Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], editorijaiem@gmail.

com Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Comprehensive literature review on use of waste product in concrete

Research Scholar, Civil Engg. Dept., YCCE, Nagpur, India

Professor, Civil Engg. Dept, Government Polytechnic, Sakoli, Bhandara, India Professor, Civil Engg. Dept, GHRCE, Nagpur, India Professor, Civil Engg. Dept, Y.C.C.E , Nagpur, India
3

ABSTRACT
This paper present literature review on replacement of natural sand by by-products and recyclable waste materials which includes current and future trends of research on the use of manufactured fine aggregate (MFA) in Portland cement concrete. With natural sand deposits the world over drying up, there is an acute need for a product that matches the properties of natural sand in concrete. In the last 15 years, it has become clear that the availability of good quality natural sand is decreasing. With a few local exceptions, it seems to be a global trend. Existing natural sand deposits are being emptied at the same rate as urbanization and new deposits are located either underground, too close to already built-up areas or too far away from the areas where it is needed, that is, the towns and cities where the manufacturers of concrete are located. Environmental concerns are also being raised against uncontrolled extraction of natural sand. The arguments are mostly in regards to protecting riverbeds against erosion and the importance of having natural sand as a filter for ground water. The above concerns, combined with issues of preserving areas of beauty, recreational value and biodiversity, are an integral part of the process of most local government agencies granting permission to aggregate producers across the world. This is the situation for the construction industry today and most will agree that it will not change dramatically in the foreseeable future. Crushed aggregate, bottom ash, foundry sand and various by-products are replacing natural sand and gravel in most countries. This paper emphasizes on the use of material to be replaced by natural sand which will give new dimension in concrete mix design and if applied on large scale would revolutionize the construction industry, by economizing the construction cost and enable us to conserve natural resources.

Keywords: concrete, natural sand, quarry dust, waste material

1. INTRODUCTION
Numerous waste materials are generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes. The increasing awareness about the environment has tremendously contributed to the concerns related with disposal of the generated wastes. Solid waste management is one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the scarcity of space for land filling and due to its ever increasing cost, waste utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. Research is being carried out on the utilization of waste products in concrete as a replacement of natural sand. Such waste products include discarded tires, plastic, glass, burnt foundry sand, and coal combustion byproducts (CCBs). Each of these waste products has provided a specific effect on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The use of waste products in concrete not only makes it economical, but also helps in reducing disposal problems. Reuse of bulky wastes is considered the best environmental alternative for solving the problem of disposal. One such waste is plastic, which could be used in various applications. However, efforts have also been made to explore its use in concrete/asphalt concrete. The development of new construction materials using recycled plastics is important to both the construction and the plastic recycling industries. This paper presents a detailed review about waste and recycled materials that can be effectively used in concrete as a sand replacement. Waste management options, and research published on the effect of waste materials on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. 2. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON ALTERANTIVES TO NATURAL SAND A) CRUSHED ROCK FLOUR: Nearly 20% of rock is converted into rock flour while crushing rock into aggregate at stone crushing plants. In ceramic insulator industry, there is a mass failure of about 30 to 50% of the total production due to improper mixing of raw materials, excess water improper drying and too much of heating. No work has been reported using stone dust and ceramic scrap together in concrete so far. B) SHEET GLASS POWDER

Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013

Page 387

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], [email protected] Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
This paper examines the possibility of using SGP as a replacement in fine aggregate for a new concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) with SGP. Compressive strength, Tensile strength (cubes and cylinders) and Flexural strength up to 180 days of age were compared with those of concrete made with natural fine aggregates. Fineness modulus, specific gravity, moisture content, water absorption, bulk density, %voids, % porosity (loose and compact) state for sand (S) and SDA were also studied. The test results indicate that it is possible to manufacture concrete containing Sheet glass powder (SGP) with characteristics similar to those of natural sand aggregate concrete provided that the percentage of SGP as fine aggregate is limited to 10-20%, respectively. Attempts have been made for a long time to use waste glasses as an aggregate in concrete, but it seems that the concrete with waste glasses always cracks .Very limited work has been conducted for the use of ground glass as a concrete replacement. The raw materials, used for this study are natural coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, Sheet glass Powder (SGP) aggregate and 53 grades Portland cement. The Sheet glass used for this study was collected from the points in Chidambaram taluk at Cuddalore District. Waste sheet glass is collected from shops. Collected glass sheets are broken into pieces manually by small weights fed into crushing machine or compression machine and manually sieved below 1.18 mm Sieved &graded ( as shown in fig.1

