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Afghanistan
Week 19 07 May 2013

Review

Comprehensive Information on Complex Crises

INSIDE THIS ISSUE

This document provides an overview of developments in Afghanistan from 23 April 06 May 2013, with hyperlinks to source material highlighted in blue and underlined in the text. For more information on the topics below, or other issues pertaining to events in Afghanistan, contact the members of the Afghanistan Team by visiting www.cimicweb.org/cmo/afg.

Highlighted Topics

Clicking the links in this list will take you to the appropriate section.

Afghanistans GDP grows from 7.3 in 2011 to 11.8 in 2012. Effective tax collection holds potential to improve Afghanistans GDP. US hosts talks aimed at easing tensions between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Opposition political parties accuse Karzai of attempting to influence the elections. Afghan and Pakistani forces clashes at the border, leaving one dead. International efforts intensify to strengthen the Afghan Air Force capabilities. India interested in re-joining the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project. The construction of the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan railway commences.

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Economic Development

Nekia [email protected]

CFC publications are independently produced by Desk Officers and do not reflect NATO or ISAF policies or positions of any other organisation.
The CFC is part of NATO Allied Command Operations.

he World Bank has released the annual Afghanistan Economic Update detailing the nations economic progress of the last fiscal year (2011/12), which identifies the gains and growth as well as the uncertainty and risk associated with the impending security transition. The report claims that real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rose from 7.3 per cent in 2011 to 11.8 per cent in 2012, an increase largely due to heightened agricultural outputs resulting from fair weather conditions. Furthermore, the report says developments in mining, specifically oil production in the fields of Amu Darya, contributed to an increase in the sectors share of the GDP from 0.6 per cent in 2010 to 1.8 per cent in 2012. The organisation notes that investment decreased in 2012 as a result of poor security conditions and the resulting uncertainty; 1,760 new firms opened in 2012 compared to 2,630 registered in 2011. Afghanistans consumer price inflation (CPI), which stood at 10.2 per cent in 2011, fell to 6.4 per cent in 2012 due to lower food and non-food prices. Afghanistans trade deficit worsened to USD 8.5 billion in 2012, as exports decreased by 5 per cent, totalling USD 2.6 billion, while imports increased by 5 per cent, totalling USD 11.2 billion. The afghani depreciated on the currency exchange by 8 per cent in 2012, falling from an average of AFG 47.9 per USD 1 in 2011 to AFG 51.8 per USD 1. Effective tax collection in Afghanistan holds enormous potential to improve the nations GDP, but rampant evasion and corruption prevent significant gains from being reaped, according to an analysis published in Wadsam. The author, Faazel Ahmad Oria, remarks that there is a lack of salient tax culture in which society understands its obligations and consequent benefits in paying taxes. The government authorities have admitted that taxing the powerful and rich businessmen is not easy, because most of them are key government officials, tribal and ethnic leaders, and often militias, he states. The report claims there is a portion of wealthy, powerful Afghans who refuse to pay taxes, and indeed exercise influence over the very institutions responsible for collection. Oria identifies that there is widespread corruption in government institutions, including the Ministry of Finance, which must be addressed in the pursuit of a stronger

