Sc
21

E) 43 Ca
21

13) Neptunium 239 Np has a decay constant of 3.40 10-6 s-1. A 3.0-mg sample of Np-239 is
93

13)

prepared. The activity of the Np-239 sample, in Ci, is closest to: A) 70 B) 220 C) 700 D) 2200

E) 22

14) A radioactive source of a single nuclide emits 2.4-MeV neutrons at the rate of 9200 neutrons per second. The number of atoms in the source is 4.0 109. The activity of the source, in nCi, is closest to: A) 250 B) 920 C) 2500 D) 92 E) 25

14)

15) A radioactive source of a single nuclide emits 2.4-MeV neutrons at the rate of 3200 neutrons per second. The number of atoms in the source is 5.3 109. The mean lifetime of the nuclide is closest to: A) 2.0 10 6 B) 2.3 10 6 C) 2.7 10 6 D) 1.3 10 6 E) 1.7 10 6

15)

16) The decay constant of a radioactive nuclide is 2.5 10-3 s-1. The half-life of the nuclide, in minutes, is closest to: A) 6.7 B) 3.6 C) 2.6 D) 4.6 E) 5.6 17) The decay constant of a radioactive nuclide is 9.5 10-3 s-1. At a given instant, the activity of a specimen of the nuclide is 80 mCi. The time interval required for the activity to decline to 40 mCi is closest to: A) 95 s B) 88 s C) 80 s D) 73 s E) 100 s 18) The decay constant of a radioactive nuclide is 1.6 10-3 s-1. At a given instant, the number of atoms of the radioactive nuclide is 1.85 1012. The number of atoms of the nuclide that remain after a time interval of 30 minutes is closest to: A) 1.38 1011 B) 1.04 1011 C) 1.14 1011 D) 1.26 1011 E) 1.52 1011

16)

17)

18)

Figure 43.1

19) In Fig. 43.1, the curve graphed here helps us to understand A) the nature of the process called beta decay. B) why scintillation counters are used in nuclear physics. C) why eventually the universe will be entirely composed of heavy elements like uranium. D) how radioactive dating is accomplished. E) how energy is generated in a nuclear reactor. 20) Which of the following is not true of the nuclear force? A) For two protons in close proximity, the nuclear force and the electric force have comparable magnitudes. B) The nuclear force has a short range, of the order of nuclear dimensions. C) A nucleon in a large nucleus interacts via the nuclear force only with nearby nucleons, not with ones far away in the nucleus. D) The nuclear force does not depend on charge. E) The nuclear force favors binding of pairs of protons or neutrons with opposite spin angular momenta.

19)

20)

21) The stability of 11 C with respect to alpha, beta-plus, and beta-minus decay is to be determined.
6

21)

Do not consider the possibility of decay by electron capture. The following atomic masses are known:
4 He 2 7 Be 4 11 B 5 11 C 6 11 N 7

4.002603 7.016928 11.009305 11.011433 11.026742

The 11 C nuclide is:

A) subject to alpha decay only B) subject to beta-minus decay only C) not subject to alpha, beta-plus, or beta-minus decay D) subject to beta-plus or beta-minus decay, but not to alpha decay E) subject to beta-plus decay only 22) The stability of 36 Cl with respect to alpha, beta-plus, and beta-minus decay is to be
17

22)

determined. Do not consider the possibility of decay by electron capture. The following atomic masses are known:
4 He 2 32 P 15 36 S 16 36 Cl 17 36 Ar 18

4.002603 31.973907 35.967081 35.968307 35.967546

The 36 Cl nuclide is:

A) subject to beta-plus decay only B) subject to beta-minus decay only C) subject to alpha decay only D) not subject to alpha, beta-plus, or beta-minus decay E) subject to beta-plus or beta-minus decay, but not to alpha decay

23) The stability of 47 Sc with respect to alpha, beta-plus, and beta-minus decay is to be
21

23)

determined. Do not consider the possibility of decay by electron capture. The following atomic masses are known:
4 He 2 43 K 19 47 Ca 20 47 Sc 21 47 Ti 22

4.002603 42.960717 46.954543 46.952409 46.951764

The 47 Sc nuclide is:

A) subject to beta-minus decay only B) not subject to alpha, beta-plus, or beta-minus decay C) subject to beta-plus or beta-minus decay, but not to alpha decay D) subject to alpha decay only E) subject to beta-plus decay only 24) The stability of 56 Fe with respect to alpha, beta-plus, and beta-minus decay is to be
26

24)

determined. Do not consider the possibility of decay by electron capture. The following atomic masses are known:
4 He 2 52 Cr 24 56 Mn 25 56 Fe 26 56 Co 27

4.002603 51.944768 55.938907 55.934939 55.939841

The 56 Fe nuclide is:

A) subject to alpha decay only B) subject to beta-plus or beta-minus decay, but not to alpha decay C) subject to beta-minus decay only D) subject to beta-plus decay only E) not subject to alpha, beta-plus, or beta-minus decay

25) Bismuth 212 Bi is known to be radioactive. The stability of 212 Bi with respect to alpha,
83 83

25)

beta -plus, and beta-minus decay is to be determined. Do not consider electron capture. The following atomic masses are known:
4 He 2 208 Tl 81 212 Pb 82 212 Bi 83 212 Po 84

4.002603 207.981998 211.991871 211.991255 211.988842

The 212 Bi nuclide is:

