LESSON 4 SOCIETIES AND NATIONS 1.

Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below: nation-state secondary groups plow-and-harvest Primary groups Social structure master status Role strain small cities industrial revolution social movements role conflict nation-state production technologies hunting-and-gathering gesellschaft gemeinschaft institution pastoral industrialization villages differentiation capitalism horticultural transportation agriculture communication industry society nation state society surpluses norms groups nation statuses trade achieved classes role land band ascribed

A _____________________ is a population of people or other social animals that is organized in a cooperative manner to carry out the major functions of life. _____________________ refers to the recurring patterns of behavior that create relationships among individuals and groups within a society. The building blocks of human societies are _____________________ collections of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations regarding one anothers behavior. In every group there are socially defined positions known as _____________________. The way a society defines how an individual is to behave in a particular status is called a _____________________. A social _____________________ is a more or less stable structure of statuses and roles devoted to meeting the basic needs of people in a society. Within any given institution there are _____________________ that specify how people in various statuses are to perform their roles. New institutions continually emerge through the process of _____________________. The growth of the worlds population is directly related to the evolution of human social structures, which in turn is related to changes in _____________________. The firs million years of human social evolution were characterized by a _____________________ way of life. During that time the family and other kinship structures evolved, and the _____________________ became the basic territorial unit of human society. The shift to _____________________ is commonly linked with the invention of the plow, but for centuries human societies had been acquiring food through the domestication of plants and animals. Some became _____________________ societies based on the herding of animals, while others evolved into _____________________ societies based on the raising of seed crops.

However, the first large-scale agrarian societies evolved after the development of _____________________ agriculture. Agrarian societies allow people to escape from dependence on food sources over which they have no control. In such societies, people produce _____________________ that be used to feed new classes of non-food-producers such as warriors. At the same time, theses societies require increasing amounts of _____________________, and this may lead to conflicts over territory. The need to store and defend food supplies and to house non-food-producers results in the growth of _____________________ and _____________________. The next major change in human production technologies was the _____________________, the shift from agriculture to _____________________ and _____________________. This began in England around 1650 and spread to the United States and other nations in the next two centuries. Its impetus came not only from technological advances but also from the rise of a new social order: _____________________. The shift to industrial production affects social structure in several major ways. As a result of the _____________________ of agriculture, relatively few people live on the land and increasing numbers live in cities and suburbs. Greater openness to change results in the emergence of new _____________________ and _____________________. Scientific and technical advances produce tremendous wealth, and the world shrinks as a result of innovations in _____________________ and _____________________. For the individual member of a human society, adaptation to a more modern society entails a shift from _____________________ (close, personal relationships) to _____________________ (well-organized but impersonal relationships). _____________________ such as the family are supplemented, if not replaced, by _____________________ (organizations or associations), whose members do not have strong feelings for one another. Roles in secondary groups often conflict with roles in primary groups, a situation known as _____________________. _____________________ occur when a person experiences conflicting demands within a single role. Another difference between simpler and more advanced societies is that in the former almost all statuses are _____________________ (determined by birth or tradition), whereas in the latter there is a tendency to replace such statuses with ones that are _____________________ (determined by a persons own efforts). Sometimes a particular status takes precedence over all of an individuals other statuses; such a status is referred to as a _____________________. When they think of a society, most people in the world today think in terms of the _____________________, or _____________________, of which they are members. (A _____________________ is a societys set of political structures; a _____________________ is the territory within which those structures operate.) But although the members of a society often think of themselves as members of a particular nation, this is not always so, and in extreme cases the lack of a clear match between _____________________ and _____________________ can result in a civil war.