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economy. Furthermore, the report emphasises that Afghanistans domestic income sectors are growing, and investment in agriculture and mining are integral to increasing revenue and building upon the significant GDP growth of the last ten years. Afghanistans Ministry of Finance Hazrat Omar Zakhilwal signed a USD 100 million grant agreement with the World Bank on 06 May to finance the Afghanistan System Enhancement for Health Action in Transition (SEHAT) Program, according to a joint statement released by the World Bank and the government of Afghanistan. Issued under the World Banks International Development Association (IDA), the grant will go towards help[ing] the government of Afghanistans Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) expand the scope, quality and coverage of basic health and essential hosp ital services. With health care as a top priority for the Afghan Government during the transition, the grant money is intended to strengthen the national health system as a whole by improving the capacity of the MoPH to provide quality health services countrywide. SEHAT will reach 22 of Afghanistans 34 provinces, covering both urban and rural areas. This most recent agreement brings total World Bank financing in Afghanistan to USD 335 million since 2003. Providing a basic package of health services and a n essential package of hospital services has proved to produce encouraging results, particularly in remote and underserved areas, said Minister of Public Health Suraya Dalil. The European Union pledged EUR 200 million in aid to Afghanistan for initiatives aimed towards improving security, human rights, health, agriculture, and the overall establishment of good governance practices over the next seven years, reports Wadsam. Noting that the Afghan government must still make significant changes to meet the Tokyo Conference commitments, deputy head of the EU delegation to Afghanistan Alfred Grannas emphasised the need for improvements within issues central to EU donors such as corruption and human rights. Remarking that the final amount to be distributed has not yet been finalised, Grannas told the press that the European body is willing to provide at least EUR 200 million in aid. In other donor news, the United States Agency fo r International Development (USAID) reportedly pledged some USD 90 million over the next five years to the Afghan Higher Education Ministry, according to Wadsam. The funds are to be spent on improving ten universities located in Kabul, Kandahar, Herat, Nangarhar, Balkh and Khost regions. According to the USAID website, the organisations strategy in Afghanistan envisions a reinvigorated higher education system that plays a major role in the emergence of a pluralistic, democratic, and stable society. Additional news regarding economic development in Afghanistan from the last two weeks is summarised below: Afghanistan is currently home to more than 17,200 foreign labourers possessing legal work permits, reports Wadsam. To explain the figures, the Labor and Social Affairs Ministry says that Afghans lack the professional skills required in certain fields, which necessitates the hiring of a foreign labour force. Parliamentarians have criticised the presence of such an unskilled domestic labour force, blaming the state for its failure to provide necessary training to enable the Afghan people to develop relevant professional skills. Afghanistans Finance Minister Hazrat Omar Zakhilwal travel led to New Delhi with a delegation of businessmen to attend the 46th Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) on 02 May, according to Afghan Review. The events theme was Development through Empowerment, and assembled 5,000 policy makers, business leaders, development institution representatives and academics to discuss heightened regional cooperation, with an emphasis on how to achieve sustainable development and economic growth in the region. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met with President Hamid Karzai on 05 May to sign an unconditional aid agreement regarding the establishment of a mining institute in Afghanistan, reports Wadsam. Accompanied by Indias Ambassador to Kabul and the director of Indian transportation company Tata, the officials reportedly discussed Indias role in Afghanistans mining sector.

Governance & Rule of Law

Katerina [email protected]

n April 24, US Secretary of State John Kerry hosted talks between Afghanistan and Pakistan in an effort to ease heightened tensions between the two countries over the border dispute and the stalled peace process, reports The Express Tribune. Following the meeting, Secretary Kerry said that some progress had been made between Afghan President Hamid Karzai and Pakistans Army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani and Foreign Secretary Jalil Abbas Jilani. Nonetheless, the participants declined to disclose details of the talks as they did not want to raise expectations or make any kind of promises that cannot be delivered[] We have all agreed that results are what will tell the story, not statements at a press conference, stated Secretary Kerry. All parties however committed to continuing a dialogue regarding political and security issues. The trilateral meeting came after NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen urged Pakistan to play a constructive role in efforts to secure stability in Afghanistan after the coalition forces withdraw in 2014, reports Khaama Press. According to Rasmussen, peace and stability in Afghanistan will require a positive engagement of Afghanistans neighbours including Pakistan. According to current and former advisers to Afghan President Hamid Karzai, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) provided tens of millions of dollars in cash payment directly to the Afghan presidential palace for more than a decade, reports The New York Times. Khalil Roman, former deputy chief of staff to President Karzai, said We called it ghost money, [i]t came in secret, and it left in secret. According to Karzai, the funds received from the CIA were an easy source of petty cash, with some of it used to pay off members of the Afghan political elite dominated by warlords, adds another New York Times article. Karzai described the act as nothing unusual. He further added that during a meeting with the CIA station chief, he urged not [to] cut all this money, because we really need it [] It has helped us a lot; it has solved lots of our problems. Observers criticised the agency for promoting corruption 07 May 2013 Page 2

