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Abstract Algebra

The document discusses modules, which generalize the concept of vector spaces by replacing scalar multiplication by field elements with multiplication by elements of an arbitrary ring. It provides definitions of left and right modules, bimodules, and examples of modules including groups, products of modules, rings, matrices, and more.

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Ankan Pal
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174 views3 pages

Abstract Algebra

The document discusses modules, which generalize the concept of vector spaces by replacing scalar multiplication by field elements with multiplication by elements of an arbitrary ring. It provides definitions of left and right modules, bimodules, and examples of modules including groups, products of modules, rings, matrices, and more.

Uploaded by

Ankan Pal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2

Topic 1
Modules
Throughout, R will denote an associate ring with identity 1 = 0. Denition 1. Let R be a ring. A left Rmodule is an additive abelian group M together with a function R M M , where (r, m) is mapped to rm, such that for every r, s R and m1 , m2 M : (M 1) r(m1 + m2 ) (M 2) (M 3) (M 4) (r + s)m1 r(sm1 ) 1.m1 = rm1 + rm2 = rm1 + sm1 = (rs)m1 = m1 , where 1 is the identity element of R.

A right R-module M is dened similarly via a function M R R given by (m, r) mr and satisfying obvious analogues of (M 1) (M 4). We will denote a left(right) R-module M by
RM .

A module may

be regarded as a generalization of vector space. The scalar multiplication in the vector space by eld elements is replaced in a module by multiplication by arbitrary ring elements. Note: From now on, unless otherwise stated, R-module means a left R-module. Also it is understood that all theorems which hold for left R-module, also hold in a similar way for right R-modules. Let R be a commutative ring. Then it is easy to check that any left R-module is also a right R-module by dening m.r = rm. Hence for commutative rings, we do not distinguish between left and right R-modules.

Denition 2. Let R and S be rings. Then an abelian group M is called an (R, S )-bimodule if M is a left R-module as well as a right S -module such that the two scalar multiplication satisfy r(ms) = (rm)s. We will denote an (R, S )-module by R MS .

Suppose M is an R-module. Dene a map from R to End(M ), the ring of all group endomorphisms of M , by r fr , where fr (m) = rm m M . Now (fr + fs )(m) = rm + sm = (r + s)m = fr+s (m) and frs (m) = (rs)m = r(sm) = fr fs (m) m M implies that is a ring homomorphism. In fact R-modules
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2 are completely determined by such ring homomorphisms. Suppose M is an abelian group and R is a ring such that there exists a ring homomorphism : R End(M ). Then my dening rm = (r)(m), M becomes an R-module. Elementary properties of an R-module M :

(i) 0.m = 0 m M (ii) r.0 = 0 r R (iii) (r)m = (rm) = r(m) r R, m M. Here 0 written on the right side is the zero of M and 0 on the left side is the zero of R.

Proof.

(i) rm = (r + 0)m = rm + 0m 0m = 0

(ii) rm = r(m + 0) = rm + r0 r0 = 0 (iii) 0 = 0m = (r + (r))m = rm + (r)m (r)m = (rm) 0 = r.0 = r(m + (m)) = rm + r(m) r(m) = (rm).

Examples of Modules:

1. Let M be any additive abelian group. Then M is a left and a right Z-module with respect to n.m = m + m + + m (n-times) n.m = (m) + (m) + + (m) (n-times). 2. Let M1 , ..., Mn be R-modules and let M = M1 ... Mn be the cartesian product of Mi s. Then M admits a natural R-module structure with respect to addition and multiplication given by (x1 , ..., xn ) + (y1 , ..., yn ) = (x1 + y1 , ..., xn + yn ) and r(x1 , ..., xn ) = (rx1 , ..., rxn )

3. Let R be any ring. Then R is left as well as right R-module. For r R, m R dene rm and mr to be the product of r and m as elements of R. In fact R is an (R, R)-bimodule. 4. Every R-module M is a Z-module, and hence is an (R, Z)-bimodule.
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3 5. Let M = Mmn (R) = the set of all m n matrices over a ring R. Then M becomes an R-module under the multiplication r(aij ) = (raij ) r R. In particular, taking m = 1, M = Rn is an R-module. 6. Let S be a ring and R be its subring. Then S is an R-module with respect to the usual product in S . In particular the rings R[x1 , x2 , , xn ] and R[[x]] are R-modules. 7. Let I be a left ideal of a ring R. Then I is a left R-module with respect to usual product in R. Furthermore, the quotient group (additive) R/I is an R-module with r(s + I ) = rs + I . 8. Let A be an abelian group and let End(A) = R be the endomorphism ring of A. Then A is an R-module with f a = f (a), f R, a A. 9. Let R and S be rings and : R S be a ring homomorphism. Then every S -module M can be made into an R-module by dening rm = (r)m. It is said that the R-module structure of M is given by pullback along .

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