2.1 Objective . 2.2 Introduction An information signal at different Sampling Frequencies and with various Duty Cycles is sampled.

led. If a single sinusoidal carrier (of frequency fc) was amplitude modulated by a band of frequencies (from 0 to fMOD) contained in an information signal, then the resulting modulated wave would consist of:I. The Carrier Frequency, fc II. The Upper Sideband (USB), from fc to (fc + fMOD ) III. The Lower Sideband (LSB), from (fc - fMOD) to fc This is shown in graphical form below, with the frequency spectrum of the information signal given are for comparison. In these diagrams, the information signal and the sidebands have been represented by triangles to show clearly the relationship between the information frequencies and the sideband frequencies. Compare the differing bandwidths of amplitude modulation (AM) and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) signals. Investigate the minimum sampling frequency of an ideal system Record the effect of changing the sampling rate in a PAM system Observe the effects of changing the width of the samples

Figure 2.1

The rectangular waveforms shown consist of a fundamental frequency plus an infinite number of harmonics. The pulse amplitude modulation is the amplitude modulation of a rectangular wave. If the amplitude of a rectangular wave is modulated therefore the sidebands will be formed around the fundamental frequency, and each of the harmonies of the fundamental

frequency that are contained in the rectangular waveform. There are two differences between the spectrum of an amplitude-modulated carrier wave and a PAM waveform. Firstly, the frequency components of the original information signal are still present in the PAM waveform's frequency spectrum. Secondly, the spectrum of an amplitude-modulated carrier wave, which does not contain the frequency components of the original information signal. The lowest sampling frequency that could be used, without the sidebands overlapping, is twice the highest frequency present in the information signal. If the sampling frequency further reduces the sampling frequency, the information signals spectrum and the sideband overlap. This effect is known as fold-over distortion of aliasing. The modulated output bears a similarity to the message even when the duty cycle is small and the sampling frequency is 2 kHz for a 1 kHz message. However, the similarity improves as the sampling frequency increases, although this leads to greater bandwidth requirements. A continuous signal with a bandwidth from 0 Hz to fm Hz can be completely represented by, and reconstructed from, a set of equally-spaced samples of instantaneous voltage, provided that the samples are taken at a rate greater than, or equal to, 2 fm samples per second. Sampling rate fs 2fm (Hz)

Procedure for Practical Exercise 1. 2. The power supply is set up on the MODICOM 1 board. A 4mm lead is used to connect the 1 kHz message signal to the ANALOG INPUT as shown in Figure 19. 3. The Sampling Control switch is slide to the right hand side to Internal position. This selects the output signal from the Sampling Control Logic block, to operate the sampling switches. 4. The Duty Cycle Selector switch is set to position 5. 5. The power supply is switched on. 6. A sampling frequency of 8 kHz is selected by repeatedly pressing the Frequency Selector button until the 80 kHz LED illuminates. 7. One oscilloscope input is connected to tp30 and the other is connected to tp29. 8. The 1 kHz message sine wave and the sampling control square wave is observed by using the oscilloscope. 9. The d1 kHz message signals (tp30) and the sampling control square wave (tp29) is sketched in the appropriate page of the workbook. 10. The oscilloscope probe is disconnected from tp30 and the probe is connected to tp33. 11. The sampled output (tp33) is observed. 12. This waveform is sketched in workbook on the third set of graph axes provided.

RESULTS Practical Exercise 2.3

Figure 2.1: Graph at TP30 (Yellow) and TP29 (Blue)

Figure 2.2: Graph at TP33 (Yellow) and TP29 (Blue)

Practical Exercise 2.4

Figure 2.3: Graph at TP33 (Yellow) and TP35 (Blue) Practical Exercise 2.5 The waveforms of the sampling control at TP29 and modulated signal at TP33 shows that the higher the duty cycle, the less the sampling width. The sampling output follows the sampling control signal rate. Because the sampling control signal generates a straight line due to the absence of sampling control signal pulse generated at the Sampling Control Logic, thus, the sampling output is a D.C. level.

Practical Exercise 2.6

Figure 2.4:The modulated signals at the Sample Output (tp33) for sampling frequencies of 2 kHz

Figure 2.5:The modulated signals at the Sample Output (tp33) for sampling frequencies of 8 kHz

Figure 2.6:The modulated signals at the Sample Output(tp33) for sampling frequencies of 32kHz Discussions

A wave can be sampled through a process called Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). Practical Exercise 2.3 shows the sampling of a 1 kHz message signal. The control square wave is observed at tp29 which consists of a positive square wave. The waveform obtained is inverse of that waveform at test point 25 because of the sampling circuitry used on the MODICOM 1 board requires a 0V control signal to sample the message and approximately 5V to not sample the message. The control signal at tp25 therefore had to be inverted to produce a suitable voltage signal for MODICOM 1. The information signal is showed at tp30 which is a perfect sine wave. The information signal is sampled with the control square wave and gives a sampled output at tp33 which come from a simple switched sampled process. Practical Exercise 2.4 shows an output from a sample and hold system. The sample and hold system used a Sample/Hold Amplifier. The Sample/Hold Amplifier is similar to the Sample Amplifier but include a capacitor which holds the output voltage at a relatively constant level between samples. When the sample is taken the capacitor is being charged and then when no sampling, the capacitor will discharge thus causes the waveform to reduce slowly when compared to waveform from the tp33 which having a drastic drop of waveform. Practical Exercise 2.5 shows how the sampled waveform changes as the duty cycle varied. Based on the observation, when the Duty Cycle are increased, the sampling width will reduce. As the duty cycle increased the waveform is moving from the negative amplitude towards the positive amplitude. Beside that, the positive side of the waves period is getting shorter meanwhile the negative side of the waves period is getting longer. At modulated signal (tp33), as the duty cycle increased the width of the sample is increasing also. Practical Exercise 2.6 showes the modulated signal with a variety of sampling rates. Based on the observation, when the frequency of the control signal increased from 2 kHz to 32 kHz, the sampled output is more repetitive of the information signal. This shows that it is possible to reconstruct the original information signal form a sampled waveform by increasing the frequency. If the duty cycle is low, the received output has lower amplitude because less energy in the pulses. This is related to the pulse area, the larger the area the greater the energy.

Conclusion

All objectives are achieved. By doing this experiment, we manage to compare the differing bandwidths of amplitude modulation (AM) and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) signals. .Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is a wave that can be sampled in a process where the height of transmitted pulses varies with the amplitude of the message. We also manage to investigates the minimum sampling frequency of an ideal system. Besides that, we also understand the effect of changing the sampling rate in PAM system and observe the effects of changing the width of the samples.