at the highest levels of the Afghan government in an attempt to maintain influence at the presidential palace. President Karzai and the US Embassy in Kabul declined to disclose how much cash the presidential palace received from the CIA. Iran also provided regular cash payments to the presidential palace; however, Tehran discontinued its payments after Afghanistan and the US commenced negotiations regarding a strategic partnership deal between the two countries. The British intelligence agency MI6 also reportedly made small payments for special projects, writes The New York Times. Representatives of Afghan opposition political parties accused Afghan President Hamid Karzai of trying to influence the 2014 presidential elections by changing a law governing the Independent Election Commission (IEC) and the Electoral Complaints Commission (ECC), according to Tolo News. The Afghan Parliament approved the law governing the two entities two weeks ago; however, President Karzai returned the law and requested additional changes, including a proposal to form a special electoral court. According to Assadullah Sahadati, a parliamentary member, the establishment of such court would be unconstitutional and authority should be given instead to the ECC. Meanwhile, the IEC warned that further delays in passing the law will make the 2014 presidential election process challenging. In related news, the Wolesi Jirga approved paragraphs 16 and 20 of the fourth article of the election law, reports Tolo News. The former article concerns the quarantine of ballot boxes and the latter the creation of the Electoral Complaints Commission (ECC). The Wolesi Jirga also authorised the Independent Election Commission (IEC) to announce final poll results, adds Afghanistan Times. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of World Press Freedom Day, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) urged political stakeholders in Afghanistan to preserve press freedom which is essential for credible elections, according to a UNAMA statement. Jn Kubi, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Afghanistan noted a vibrant media, with vigorous debate and balanced coverage can help to a greater extent with the transparency and accountability necessary for true democratic participation. Currently, more than 800 newspapers, 175 radio stations and approximately 80 television channels operate in Afghanistan. The Afghan Deputy Minister of Information and Culture, Din Mohammad Mobariz Rashidi, stated expansion of press freedom in Afghanistan has been one of the biggest achievements of the Afghan government in the past decade. Despite the pr ogress, the Afghan media watchdog, NAI, reported a spike in violence against Afghan journalists since the beginning of this year. NAI recorded 40 instances of assault against journalism, a 100 per cent increase compared to last year. A number of other articles related to governance and rule of law appeared over the past two weeks, including those below: Human Rights Watch (HRW) voiced concerns over the sexual abuse of Afghan female police officers and asked the Afghan government to ensure Afghanistans 1,500 female officers are provided with separate and lockable toilets at police stations, rep orts Khaama Press. The HRW statement comes after numerous instances of male officers sexually assaulting female colleagues, and as Afghan Ministry of Interior announces plans to hire 5,000 additional women to Afghan police by the end of 2014. Although Kabuls police chief issued an order that requires police stations to arrange separate facilities for female officers, HRW warns that such orders were disregarded in the past. Director for HRW Asia, Brad Adams, stated This is not just about toilets. Its about the governments recognition that women have a crucial role to play in law enforcement in Afghanistan. The Taliban put forward conditions for the release of foreigners kidnapped after an emergency landing of a helicopter in Logar province, reports Khaama Press. According to the provincial council chief Abdul Wali Wakil, the Taliban insists on the exchange of hostages for Taliban prisoners. However, on-going negotiations with the Taliban have not yet delivered any result. An estimated 200 Afghan girls between the ages of 8 and 22 were reportedly poisoned in Sultan Razia high school in Kabul, reports Tolo News. Students described how they sensed a strange smell and started feeling sick. No group has claimed responsibility for the incident. This comes after more than 59 female-students from Bebee Mariam high school in Takhar province were reportedly poisoned. Afghan president Hamid Karzai issued a decree granting amnesty to a number of prisoners, including women and children, reports Pajhwok Afghan News. However, prisoners charged with terrorist attacks, drug smuggling, robberies, kidnappings, corruption and violence against women are excluded from the remission. According to the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Afghanistan inked a general cooperation agreement with Saudi Arabia, reports Khaama Press. The agreement is aimed at expanding cooperation between the two countries in a variety of areas, including economy, education, technology, culture and others. Meanwhile, president Karzai also signed a partnership agreement with Finish president Sauli Niinisto during his visit to Finland. Under the agreement, Finland pledged to provide around EUR 30 million annually to Afghanistan.

