Command apropos whatis man -t man | ps2pdf - > man.

n.pdf which command time command time cat dir navigation cd cd (cd dir && command)

Description Show commands pertinent to string. See also threadsafe make a pdf of a manual page Show full path name of command See how long a command takes Start stopwatch. Ctrld to stop. See also sw Go to previous directory Go to $HOME directory Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it

pushd . file searching alias l='ls -l --color=auto'

quick dir listing List files by date. See ls -lrt also newest and find_mm_yyyy Print in 9 columns to ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS width of terminal Search 'expr' in this find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' dir and below. See also findrepo Search all regular find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example' files for 'example' in this dir and below Search all regular find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example' files for 'example' in this dir Process each item with multiple find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done commands (in while loop)

 find -type f ! -perm -444

find -type d ! -perm -111

locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt'

look reference

grep --color reference /usr/share/dict/words archives and compression gpg -c file gpg file.gpg tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar -x

Find files not readable by all (useful for web site) Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site) Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt Quickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary Encrypt file Decrypt file Make compressed archive of dir/ Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine Make archive of subset of dir/ and below Make copy of subset of dir/ and below Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/ Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir Backup harddisk to remote machine

tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg'

find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar -c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )

( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )

( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p'

dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=sda.gz'

rsync (Network efficient file copier: Use the --dry-run option for testing) rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O Mirror web site (using compression and encryption) Synchronize current directory with remote one Run command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell) Run GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER Copy with permissions to $USER's home directory on $HOST Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80 Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143 Install $USER's public key on $HOST for password-less log in Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir Continue downloading a partially downloaded

rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile

rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html'

rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/ ssh (Secure SHell) ssh $USER@$HOST command

ssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes

scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/

ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST

ssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST

ssh-copy-id $USER@$HOST wget (multi purpose download tool) (cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html)

wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file

file Download a set of wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/ files to the current directory FTP supports wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ globbing directly Process output wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head directly Download url at 1AM echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 to current dir Do a low priority wget --limit-rate=20k url download (limit to 20KB/s in this case) wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html Check links in a file Efficiently update a wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ local copy of a site (handy from cron) networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) Show status of ethtool eth0 ethernet interface eth0 Manually set ethernet ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full interface speed Show status of iwconfig eth1 wireless interface eth1 Manually set wireless iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed interface speed List wireless iwlist scan networks in range List network ip link show interfaces Rename interface ip link set dev eth0 name wan eth0 to wan Bring interface eth0 ip link set dev eth0 up up (or down) List addresses for ip addr show interfaces Add (or del) ip and ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 mask (255.255.255.0) ip route show List routing table Set default gateway ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 to 1.2.3.254

Lookup DNS ip address for name or vice versa Lookup local ip hostname -i address (equivalent to host `hostname`) Lookup whois info whois pixelbeat.org for hostname or ip address List internet services netstat -tupl on a system List active netstat -tup connections to/from system windows networking (Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) Find windows smbtree machines. See also findsmb Find the windows (netbios) name nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 associated with ip address List shares on smbclient -L windows_box windows machine or samba server Mount a windows mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share share Send popup to windows machine echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box (off by default in XP sp2) text manipulation (Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option) Replace string1 with sed 's/string1/string2/g' string2 Modify anystring1 to sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' anystring2 Remove comments sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' and blank lines Concatenate lines sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' with trailing \ Remove trailing sed 's/[ \t]*$//' spaces from lines host pixelbeat.org

Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes seq 10 | sed "s/^/ /; s/ *\(.\{7,\}\)/\1/" Right align numbers sed -n '1000{p;q}' Print 1000th line sed -n '10,20p;20q' Print lines 10 to 20 Extract title from sed -n 's/.*<title>\(.*\)<\/title>.*/\1/ip;T;q' HTML web page Delete a particular sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known_hosts line Sort IPV4 ip sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n addresses echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' Case conversion Filter non printable tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom characters cut fields separated tr -s '[:blank:]' '\t' </proc/diskstats | cut -f4 by blanks history | wc -l Count lines set operations (Note you can export LANG=C for speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file) Union of unsorted sort file1 file2 | uniq files Intersection of sort file1 file2 | uniq -d unsorted files Difference of sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u unsorted files Symmetric sort file1 file2 | uniq -u Difference of unsorted files join -t'\0' -a1 -a2 file1 file2 Union of sorted files Intersection of sorted join -t'\0' file1 file2 files Difference of sorted join -t'\0' -v2 file1 file2 files Symmetric join -t'\0' -v1 -v2 file1 file2 Difference of sorted files math Quick math echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l (Calculate ). See also bc More complex (int) echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc e.g. This shows max sed 's/\([`"$\]\)/\\\1/g'

