Switching and Routing Systems

Virgil Dobrota

Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania [email protected]

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Course 5 - Content 15. TST Switch 16. TSSST Switch 17. Examples of Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics 18. Digital Telephone Exchange Functions: BORSCHT

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15. TST Switch

Copyright Virgil Dobrota 2009, All rights reserved

TST Switch (I) TST Switch

Implementation complexity : N IC = N x + B 100 [eq. crosspoints] (38) No. of crosspoints for S stage (square matrix): Nx = N 2 [crosspoints]

(39)

Number of memory bits for S & T stages: N B = N BX + N BT = Nl log 2 N + 16 Nc + 2 Nl log 2 c [bits] N BX = control bits in S stage, N BT = control & data bits in T stage
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(40)

TST Switch (II) Blocking Probability

p = probability of having a temporal channel busy q = 1- p = probability of having a temporal channel available p1 = probability of having an interstage temporal channel busy q1 = 1- p1 = probability of having an inter-stage temporal channel available p = time expansion factor =c= l p1 Blocking Probability: c p B = [1 (1 ) 2 ]l = [1 (1 p ) 2 ]l l

(41)

TST Strictly Non-Blocking: l 2c 1 (42)

and S stage strictly non-blocking

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TST Switch (III)

PROBLEM 1:
a) Determine the implementation complexity for an STS switch with 2048 channels organized in 16 TDM lines, with 8 bits/channel, 128 channels/frame. The probability of having a link busy is 0.1 and the maximum blocking probability for the STS switch is 0.002. b) The same problem if the STS switch is replaced by an SSS switch with 2048 input/outputs. B and p are the same. Comment the result. c) The same problem is the STS switch is replaced by an TST switch. Comment the result.

Copyright Virgil Dobrota 2009, All rights reserved

TST Switch (IV) SOLUTION:

N 2 k 16 2 k a) From (36) B = [1 (1 p ) ] and 0.002 = [1 (1 0.1 ) ] gives k=7 k values N=16 TDM lines, k=7 k TSM modules, TSM modules. Replacing the c=128 channels in (33) (we are skipping here the steps !!!) the final result is IC= 430 [equivalent crosspoints].
k b) If N=2048 inputs/ouputs, n=32 inputs, B=0.002, p=0.1 and = 32 , from (12) k=10 central matrices. Applying (3) the final result is 81920 crosspoints. Note that in this example STS appears to be more efficient with respect to implementation complexity compared to SSS.

c 2 l 128 2 l ) ] gives l=25 c) From (41) B = [1 (1 p ) ] and 0.002 = [1 (1 0.1 l the values N=16 TDM lines, ll=25 channels, temporal channels. Replacing c=128 channels in (38) (we are skipping here the steps !!!) the final result is IC= 656 [equivalent crosspoints]. Note that in this example STS appears to be more efficient with respect to implementation complexity compared to TST.
Copyright Virgil Dobrota 2009, All rights reserved

TST Switch (V)

Observations: The results obtained in the previous problem cannot be generalized !!! For IC=f(p) for both STS and TST the conclusion is: p<0.2: p>0.2: IC for STS < IC for TST => STS is more efficient IC for STS > IC for TST => TST is more efficient

Having this result, in practice TST is preferred Eventually for large switches TST could be replaced by TSSST

Copyright Virgil Dobrota 2009, All rights reserved

16. TSSST Switch

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TSSST Switch (I) TSSST Switch

Implementation complexity : N IC = N x + B 100 [eq. crosspoints] (43) No. of crosspoints for S stages (SSS): N N x = 2 Nk + k ( ) 2 n [crosspoints] (44)

Number of memory bits for S & T stages: N B = N BX + N BT = 2k N l log 2 n + k N l log 2 N + 16 Nc + 2 Nl log 2 c [bits] n n n N BX = control bits in S stage, N BT = control & data bits in T stage
Copyright Virgil Dobrota 2009, All rights reserved