Security & Force Protection

Francois Van [email protected]

fghan border police clashed with Pakistani forces at their countries disputed border in Nangahar province on 02 May leaving one Afghan casualty, reports The New York Times. According to an Afghan border police spokesman, Afghan forces burnt down a newly-built Pakistani border post which, according to Afghan officials, was erected by Pakistan on the Durand Line without Afghan approval. Afghan President Hamid Karzai officially complained about the presence of the new Pakistani military position in the Durand sector last month, reminds Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). For their part, Pakistani officials said that two Pakistani officers were injured during the 02 May clash in what they describe as an unprovoked firing incident ins tigated by the Afghans, to which the Pakistani side reacted with maximum restraint, mentions The New York Times. Mass protests against 07 May 2013 Page 3

Pakistan ensued in the Afghan province of Nangahar, adds RFE/RL. Renewed clashes broke out between Pakistani and Afghan forces on Monday 06 May in the same province, without casualties, while each side blames the other for provoking the fire fight, adds the source. These incidents come after tensions increased between Kabul and Islamabad in the past weeks. Afghan authorities claim that Pakistani forces fired rockets into Kunar province at the end of April, writes Khaama Press. In addition, tensions erupted at the Turkham border gate between Pakistan and Afghanistan on 01 May after an Afghan border policeman insulted his Pakistani counterpart, says the PakTribune. Pakistan closed the gate for two days in reaction, preventing people and goods including NATO supply cargos from crossing, adds the source. Pakistan agreed to reopen the crossing after Afghanistan officially apologised for the incident, reports Tolo News. Meanwhile, Pakistan border officials stated that the borders with Afghanistan will be closed for security reasons from 10 to 12 May while Pakistan holds parliamentary elections, adds Tolo News. US military commanders in Afghanistan acknowledged that Afghan security forces have assumed the lead for most security operations and they are ready to defend the country for the first time during the Talibans upcoming fighting season, reports The Washington Times. Meanwhile, NATO foreign ministers and states contributing to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) pledged to provide long-term support to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), mentions Tolo News. NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen stated that NATO is considering a new mission to continue the provision of training, advisors and assistance to the Afghan national army and police post 2014. Rasmussen also mentions that he expects the ANSF will assume the lead of all security operations in the country very soon. Afghan defence ministry officials on Wednesday announced that the Afghan National Army will take full lead of the military operations across the country within the next two months, reports Khaama Press. According to the same officials, ANSF are currently responsible for 90 per cent of the military operations and the majority of the security responsibilities have been handed over to Afghan troops across the country which are poised to protect 80 per cent of the population, adds the source. Regarding the post-2014 Afghan transition, Kabul signed economic and security assistance agreements with different partner countries, including Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates Bakhtar News, Khaama Press and The Associated Press in separate articles. Regarding US-Afghan bilateral relations, Afghan President Hamid Karzai states that Afghanistan would sign the Bilateral Security Agreement (BSA) only if US authorities guarantee Afghanistans security and pr ovide modern military equipment to the ANSF, says Tolo News. At the same time, the US Assistant Secretary for South and Central Asia, Robert Blake, stated that the US authorities would maintain their presence not only in Afghanistan but in the entire Central Asia region after 2014, reports New Europe. On the expected level of remaining US troops in Afghanistan after 2014, ex-commander of ISAF, General John Allen, stated a smaller US contingent could fulfil its mission although the General had initially recommended maintaining around 13,000 US personnel in the country, says USA Today. Allen added that this scenario would require additional assistance from the coalition. The Pentagon is accelerating the transfer and deployment of mortars and artillery to the ANSF to compensate for the loss of US air support in the country due to downsizing and while the Afghan air force is not expected to be fully operational until 2016 at the earliest, reports USA Today. The loss of the US air power will be a challenge for the Afghan forces, stresses the source, which concerns the Afghan commanders. Former ISAF commander General Allen stated that mortars, artillery and helicopter gunships (Mi-17 or Mi-35 mounted rockets and machine guns) would provide Afghan forces with quick access to their own firepower, highlights USA Today. Air Force General Polumbo, the top coalition air comma nder, stated that Afghanistans main close air support plane, the A -29 Super Tucano, will not be deployed in the country before mid -2014. General Allen explained that the additional firepower would be integrated into small units for rapid response. Meanwhile, the NATO Secretary General stated that the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) agreed to extend the second phase of the Trust Fund in support of the Afghan Air Force development, reports Khaama Press. According to the Secretary General, the Trust Fund can support various activities, such as the training of technicians, maintenance of the large Afghan 47-helicopter force, and development of the air medical evacuation capability. For the present, NATO has determined that Afghan pilots will be trained at Shindand Air Base the only training centre for the Afghan Air forces, explains Tolo News. There are currently 300 international trainers collaborating with the Afghan Air Force, says Tolo News in a separate report. Officials of the Afghan Ministry of Counter-Narcotics stated that the Afghan forces suffered heavy casualties during a country-wide opium eradication operation, says Khaama Press. According to official Afghan reports, the counter narcotics operation launched approximately 40 days ago in Farah , Helmand, Herat, Kandahar, Kunar and Laghman, provinces has so far left 131 ANSF personnel dead, adds the source. The campaign has been launched in The eradication campaign continues in Nangarhar and Badghis provinces while the process will commence shortly in the other provinces, including Baghlan, Faryab and Badakhshan. Only approximately five to six thousand hectares of land have been cleared from opium cultivation despite original plans by the Afghan counter-narcotics ministry to clear fifteen thousand hectares, explains Khaama Press. The Taliban announced the official start of their spring offensive against the Afghan authorities and the international forces deployed in the country, stresses Al Jazeera. The UN envoy to Afghanistan, Jan Kubis, stated that civilian casualties rose by nearly 30 per cent in the first three months of the year, calling the situation a troubling rise in violence, reports The Washington Post. The UN also urged the Taliban to stop using child suicide bombers and civilians as targets.

