Intro to VHDL
ESE170 Spring 2012
What is VHDL?
HDL = Hardware Description Language VHDL = ...? Why should we use HDL's?
Basic Concepts
Primary "data object" in VHDL is a signal
Declaration syntax: signal <name> : <type>; Example: signal A : STD_LOGIC; Signals are like wires: All things connected to A will see the same logic value Like variables in C/Java, signals have types and values Many possible types in VHDL (next slides) There are also variables and constants Forget them for now (will cover in Lab 6)
Signal Types: Standard Logic
Standard Logic: probably the simplest possible type Keyword: STD_LOGIC Example: signal A : STD_LOGIC; Use this to represent single-bit/wire logic values Two useful values: '0' and '1' Others actually exist, less useful Single-bit values represented with single-quotes e.g. '0' and '1'
Signal Types: Standard Logic Vector
Standard Logic Vector: a "collection" of STD_LOGIC Keyword: STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(a downto b) signal X : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0); Generally, keep a > b Declares a group of logic values numbered 3 down to 0 How many bits is that? Vector length is a property of the signal type Specify value as a sequence of 1's and 0's in double-quotes Use this to represent multi-bit values E.g. an unsigned integer: (13)10 = "1101"
Manipulating Logic Vectors
There are a few ways to interact with vectors Access the ith bit of A: A(i) Result is a STD_LOGIC (not a vector) Can also access a range of bits a to b: A(a downto b) Result is a STD_LOGIC_VECTOR As an example: signal A : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0); If A = "1001", what are the type and value of: A(2) = ? A(0) = ? A(3 downto 1) = ? A(2 downto 3) = ?
Basic Operators: Assignment
Assignment operator: a <= b Not a less-than-or-equal operator! Left operand (a) takes the value of the right (b) Using the following declarations: signal A : STD_LOGIC; signal B : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0); Examples of assignments: 1. A <= '1'; 2. B <= "0011"; 3. B(3) <= A; 4. B(3 downto 2) <= "10" Types on each side must match (including vector width)
Assignment Concurrency
What does this VHDL do? signal A : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0); A <= "0011"; A(3) <= '1'; Q: What is the value of A?
Assignment Concurrency (cont'd)
What does this VHDL do? signal A : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0); A <= "0011"; A(3) <= '1'; Q: What is the value of A? A: This is (syntactically valid) nonsense. Assignment is not sequential, it is concurrent (all at once) Think of assignments like "connecting" signals together
Basic Operators: Logical and Arithmetic
You can also perform basic logical operations and or nand nor xor xnor not Examples: (A and B) or (A and C) or (B and C) A xor B xor C Operator precedence is almost nonexistent here: This is invalid syntax: A and B or C Do this instead: (A and B) or C not has higher precedence: (A and B) or not C Unless using all the same operator, use parentheses
Basic Operators: Logical and Arithmetic
Logical operators work on vectors as well: A <= "0101"; B <= "1100"; C <= A and B; What is the type and value of C? You can also perform arithmetic. Examples: S <= A + B; P <= A * B; In general, you should test arithmetic operators
VHDL Structure: Entity Declaration
Defines the module's interface Inputs and outputs Same types as a signal Declared using the "port" keyword
entity MYAND2 is Port ( A : in STD_LOGIC; B : in STD_LOGIC; Q : out STD_LOGIC); end MYAND2;
VHDL Structure: Architecture
Defines the module Two options: Behavioral and Structural Behavioral Define what the module does Let the software figure out the hardware e.g. with-select Structural Explicitly state how hardware is arranged e.g. logical operators
Behavioral Description: With Select
With select = brute force You describe the output value for every input case Syntax
with input_signal select output_signal <= value0 when case0, value1 when case1, ... valueN when others;
value's must match type of output_signal case's must match input_signal You must include the others case Helps you avoid programming 2^n cases!
With-Select Syntax
Given these declarations: signal A : STD_LOGIC; signal B : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0); signal out : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0); Is the following code valid? with A select: out <= "0001" <= B
when "0"; when "1";
Aside: Concatenation Operator
VHDL has a concatenation operator: & It can be inconsistent to work with... You definitely can do this: A <= B & C; Assuming widths match You definitely can't do this: B & C <= A Other situations: just try it, remove it if it won't compile Never necessary, just declare intermediate signal
Hierarchical Design
If you have this module:
entity MYAND2 is Port( A : in STD_LOGIC, B : in STD_LOGIC, C : out STD_LOGIC); end MYAND2; architecture Behavioral of MYAND2 is: begin C <= A and B; end Behavioral;
You can use it in another:
architecture Behavioral of ANOTHERMODULE is: -- Declaration COMPONENT MYAND2 is Port( A : in STD_LOGIC, B : in STD_LOGIC, C : out STD_LOGIC); end COMPONENT; signal C : STD_LOGIC; begin -- Instantiation myInst : MYAND2 port map ( A=>'0', B=>'1', C=>C); end Behavioral;
Behavioral Description: Processes
Allows for sequential statements Declared within the architecture block Multiple processes executed concurrently Statements within each process executed sequentially
Processes: Syntax
Syntax: <name> : process(sensitivity list) begin <statements> end process; Sensitivity List Defines what a process is dependent on List of signals in the system Process will execute when any of these signals change Can use constructs such as if statements in a process
Processes: Example
architecture Behavioral of ABSOLUTE is signal A : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0); signal B : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0); begin abs: process(A) begin if A > "1000" then B <= not A + "0001"; else if A <= "0111" then B <= A; else B <= "0000"; end if; end process;
Conclusion
Hardware (HDL) Software (code) can't reuse signals like you can with variables defining the layout of hardware
Concurrent vs. Sequential execution Behavioral vs. Structural architecture
