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    1 Problem 6-4: Author: Eric Emer March 5, 2013

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    Eric Emer
    This document contains solutions to problems from a problem set on series convergence. It includes: 1) A proof that a bounded 2-dimensional sequence converges by showing it is bounded and applying an earlier theorem. 2) A proof that a positive series converges by using a comparison test to show it is less than a convergent series. 3) A computation of the sum of a series involving odd and even terms. 4) Proofs that squaring a convergent series of non-negative terms produces a convergent series, and that multiplying two such series produces a convergent series.

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    1 Problem 6-4: Author: Eric Emer March 5, 2013

    Uploaded by

    Eric Emer
    22 views3 pages
    This document contains solutions to problems from a problem set on series convergence. It includes: 1) A proof that a bounded 2-dimensional sequence converges by showing it is bounded and applying an earlier theorem. 2) A proof that a positive series converges by using a comparison test to show it is less than a convergent series. 3) A computation of the sum of a series involving odd and even terms. 4) Proofs that squaring a convergent series of non-negative terms produces a convergent series, and that multiplying two such series produces a convergent series.

    Original Title

    18.100A-PS7

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    This document contains solutions to problems from a problem set on series convergence. It includes: 1) A proof that a bounded 2-dimensional sequence converges by showing it is bounded and applying an earlier theorem. 2) A proof that a positive series converges by using a comparison test to show it is less than a convergent series. 3) A computation of the sum of a series involving odd and even terms. 4) Proofs that squaring a convergent series of non-negative terms produces a convergent series, and that multiplying two such series produces a convergent series.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views3 pages

    1 Problem 6-4: Author: Eric Emer March 5, 2013

    Uploaded by

    Eric Emer
    This document contains solutions to problems from a problem set on series convergence. It includes: 1) A proof that a bounded 2-dimensional sequence converges by showing it is bounded and applying an earlier theorem. 2) A proof that a positive series converges by using a comparison test to show it is less than a convergent series. 3) A computation of the sum of a series involving odd and even terms. 4) Proofs that squaring a convergent series of non-negative terms produces a convergent series, and that multiplying two such series produces a convergent series.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    18.

    100A PS7
    Author: Eric Emer March 5, 2013
    Collaborators: None.

    Problem 6-4

    Proof. We see that this two dimensional sequence is bounded by the area [a, b] [c, d]. That is, xn is bounded below by a and above by b. yn is bounded below by c and above by d. We deduce that our sequence {(xn , yn )} is bounded by an area. And so, a xn b c yn d (a, c) (xn , yn ) (b, d) Theorem 6.3 tells us that a bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence. Therefore, xn has the convergent subsequence xni . Similarly, yn has the convergent subsequence yni . Thus, there exists a convergent subsequence {xni , yni }.

    Exercise 7.2 #1

    We observe that the value (2n + 1)2 n2 for all n > 0. We also observe that both are positive series. This becomes the following inequality: 1 1 2 2 (2n + 1) n Therefore, by the Comparison Theorem for Positive Series, we deduce that: 0 1 converges, and (2n + 1)2 1 (2n + 1)2 1 n2

    1 We notice that the series we seek to evaluate is actually just n 2 for all odd n. Similarly, we notice 1 1 that the series for all even n would be (2n)2 = 4n2 . We can compute the even case easily, by using the Linearity Theorem. The Linearity Theorem tells us that:

    Having observed that

    1 (2n+1)2 0

    1 1 2 1 = = 4n2 4 n2 24 1 1 , we compute, n2 4n2

    1 2 2 3 2 2 = = = (2n + 1)2 6 24 24 8 1

    Exercise 7.2 #2
    an and a2 n for an 0. We know that
    n

    Proof. We work with the series

    an converges.

    an converges = lim an = 0 . Therefore, we deduce that there exists an N such that: an < 1, for n N It follows that a2 n < an , for n N , because we are squaring values less than 1. Thus,

    a2 n
    N N

    an

    And so by the Tail-Convergence Theorem, we conclude that:


    a2 n
    N

    an =

    a2 n converges

    Exercise 7.2 #4

    Proof. Following the hint provided, (an bn )2 0 This is obviously true because all squares evaluate to non-negative numbers. (an bn )2 0
    2 a2 n 2an bn + bn 0 2 a2 n + bn 2an bn 0 (because both series were given to be non-negative) 2 (a2 n + bn )

    2an bn 0 2an bn 0

    a2 n+

    b2 n

    From the proof of exercise 7.2 #2, we know that a2 b2 n and n are convergent series. We also know from Corollary 7.2 that when adding two convergent series, the result is a convergent series. Therefore, we conclude by applying the Comparison Theorem for Positive Series, telling us that: a2 n+ b2 n 2an bn , a2 n+ b2 n converges = 2an bn converges

    Finally, applying Corollary 7.2 once again, we see that multiplying a convergent series by a constant factor produces a convergent series as well. 2an bn = 2 2 an bn

    an bn converges =

    1 2 2

    an bn =

    an bn converges

    The preceding exercise shows that: Convergent series with non-negative terms In this exercise, we have shown that: Convergent series a2 n, b2 n with non-negative terms in an and bn = an bn convergent an , bn = an bn convergent

    The theorem from this exercise appears to be weaker, since we could actually prove this exercises theorem with just the theorem from Exercise 7.2 #3.

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