Fig 1. Sheet Glass

Crushed Sheet Glass

Sheet Glass Powder

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME The SG (Sheet Glass) was collected from shops in Chidambaram and its properties were tested. Analysis was carried out in Concrete mixtures with 7 levels of SGP (Sheet Glass Powder) replacement ranging from 10% to 50% and 100%. The specimens were cast and tested to study the possibility of using SGP as a substitute material for sand in concrete. The control mix, utilizing SGP, replaced as the fine aggregate, was designed for the cube, cylinder and beam. Based on the laboratory trials, the mix proportion of the control mix (M20) was finalized and investigated to determine the effect on compressive and tensile strength in cubes and cylinder. The mixture were 0%,10%,20%,30%, 40%,50% and 100% with different Sheet glass powder (SGP) replacement in fine aggregate is analysed. It is also used to investigate the effect of SGP replacement on Flexural strength. Mageswari and Vidivelli Tests to determine specific gravity, moisture content , water absorption, Bulk density, Compressive and Tensile strength of cubes and cylinders, SGP was used to replace 0 to 50% and 100% of the sand by weight. For compressive and tensile strength tests 150 x 150mm cubes and 150 x 300mm cylinders specimens were used. A total of 500 specimens were cast and cured in water at room temperature in the laboratory for 28,45,60,90,180 days. At the end of each curing period, three specimens for each mixture were tested for Compressive, Tensile and Flexural strength and the average was recorded. Based on their testing Mageswari and Vidivelli draw several conclusions regarding the fresh and hardened concrete properties as follows: 1) The SGP is suitable for use in concrete making. The fineness modulus, specific gravity, moisture content, uncompacted bulk density and compacted bulk density at 10% Sheet glass powder (SGP) were found to be 2.25,3.27,2.57%,1510kg/m3 and 1620kg/m3. 2) For a given mix, the water requirement decreases as the SGP content increases. The compressive strength of cubes and cylinders of the concrete for all mix increases as the % of SGP increases but decreases as the age of curing increases due to alkali silica reaction. 3) The Tensile strength of cubes and cylinders of the concrete for all mix increases than that of conventional concrete age of curing and decreases as the SGP content increases. 4) The Flexural strength of the beam of concrete for all mix increases with age of curing and decreases as the SGP content increases. 100% replacement of SGP in concrete showed better results than that of conventional concrete at 28days and 45 days curing but later it started to decrease its strength because of its alkali silica reactions. 5) The density of SGP concrete is more that of conventional concrete. SGP is available in significant quantities as a waste and can be utilized for making concrete. This will go a long way to reduce the quantity of waste in our environment. The optimum replacement level in fine aggregate with SGP is 10%.

Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013

Page 388

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], [email protected] Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
C) CRUSHED GRANITE FINE (CGF): The maximum size of the gravel used as coarse aggregate was 37.50mm, with a unit weight of 1540kg/m3 and a specific gravity of 2.65. Particle size distribution of the coarse aggregate used. Naturally occurring clean sand used was obtained from River Benue and CGF was obtained from the quarry site at Ahua of Mkar, near Gboko. Aggregate Impact and Crushing values of the coarse aggregate were also carried out. D) INCINERATED SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH (ISSA): ISSA is an inorganic ash derived from the incineration of the residual stream of fine organic and inorganic solids (sewage sludge). This arises from municipal wastewater treatment works. The incineration process thermally destroys the organic matter. In functional terms, ISSA produced from a fluidised bed incinerator is a free-flowing silt/sand. It participates chemically when incorporated in the brick firing process and also has pozzolanic (reactive silica) properties which make it potentially useful in manufactured concrete products. ISSA is widely available, non-hazardous. Heavy metals may be present in some cases. The greatest barrier to the utilisation of ISSA is probably public perception of sewage sludge and its derivatives. No standards exist for ISSA for use in construction. However, standards have been written for pulverised fuel ash (pfa). Aerated concrete product producers also provide a compositional envelope for acceptable raw materials. A quality protocol is currently being produced for pfa. This defines compositional and quality requirements and sources of pfa that meet its requirements are expected to be regarded as by-products rather than waste. No such scheme is yet developed or is being considered for ISSA. E) GROUND WASTE GLASS: This paper examines the possibility of using finely ground waste glass as partial natural sand replacement in concrete. The reduction of waste glass particle size was accomplished in the laboratory by crushing and grinding the waste glass in a jar mill. The compressive strength at 7, 28 and 90 days, was determined for different ground waste glass sand percentage replacement in concrete. Emphasizes on the possibility of using finely ground waste glass as partial natural sand replacement in concrete. Using waste glass, as coarse aggregate in concrete, did not have a marked effect on the workability of concrete, but the compressive strength decrease in proportion to an increase in waste glass. The increase in the content of waste glass fine aggregate on concrete showed a slump decrease tendency influenced by the grain shape and the fineness modulus of the waste glass aggregates. These authors observed a decreasing compressive strength along with an increase in the mixing ratio of the waste glass aggregate. They found the highest compressive strength in concrete containing 30% of waste glass aggregates. Thus, taking in account the influence of the waste glass as fine aggregate on the concrete workability an additive was used to maintain the same slump for all mixtures tested in this work. A basic experimental study on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete containing waste glass. A reference mix 1:0.29:1.87:3.14 (cement: fly ash: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate) with a water/cement ratio of 0.60 was used. Other mix proportions were formulated based on this mix to include the fine glass sand mentioned above. The purpose of the trial was to determine the effect of glass sand as natural sand replacement, at 25, 50 and 100% dosage rates. It was observed that with increase of amber waste glass content, the strength of concrete increase. For each mixing rate of the amber waste glass (25%, 50% and 100%), the compressive strength increased by 26%, 26% and 34%, respectively, at 7 days. For 28 days the increase was 24%, 25% and 29%. It was observed a strength development coefficient from 7 to 28 days of 1.30 for the reference mix, 1.27 for the mix with 25% of waste glass, 1.29 for 50% mixing rate and 1.25 for 100% mixing rate.. In general, the strength of concrete containing glass is lower than that with natural aggregate. Strengths are particularly low when high alkali cement is used. This apparent disagreement was probably caused by replacement of cement with around 30% fly-ash that demonstrated effective in controlling the large retrogression of strength. By the other hand, the use of a more fine aggregate as natural sand replacement can improve the aggregates particle packing by the filler effect. When the specific surface of aggregate is increased for a constant mix proportion, the amount of cement relative to the surface of the aggregate decreases. The thickness between aggregate particles decreases the compressive strength increases. In dry packing of particles, it has been observed that the highest stresses exist at the contact points of aggregate particles. Thus, when paste is introduced into the packing and it is placed between two close aggregates, the paste will be highly stressed, yielding a greater matrix strength. F) SPENT FIRE BRICKS (SFB): The same trend for durability properties were also observed an experimental investigation by S. Keerthinarayana and R.Srinivasan on strength and durability was undertaken to use Spent Fire Bricks (SFB) (i.e. waste material from foundry bed and walls; and lining of chimney which is adopted in many industries) for partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Fire bricks are the products manufactured (as per IS: 6 and IS: 8 specifications) from refractory grog, plastic, and non plastic clays of high purity. The different raw materials are properly homogenized and pressed in high capacity presses to get the desired shape and size. Later, these are fired in oil-fired kiln at a temperature of 1,300C. Table 1 shows the physio-chemical properties of the fire bricks.

Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013

Page 389

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], [email protected] Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Fig. 2 Spent Fire Bricks