FastE packet rate Python handles echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python scientific notation Plot FastE packet rate echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist vs packet size Base conversion echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc (decimal to hexadecimal) Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell echo $((0x2dec)) arithmetic expansion)) Unit conversion units -t '100m/9.58s' 'miles/hour' (metric to imperial) Unit conversion (SI units -t '500GB' 'GiB' to IEC prefixes) units -t '1 googol' Definition lookup Add a column of seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc numbers. See also add and funcpy calendar cal -3 Display a calendar Display a calendar for cal 9 1752 a particular month year What date is it this date -d fri friday. See also day exit a script unless it's [ $(date -d "tomorrow" +%d) = "01" ] || exit the last day of the month What day does xmas date --date='25 Dec' +%A fall on, this year Convert seconds since the epoch date --date='@2147483647' (1970-01-01 UTC) to date What time is it on TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date west coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) What's the local time date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri' for 9AM next Friday on west coast US locales

 printf "%'d\n" 1234

BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -l echo "I live in `locale territory`" LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) recode -l | less

Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale Use locale thousands grouping in ls. See also l Extract info from locale database Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes List fields available in locale database Show available conversions (aliases on each line) Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion) Windows utf8 to local charset Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 Base64 encode Quoted printable decode Text to HTML Lookup table of characters Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap Show latin-9 encoding Show utf-8 encoding Save copy of data cdrom Create cdrom image from contents of dir Mount the cdrom

recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt

recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 recode /qp.. < file.qp > file.txt recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x CDs gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir

cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -

cdparanoia -B

cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio -pad *.wav oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' disk space (See also FSlint) ls -lSr du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head du -hs /home/* | sort -k1,1h df -h df -i fdisk -l

image at /mnt/dir (read only) Clear a CDRW Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI scanbus to confirm dev) Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) Make ogg file from wav file Show files by size, biggest last Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop Sort paths by easy to interpret disk usage Show free space on mounted filesystems Show free inodes on mounted filesystems Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate truncate data of file or create an empty file

rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n

dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n

dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test > file monitoring/debugging

 tail -f /var/log/messages strace -c ls >/dev/null strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null lsof -p $$ lsof ~

tcpdump not port 22 ps -e -o pid,args --forest ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state ps -p 1,2 last reboot free -m watch -n.1 'cat /proc/interrupts' udevadm monitor system information (see also sysinfo) ('#' means root access is required) uname -a head -n1 /etc/issue

Monitor messages in a log file Summarise/profile system calls made by command List system calls made by command List library calls made by command List paths that process id has open List processes that have specified path open Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me List processes in a hierarchy List processes by % cpu usage List processes by mem (KB) usage. See also ps_mem.py List all threads for a particular process List info for particular process IDs Show system reboot history Show amount of (remaining) RAM (m displays in MB) Watch changeable data continuously Monitor udev events to help configure rules Show kernel version and system architecture Show name and

 cat /proc/partitions grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo lspci -tv lsusb -tv mount | column -t

grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info # dmidecode -q | less

# smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours # hdparm -i /dev/sda # hdparm -tT /dev/sda # badblocks -s /dev/sda interactive (see also linux keyboard shortcuts) readline screen

version of distribution Show all partitions registered on the system Show RAM total seen by the system Show CPU(s) info Show PCI info Show USB info List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) Show state of cells in laptop battery Display SMBIOS/DMI information How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total Show info about disk sda Do a read speed test on disk sda Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda Line editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot, ... Virtual terminals with detach capability, ... Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... Interactive/scriptable graphing Web browser open a file or url with the registered desktop application

mc

gnuplot links xdg-open .