A) subject to beta-plus decay only B) subject to beta-minus decay only C) subject to alpha decay only D) subject to alpha or beta-plus decay, but not beta -minus decay E) alpha or beta-minus decay, but not beta-plus decay 26) The maximum permissible workday dose for occupational exposure to radiation is 26 mrem. A 63-kg laboratory technician absorbs 2.1 mJ of 0.7 -MeV gamma rays in a work day. The relative biological efciency (RBE) for gamma rays is 1.00. The ratio of the equivalent dosage received by the technician to the maximum permissible equivalent dosage is closest to: A) 0.17 B) 0.13 C) 0.14 D) 0.15 E) 0.18 27) The maximum permissible workday dose for occupational exposure to radiation is 12 mrem. A 70-kg laboratory technician absorbs 2.9 mJ of 0.5 -MeV gamma rays in a work day. The relative biological efciency (RBE) for gamma rays is 1.00. The number of gamma-ray photons absorbed by the technician in a workday is closest to: A) 1 10 8 B) 4 10 9 C) 4 10 8 D) 1 10 9 E) 4 10 10 28) A 63-kg researcher absorbs 2.6 108 neutrons in a work day. The energy of the neutrons is 6.5 MeV. The relative biological efciency (RBE) for fast neutrons is 10. The equivalent dosage of the radiation exposure, in mrem, is closest to: A) 43 B) 2.7 C) 13 D) 1.3 E) 4.3 26)

27)

28)

29) A beryllium-8 atom at rest undergoes double alpha decay as follows:

29)

The atomic masses are:

4.002603 8.005305

The kinetic energy of each departing alpha particle, in keV, is closest to: A) 92 B) 180 C) 65 D) 46 30) One of the fusion reactions that occurs in the sun is:
3 He + 3 He 4 He + 1 H + 1 H 2 2 2 1 1

E) 130 30)

The following atomic masses are known:

1.007825 3.016029 4.002603

The reaction energy, in MeV, is closest to: A) 17 B) 19

C) 11 Situation 43.2

D) 13

E) 15

An excited 236 U* nucleus undergoes ssion into two fragments. 92

The following atomic masses are known:

91.926270 143.922845 236.045563

31) In Situation 43.2, the reaction energy, in MeV, is closest to: A) 150 B) 180 C) 170

31) D) 190 E) 160

32) In Situation 43.2, assume, at a given instant, that the two fragments are spherical and barely in contact. At that instant, the electrostatic interaction energy of the two fragments, in MeV, is closest to: A) 240 B) 250 C) 270 D) 260 E) 230 Table 43.1

32)

33) In Table 43.1, in a laboratory accident a work area is contaminated with radioactive material. Health physicists monitor the area during a 30-day period and obtain the data shown here. The accident occurred at t = 0. They determine that it will not be safe for workers to enter the area until the radioactivity level has dropped to 133 counts per minute. Of the choices listed, which is the earliest time that workers could safely return? A) 50 days B) 32 days C) 44 days D) 38 days E) 24 days 34) The radioactive nuclei 60Co is widely used in medical applications. It undergoes beta decay, and the total energy of the decay process is 2.82 MeV per decay event. The half-life of this nucleus is 272 days. Suppose that a patient is given a dose of 6.9 microCurie of 60Co. If all of this material decayed while in the patient's body, what would be the total energy deposited there? ( 1 Ci = 3.70 1010 decays/sec.) A) 11 J B) 4.15 10 6 J C) 3.9 J D) 8.63 10 12 J E) 24 J 35) In the nuclear reaction here, which of the following is the missing nuclear product?
10 B + 4 He 5 2

33)

34)

35)

1H + ?
1

A) 21 N
7

B) 13 C
6

C) 14 N
7

D) 13 N
7

E) 12 F
9

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 36) If the radius of a nucleus is given by R = R oA1/3 where R o = 1.20 10-15 m, calculate the density of a nucleus that has A = 136. The mass of a nucleon (proton or neutron) is 1.67 10-27 kg. 37) The unstable isotope 234Th decays by ! emission with a half-life of 24.5 days. (a) What mass of 234Th will produce 9.9 1013 decays per second? (Note: 1u = 1.66 10-27 kg.) (b) If the initial decay rate of the sample is 9.9 1013 decays per second, what is the decay rate after 68 days? 37) 36)

38) Consider the fusion reaction:

38)

The atomic masses are:

10-27 kg. What mass of deuterium { 2 H} fuel is used up in producing 8.2 1013 J of energy by this
1

reaction? 39) A hypothetical particle has mass 512 MeV/c2. If such a particle at rest decays into two gamma-ray photons, what is the wavelength of each photon? (Note: e = 1.602 10-19 C, c = 2.998 108 m/s, and h = 6.626 10-34 J s.) 40) What initial kinetic energy must a proton have in order to initiate a nuclear reaction with a 62 Ni nucleus? Express your answer in MeV. (R o = 1.2 10-15 m) 38 41) A certain isotope has a half-life of 32.4 hr and a relative biological effectiveness of 3.50. A sample of this isotope initially delivers an equivalent dose of 24.0 rad to 250 g of tissue. (a) What was the initial equivalent dose to the tissue in rem? (b) How many joules of energy did the 250 -g sample initially receive from the isotope? (c) How long would it take before this isotope would deliver only 5.00 rad to the 250-g piece of tissue? 41) 39)

40)

10

Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED1

1) C 2) C 3) B 4) C 5) C 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) D 10) D 11) D 12) B 13) C 14) A 15) E 16) D 17) D 18) B 19) E 20) A 21) E 22) E 23) A 24) E 25) E 26) B 27) E 28) E 29) D 30) D 31) B 32) B 33) D 34) C 35) B 36) 2.31 x 1017 kg/m3 37) (a) 1.2 10 -4 kg (b) 1.4 10 13 decays per second 38) 2.4 10 -1 kg 39) 4.84 10 -15 m 40) 19 MeV 41) (a) 84 rem (b) 0.060 J (c) 73.3 hr

11