TABLE.I Physio-Chemical Properties of the fire bricks

Apart from this, they exhibit excellent non susceptibility to chemicals, thermal shocks, and carbon deposits. As the major portion (i.e. 70-75% by volume) of the concrete is due to aggregates (both fine and coarse), the long and short term performance of many concretes depend on their physico-chemical parameters. In view of replacing the fine aggregates by CSFB, the various physico-chemical properties and elemental compositions were compared with the sand . They concluded that SFB can be comparable to the natural river sand. The SFB satisfies the zone II gradation for not only to partially replace the sand, but for making good concrete, Unit weight of SFB is higher than that of river sand aggregate in dense condition which, in turn, contributes to the increase in the unit weight of concrete containing SFB as a fine aggregate. From the obtained results we observe that the maximum strength is achieved by 25% of SFB replacement in concrete. G) BOTTOM ASH: P. Aggarwal, Y. Aggarwal, S.M. Gupta, 2007 , presents the experimental investigations carried out to study the effect of use of bottom ash (the coarser material, which falls into furnace bottom in modern large thermal power plants and constitute about 20% of total ash content of the coal fed in the boilers) as a replacement of fine aggregates. The various strength properties studied consist of compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength. The strength development for various percentages (0-50%) replacement of fine aggregates with bottom ash can easily be equated to the strength development of normal concrete at various ages. An experimental investigation of various fresh and hardened properties of concrete was reported. Tests were conducted on mixes of natural sand (known as control mix), bottom ash and mixes having equal volumes of natural sand and bottom ash. Also, mixes were developed using high range water reducing admixtures. The results indicated that the mixing water requirement increases rapidly when bottom ash is used in the concrete, also inclusion of bottom ash has no significant influence on the entrapped air content and setting times of fresh concrete. Due to the higher water requirement and yield, the compressive strength properties of the bottom ash and combined bottom ash and natural sand mixtures are lower than those of the control samples. A commercially available superplasticizer, Aqueous Solution of modified polycarboxylate with density as 1.10 (approx) and pH as 5.0 (approx) was used in the study. Mix Proportions Five mixture proportions were made. First was control mix (without bottom ash), and the other four mixes contained bottom ash. Fine aggregate (sand) was replaced with bottom ash by weight. The proportions of fine aggregate replaced ranged from 20% to 50%. The controls mix without bottom ash was proportioned as per Indian standard Specifications IS: 10262-1982 [19], to obtain a 28-days cube compressive strength of 33.3 MPa. Hand mixing was done for the concrete mixes. Fresh concrete properties such as compaction factor, unit weight etc. was determined according to an Indian Standard specification IS: 1199-1959. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests were performed at 7, 28, 56, 90 days in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Standard Specification IS: 516-1959. The workability measured in terms of compaction factor, decreases with the increase of the replacement level of the fine aggregates with the bottom ash. It can be due to the extra fineness of bottom ash as the replacement level of fine aggregates is increased. Thus, increase in the specific surface due to increased fineness and a greater amount of water needed for the mix ingredients to get closer packing, results in decrease in workability of mix. H) OLIVE OIL WASTE (HUSK) AND BURNED HUSK (ASH): Iyad Jameel Ahmad Bani Odi, emphasize and expresses one alternative in effective utilization of olive oil wastes (Husk), burned husk (Ash) is the replacement of natural aggregate in concrete mixes or a replacement of light manufactured aggregate to produce foam concrete to be used for non-structural uses. This thesis aims to contribute the physical characteristics of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) when olive oil waste (Husk) and Burned Husk (Ash) are used in the production of lightweight concrete. It is recommended to use 25% replacement of olive husk a long with sand to ensure reasonable concrete behaviour. The research studied the effect of olive husk and burned husk on the physical properties of concrete such as Compressive strength, Workability, Density, Water absorption, Abrasion,

Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013

Page 390

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], [email protected] Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Thermal insulation and Noise insulation and some mechanical properties such as Modulus of elasticity, Crushing due to loading by Compressive strength. The research emphasised on the potential use of hay material as a new stabilizing agent for cohesive clayey soils. For this purpose, three types of clayey soils were mixed with hay material at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% percents by dry weight of the soil. The natural physical properties of the soils such as Atterberg Limits, unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio, and shear strength parameters were evaluated before and after hay treatment. The experimental results indicated that the increase in the amount of the hay material decreases maximum dry density and increases both the optimum water content and plasticity index of the soil. Additionally, increasing the hay material increases the unconfined compressive strength up to certain percentages of hay content and then the unconfined compressive strength decreases. The cohesion of the clayey soils was increased by increasing the hay percent up to 4%. The California Bearing Ratio for three soils was increased with the increase of hay content up to 6% percent. Further increase in the hay content more than the 4% and 6% will decrease both the cohesion and the California bearing ratio, respectively. I) SCREENINGS: The crushing for coarse aggregate results in a fine byproduct called screenings, sometimes also referred as manufactured sand (MS) or manufactured sand fine aggregate. As compared to natural sands, screenings are generally characterized as having:a) Sharp, angular shaped particles b) High fines content(particles passing a no.200sieve) c) Large nos. of flat and elongated particles These properties thus result in higher water demand and thus in higher water demand and concrete that are generally hard to pump or finish. These deficiencies can be avoided with proper proportioning of concrete which may also include making changes to the current specification requirement for sand used in concrete by allowing higher percent passing a no. 200 sieve and implementation of new test methods to evaluate screenings characteristics. J) COAL COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS (CCBS): Coal ash is the mineral residue that is obtained as a by-product of the combustion of coal for the production of electricity. Two types of coal ash are obtained i.e. fly ash and bottom ash. In each country utilization of fly ash depends on the local condition and has much to do with the fact that fly ash is multifunctional material and can be used for various purposes. In the building industry fly ash can be used in different ways for different products. In concrete fly ash can be used as partial replacement of cement and/or sand to enhance workability of fresh concrete, to reduce heat of hydration and to improve concrete impermeability and resistance to sulphate attack. In certain uses some kind of beneficiation is required, either to improve its properties for the specific use or to achieve homogeneity. In concrete, fly ash can actually be used also "as is" when its properties fall within certain limits, but classification by particle size and/or control of the unburned coal greatly enhance the beneficial effects of the fly ash and of course its commercial value. K) NANO-SILICA: The use of large quantities of cement produces increasing CO2 emissions, and as a consequence the green house effect. A method to reduce the cement content in concrete mixes is the use of silica fines. One of the silica fines with high potential as cement replacement and as concrete additive is nano-silica (nS). However, the commercial nS is synthesized in a rather complex way, resulting in high purity and complex processes that make them non-feasible for the construction industry . In a recent research project carried out by G.Quercia 1, 2 and H.J.H. Brouwers2 on a new nano-silica produced from olivine material to be used in concrete. This nS, as well as commercially available nS, is applied and tested. A design tool used for the mix design of SCC is extended to account for particles in the nano range, whereby special effects may occur. The study aimed to create a practical application method and a model to apply newly developed nS in concrete. A new nano-silica (nS) can be produced in high quantities and for low prices that allows for a mass application in concrete. The use of nS makes concrete financially more attractive and reduces the CO2 footprint of the produced concrete products. The nS will also increase the product properties of the concrete: the workability and the properties in hardened state, enabling the development of high performance concretes for extreme constructions. That means that a concrete with better performance, lower costs and an improved ecological footprint can be designed.

3. CONCLUSION
1. The crushed rock flour can be used to replace the natural sand in concrete (Veera Reddy.M,2010). The crushed ceramic aggregate can be used to produce lightweight concrete, without affecting strength (Kanaka sabai et. al, 1992). The stone dust can be used as alternative material in place of sand in concrete based on grain size data (Babu shanker et al,1992). Sand can replaced by rock flour upto 40% without affecting strength and workability (Sahu et al, 2003). The sand can be replaced fully with rock flour (Rao. S. P et, 2002). However a slight loss in

Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013

Page 391

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], [email protected] Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
workability has been noticed with increase in replacement of sand by rock flour. Nearly 20% of rock is converted into rock flour while crushing rock into aggregate at stone crushing plants. In ceramic insulator industry, there is a mass failure of about 30 to 50% of the total production due to improper mixing of raw materials, excess water, improper drying and too much of heating. 2. According M. Mageswari1,* and Dr. B.Vidivelli2 et al 2010, the sheet glass powder (SGP) is suitable for use in concrete making when replaced in fine aggregate for concrete in various sections as the tensile strength of cubes and cylinders of the concrete for all mix increases than that of conventional concrete. As per the study of H.M.L. Schuura, et al 2007, the suitability of crushed building and demolition waste as a raw material for the production of calcium silicate products has been determined. Therefore calcium silicate bricks have been produced by replacing natural sand with crushed building and demolition waste of different sources. The mechanical properties of the bricks made with these wastes are comparable or in some cases even better than those of bricks with natural sand. 3. Mannesh joel concluded that the successful utilization of crushed granite fine (CGF) as fine aggregate would turn this waste material that causes an environmental load due to disposal problem into valuable resources, reduction in the strain on the supply of natural sand, and economy in concrete production Based on findings from the study the partial replacement of Makurdi river sand with 20% CGF is recommended for use in concrete production for use in rigid pavement. Where crushed granite is in abundance and river sand is scarce, the complete replacement river sand with CGF is recommended for use in low to moderately trafficked roads. 4. Dr Andrew M Dunster, October 2007, studied that Characterisation data and trial results obtained by using Incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) as a replacement of fine aggregate indicated that ISSA could be suitable for use in aerated concrete ISSA is only expected to be considered for use in aerated concrete products if alternatives (pfa or natural sand) are not available or un-economic. 5. L. A. Pereide Oliveira1 et al, 2008 emphasizes on the possibility of using finely ground waste glass as partial natural sand replacement in concrete. The results showed a very significant compressive strength improvement with the increasing of percentage replacement of natural sand by ground waste glass. A higher compressive strength was obtained with a lower expansion verified by the bar tests. 6. The same trend for durability properties were also observed an experimental investigation by S. Keerthinarayana and R.Srinivasan on strength and durability was undertaken to use Spent Fire Bricks (SFB) (i.e. waste material from foundry bed and walls and lining of chimney which is adopted in many industries) for partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. They concluded that SFB can be comparable to the natural river sand. The SFB satisfies the zone II gradation for not only to partially replace the sand, but for making good concrete, Unit weight of SFB is higher than that of river sand aggregate in dense condition which, in turn, contributes to the increase in the unit weight of concrete containing SFB as a fine aggregate. From the obtained results we observe that the maximum strength is achieved by 25% of SFB replacement in concrete. 7. P. Aggarwal, Y. Aggarwal concluded that compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of fine aggregates replaced bottom ash concrete specimens were lower than control concrete specimens at all the ages. The strength difference between bottom ash concrete specimens and control concrete specimens became less distinct after 28 days. Compressive strength, Splitting tensile strength and Flexural strength of fine aggregate replaced bottom ash concrete continue to increase with age for all the bottom ash contents. 8. Iyad Jameel Ahmad Bani Odi, emphasize and expresses the physical characteristics of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) when olive oil waste (Husk) and Burned Husk (Ash) are used in the production of lightweight concrete. It is recommended to use 25% replacement of olive husk a long with sand to ensure reasonable concrete behaviour.

9. Ashok.H.Gurjar, June2010, used screenings i.e fines produced as a result of aggregate crushing as a substitute for natural sand in PCC and concluded that screening can be used safely in blended form where durability is not the main concern. 10. Patitapaban Sahu, 2009-10,studied the characterization of coal combustion by-products (ccbs) for their effective management and utilization in concrete and concluded that intermixing the fly ash with cement for civil construction work, manufacture of bricks, and utilization as a road pavement material and application as soil amendment medium for the plant growth.

Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013

Page 392

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], [email protected] Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
11. A new nano-silica (nS) can be produced in high quantities and for low prices that allows for a mass application in concrete. It may replace cement in the mix, which is the most costly and environmentally unfriendly component in concrete. The use of nS makes concrete financially more attractive and reduces the CO2 footprint of the produced concrete products. The nS will also increase the product properties of the concrete: the workability and the properties in hardened state, enabling the development of high performance concretes for extreme constructions. That means that a concrete with better performance, lower costs and an improved ecological footprint can be designed. Also further research is required to modify the production methods of nS in order to avoid the formation of agglomerates (such as the development of nS products in liquid state, application of surfactants, ultrasonification and microwave drying), and to achieve better dispersion of developed nS from olivine dissolution. References [1] Veera Reddy. M, Investigations on stone dust and ceramic scrap as aggregate replacement in concrete, International Journal Of Civil And Structural Engineering, 1(3), 661-666,(2010). [2] Mannesh joel, Use of Crushed Granite Fine as Replacement to River Sand in Concrete Production, Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 9(17) , (2010). [3] M. Mageswari1, and Dr. B.Vidivelli2,The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete ,The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 4,65-71,(2010). [4] S. Keerthinarayana and *R. Srinivasan, Study On Strength And Durability Of Concrete By Partial Replacement Of -63,(2010) [5] Ashok. H .Gurjar, Use of aggregate screening as a substitute for silica sand Portland cement (PCC), Technical Report, 1-149, (2010) [6] M. Shahul Hameed1 and A. S. S. Sekar2, Properties Of Green Concrete Containing Quarry Rock Dust And Marble Sludge Powder As Fine Aggregate, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,4( 4), 83-89,(2009) [7] Patitapaban Sahu , Characterization Of Coal combustion by-products (ccbs) for their effective management and utilization, Thesis (2009-10) [8] V.R.K. Narasinha Raju1 and T. Appa Reddy2, Workability and Strength characteristics of CementConcrete with Partial Replacement of River Sand by Manufactured Fine aggregate, International Journal of Mechanics and Solids ,4, (1), 95-104 (2009), [9] L. A. Pereira de Oliveira 1 J.P. Castro-Gomes 2P. Santos 3 Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete with Ground [10] Waste Glass Sand, International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components Istanbul, 11 -14 May (2008) [11] Dr Andrew M Dunster, Characterisation of Mineral Wastes, Resources and Processing technologies, Integrated waste management for the production of construction material, Case study 1-8, (2007). [12] H.M.L. Schuura, Calcium silicate products with crushed building and demolition waste, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 12, special issue: eco-cementitious materials, 282287 (2007). [13] P. Aggarwal, Y. Aggarwal, S.M. Gupta, Effect Of Bottom Ash As Replacement Of Fine Aggregates In Concrete, Asian Journal Of Civil Engineering (Building And Housing) 8, (1) 49-62 (2007) [14] Iyad Jameel Ahmad Bani Odi , Utilization of Olive Husk as a Replacement of FineAggregate in Portland Cement Concrete Mixes for Non-Structural Uses, (2007) [15] R.G. DSouza1 and S.Shrihari2. Disposal of Incinerator Ash by Adding to Concrete, Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, 5-7September Chennai, India, 398-405, (2007) [16] Ishatpreet Kaur, Mechanical Properties of Concrete corporating Used Foundry Sand, Thesis (2006). [17] Mahmoud Solyman, Classification of Recycled Sands and their Applications as Fine Aggregates for Concrete and Bituminous Mixtures, Thesis ,(2005) AUTHOR BoskeyVishal Bahoria. This author is a Member (M) of IEI. The author had been born and brought up at Nagpur, India. D.O.B 20TH Sept.1980 She has done Masters in Structural Engineering from Nagpur University, India in 2008. Having bachelors degree(2005) Nagpur university and Diploma in civil Engineering (2002)MSBTE, Pune, India. She is persuing PHD from RTMNU, Nagpur University, and date of registration 15th Jan2011. She is currently working as an Asst.Prof. in Civil Engineering Department, Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering & Research, Nagpu,India. She is having 5 years teaching experience (UG ). Currently working as an Asst..Prof.in Rajiv Gandhi College of Engg. & Research, Nagpur, India.. Presented paper Relpacement of natural sand by waste products in concrete- a state o0f art.in ICER,SVNIT, India, Paper Comparative Study of Rcc& Post Tensioned Flat Slabs NUCONE-Nirma University, India .The area of research is Concrete, replacement of natural sand by quarry dust in concrete . Prof.Bahoria is a member of IE(I)

Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013

Page 393

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], [email protected] Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Dr D K Parbat, born on 23rd November 1968, completed Ph D ( Civil Engg) from SGB Amravati University Amravati 2008, post graduation in Civil Engg,with specialization Transportation Engg with distinction grade from SGSITS, Indore(MP) 1995, passed B.E. Civil Engg from Nagpur University,Nagpur 1990. Presently he is associated as Selection grade Lecturer in Civil Engg, Govt Polytechnic, Sakoli(MS) and having total teaching experience of 21 years, out of which 10 years at UG level at BN college of Engg, Pusad(MS). He is registered supervisor for PhD research at RTM Nagpur and SGB Amravati University; Eleven candidates are pursuing their research under him. He is associated with Institution of Engg (India), LM-ISTE, LM- AIFUCTO . He has worked as member of IE(I) Nagpur Local Centre for the period 2010-12 and organized training courses, training programs in the institute under IE (I) chapter. He has worked as member, Board of Studies, SGB Amravati University, Amravati and working as subject expert in designing curriculum for MSBTE, Mumbai. He has published 67 technical research papers in reputed International, National Journal and conferences. He has received ISTE Best Polytechnic Teacher award for the year 2012 from Maharashtra and Goa section and also received BEST PAPER award in Civil Engg Group, at Internnattionl conference (ICETET 2008), Nagpur and active Reviewer for the International Journal of WSEAS (World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society), Athens, Greece.

Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013

Page 394