2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. society social structure group status role role expectations institution differentiation pastoral society horticultural society social stratification open society closed society n. capitalism o. gemeinschaft p. gesellschaft q. primary group r. secondary group s. role conflict t. role strain u. ascribed status v. achieved status w. master status x. state y. nation-state

___ 1. a term used to refer to the close, personal relationships of small groups and communities. ___ 2. a societys expectations about how a role should be performed, together with the individuals perceptions of what is required in performing that role. ___ 3. the process whereby the members of a society are sorted into different statuses. ___ 4. a position or rank that is assigned to an individual at birth and cannot be changed. ___ 5. a collection of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations regarding one anothers behavior. ___ 6. a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face associations. ___ 7. a society in which social mobility does not exist. ___ 8. conflict that occurs when the expectations associated with a single role are contradictory. ___ 9. a population that is organized in a cooperative manner to carry out the major functions of life. ___ 10. a term used to refer to the well-organized but impersonal relationships among the members of modern societies. ___ 11. a social group whose members have a shared goal or purpose but are not bound together by strong emotional ties. ___ 12. a more or less stable structure of statuses and roles devoted to meeting the basic need in a society. ___ 13. the recurring pattern of behavior that create relationships among individuals and groups within a society. ___ 14. the way a society defines how an individual is to behave in a particular status. ___ 15. the largest territory within a societys political structures can operate without having to face challenges to their sovereignty. ___ 16. a society in which social mobility is open for everyone. ___ 17. conflict that occurs when in order to perform one role well a person must violate the expectations associated with another role. ___ 18. a societys set of political structures.

___ 19. a socially defined position in group. ___ 20. a position or rank that is earned through the efforts of the individual. ___ 21. a status that takes precedence over all of an individuals other statuses. ___ 22. a society whose primary means of subsistence is raising crops, which it plants and cultivates. ___ 23. a system for organizing the production of goods and services that is based on markets, private property, and the business firm or company. ___ 24. a society whose primary means of subsistence is herding animals and moving with them over a wide expanse of grazing land. ___ 25. the process whereby sets of social activities performed by one social institution are divided among different institutions. 3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below. 1. Which of the following characteristics distinguishes a society from a population? a. It is a set of individuals that can be counted. b. It is organized in a cooperative manner. c. It is made up of human beings. d. all of the above 2. The number of statuses in human societies is: a. limited to approximately twenty b. determined when the society is established c. usually under 1,000 d. infinite 3. People who hold the same statuses may behave in different ways, depending on how they perceive their societys: a. social structure b. productive technologies c. role expectations d. stratification system 4. An army platoon, a corporation and the Girl Scouts are examples of: a. organizations b. groups c. statuses d. roles 5. For the first million years of human evolution, human populations sustained themselves by means of: a. agriculture b. domestication of animals c. hunting and gathering d. industrial production

6. A horticultural society is characterized by: a. the raising of seed crops b. the domestication of animals c. plow-and-harvest agriculture d. innovations in transportation and communication 7. A society on which a person is unable to move from one status to another is referred to as a (an): a. open society b. closed society c. gemeinschaft society d. gesellschaft society 8. Which of the following is not associated with the Industrial Revolution? a. innovations in energy production b. the shift from agriculture to trade and industry c. the rise of capitalism d. a rapid increase in the number of women in the labor force 9. The transition from an agrarian to an industrial social order is often described as a transition from: a. an open society to a closed society b. gemeinschaft relations to gesellschaft relations c. secondary structure to primary structure d. a horticultural society to a pastoral society 10. Town councils, school boards and fund-raising committees are examples of: a. primary groups b. social classes c. secondary groups d. castes 11. A situation is which a student must break a date in order to study for an exam is an example of: a. role conflict b. role strain c. role stress d. none of the above 12. A situation in which an employee must miss a dateline in order to prepare a special report is an example of: a. role conflict b. role strain c. role stress d. none of the above

13. The status of a black male is an example of an: a. acquired status b. accidental status c. achieved status d. ascribed status 14. The status of valedictorian is an example of an: a. acquired status b. accidental status c. achieved status d. ascribed status 15. A societys set of political structures is known as the: a. state b. nation c. nation-state d. government 4. TRUE or FALSE: T/F 1. The building blocks of societies are populations. T/F 2. Human societies rely on the creation of new statuses to adapt to social and environmental changes. T/F 3. One of the key changes that occurred during the first million years of human evolution was the establishment of social control of sexuality. T/F 4. Social stratification emerged as a result of the Industrial Revolution. T/F 5. Sociologists use the term gesellschaft to refer to close, personal relationships that characterize small groups and communities.