(45)

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TSSST Switch (II) Blocking Probability

2 k B = {1 q12 [1 (1 q 2 ) ]} l

(46) (47) (48)

q1 = 1 p1 = 1 = 1 p c l p1 p = 1 = 1 p c n q2 = 1 p2 = 1 l k

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17. Examples of Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics

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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (I)

AXE 10 (Ericsson)
AXE (Automatic CrossTDM-based digital telephone exchange architecture: time concentrator, folded TST group switch growth: square law growth of stage S security: duplicate TST network capacity: 200000 equivalent lines other details:

Connection Equipment)

Simulator:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/AXE_telephone_excha Current and Future Strategies regarding AXE 10: upgrade nge of core networks from circuit-switched technology, based on AXE-10 to IP-based Softswitch solutions. http://el.el.obs.utcluj.ro/scr/pdf/AXE10/AXE10.EXE
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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (II)

DMS-100 (Nortel Networks)
DMS (Digital Multiplex System) TDM-based digital telephone exchange architecture: space to digital concentrator 600 lines to 4x30 channels, TSTS folded group switch growth: by addition of max. 32 TSTS modules, each switching 64x30 channels security: duplicated network capacity: 100000 equivalent lines other details: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMS-100

Current and Future Strategies regarding DMS-100:

Not clear, as on January 14, 2009, Nortel filed for protection from creditors in the US, Canada and UK, in order to restructure its debt and financial obligations
[Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel_Networks#Protection_from_creditors]

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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (III)

DX 200 (Nokia, now Nokia-Siemens Networks)
TDM-based digital telephone exchange architecture: time modules, 32.2 Mbps systems growth: by addition of modules security: duplicated network capacity: 4000 100000 equivalent lines other details: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_DX200

Current and Future Strategies regarding DX 200:

MSC Server mobile soft-switch (MSS) open hardware strategy: MSS will evolve to open MSS software, which can be implemented on existing DX 200 platforms or on open COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf hardware). The versatility of the open MSS will let Nokia Siemens Networks customers deploy the same MSS features regardless of whether they are using DX 200 or COTS server technology, allowing them to expand their GSM, 3G or future LTE/SAE networks. [Source: http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/global/Press/Press+releases/newsarchive/Core+networks+declare+independence.htm ]

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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (IV)

EWSD (Siemens, now Nokia-Siemens Networks)
EWSD (Elektronisches Whlsystem TDM-based digital telephone exchange architecture: time switch concentrator, folded TST group switch growth: addition to S and T stages for up to 504x8.192 Mbps links security: duplicate TST network capacity: 100000 equivalent lines other details: [Dob02],
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWSD

Digital)

Current and Future Strategies regarding EWSD

Simulator:
http://el.el.obs.utcluj.ro/scr/pdf/EWSD/ EWSD.zip

discontinuance at NSN and migration towards Softswitch solutions Post-warranty equipment still produced by Siemens

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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (V)

E10B (Alcatel, now Alcatel-Lucent)
TDM-based digital telephone exchange architecture: space concentrator prior to A/D conversion or time switch concentration with codec per line, TST group switch growth: addition of TST modules security: double dispersion of time slots in the concentration stage and between the concentrator and group switch capacity: 60000 equivalent lines other details: [Dob02],
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel

Simulator: http://el.el.obs.utcluj.ro/scr/pdf/E10B/E10B.EXE

Current and Future Strategies regarding E10B

discontinuance at ALU and migration towards Next-Generation Networks, based on DWDM
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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (VI)

Aurora Optical Switch (Tellium, now Zhone Technologies)

switch fabric 512 x 512 OC-48 OC48 = 2.5 Gbps interfaces 3-stage Clos switch Optic/Electric/Optic (OEO)

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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (VII)

Multiwave CoreDirector (Ciena)
switch fabric 512 x 512 OC-48 OC48 = 2.5 Gbps interfaces 3-stage Clos switch Optic/Electric/Optic (OEO) AT&T names CIENA strategic optical switching vendor for its nationwide network

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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (VIII)

Optical Cross Connect HDX/HDXC (Nortel)
switch fabric
1536 x 1536 OC-48 (2.5 Gbps)

384 x 384 OC-192 (10 Gbps) 96 x 96 OC-768 (40 Gbps) 5-stage Clos switch O/E/O

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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (IX)

New switch fabrics based on superconductor rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) digital technology
High-speed rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) Batcher-Banyan switching core Zinoviev, Dmitry Y. Proc. SPIE Vol. 2917, p. 380-386, Broadband Access Systems, Wai Sum Lai; Sam T. Jewell; Curtis A. Siller; Indra Widjaja; Dennis Karvelas; Eds. study of the implementation of most common packet switching cores (crossbar, Batcher-Banyan, time-division shared bus, and token ring) using the superconductor rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) digital technology. [] the best performance-tocomplexity ratio may be obtained for the Batcher-Banyan network. For example, a 128 by 128 switching core with self-routing (but without address translation, contention resolution, and broadcast features), consisting of about 180,000 Josephson junctions with the internal clock frequency of 60 GHz could handle a workload of 7.5 Tbps. This core could fit on a single 1 cm by 1 cm chip and dissipate as low as 45 mW. The estimated parameters are achievable using a simple 1.5micrometer niobium- trilayer technology
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Telephone Exchanges and Switch Fabrics (X)

Cisco CRS-1 (Cisco Systems)
switch fabric 3-stage Benes switch Carrier Routing System 8Slot Line Card Chassis up to 8 MSCs, each with 40Gbps of transfer rate speed advantage to accommodate cell overhead, buffering & congestionavoidance mechanisms.

RP (Route Processor), PLIMs (Physical Layer Interface Modules), MSCs (Modular Service Cards), S1 (Stage 1), S2 (Stage 2), S3 (Stage 3), OC-192 (Optical Carrier at 10 Gbps)
[Source: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/routers/crs1/8_slot/system/ description/hq6345_4.html ]
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18. Digital Telephone Exchange Functions: BORSCHT

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BORSCHT Functions
B (Battery) = power supply. Digital exchange should be able to operate normally in case of O (Over-voltage Protection) = protection against internal and external R (Ring) = alerting the subscribers. Example: 75 V/ 50 Hz for analog telephones
maintenance and traffic information

power supplys failure due to its own battery box. Example: 48V/15AH

over-voltages. Example: SLICs (Subscriber Line Interface Circuits).

S (Supervision) = full supervision of all modules and provision of operating, C (Coding) = actually is about digital encoding of the information. H (Hybrid) = 2-wire to 4-wire adaptation, i.e. separation between
transmission and receiving

Examples: Delta modulation, G.711 (PCM, 8 bits, 64 kbps). G.722 (ADPCM, 4 bits, 32 kbps), G.723 (LPAS, 5.3/6.4 kbps), G.728 (LD-CELP, 16 kbps), G.729 (LD-CELP, 8 kbps)

T (Test) = testing facilities for local loops and any functional blocks. The new
switching systems are based on a fault tolerant approach.

Note: BORSCHT functions could be sometimes just BORSH, BORSCH etc.

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Conclusions

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Conclusions (I)
Classical TDM-based switches used in circuit switching will evolve towards IP-based soft-switches and packet-switching High-speed switching systems will remain based on Clos, Banyan, Batcher-Banyan, Benes etc. but with more intelligence: routing, fault tolerance etc.

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Conclusions (II)

From other point of view, the switches studied within this chapter were the following: Crossbar switches (square matrix, Clos)
.

Self-Routing swiches (Banyan, Batcher-Banyan, Benes)

Other switches (presented at Computer Networks course) Shared Bus switches Shared Memory switches

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