07 May 2013

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Social & Strategic Infrastructure

Rainer [email protected]

urkmen president Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov stressed the need to intensify work toward the practical realisation of the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline, writes Trend. The TAPI project is a key aspect of Turkmen energy policy. However, the country is still unwilling to give up a stake in its gas fields to potential investors, the major obstacle in attracting international oil and gas companies to the project, reports businessneweurope. Major oil investors attended road shows held in London, New York and Singapore last autumn, but the lack of access to the Turkmen hydrocarbons fields was cited as the main reason for the flop. An Indian government official said [Turkmenistan is] quietly working with international oil companies to work a way around the question of upstream stake. Allegedly, the same official claimed they have passed a law after the Chinese were given a stake and this now does not allow them to give a stake to anybody else in the gas fields. Turkmenistan remains secretive over agreements in the oil and gas sector, but reportedly in 2007, Chinas state-owned oil company was given the rights to develop Bagtyyarlyk gas fields, which supplies the Central Asia-China gas pipeline. India is pushing for a similar level of commitment to prevent compromising the massive financial commitment needed to build the TAPI. At the same time, India has started conversations to rejoin the Iran-Pakistan (IP) gas pipeline, highlights The Nation. Currently, the Indian government is holding talks with the Iranian and US governments to review anti-Iran sanctions. India abandoned the project in 2009 due to discrepancies over the transit fees Pakistan was demanding and security concerns in some of the areas the gas pipeline will traverse. On 30 April, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) released its 2013 Quarterly Report to Congress. The investigation carried out by SIGAR found that two hospitals in Gardez and Khair Khot in Paktiya and Paktika provinces, respectively, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) may not be sustainable for the Afghanistan government. The two hospitals will have operating costs five times larger than the hospitals they are replacing; for instance, Gardezs new hospital is twelve times larger than the old facility. SIGAR points out that USAID did not assess the ability by the Afghan Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) to operate and maintain the new hospitals once they were completed. Likewise, the construction of the hospital began one year before USAID could coordinate the final design plans with the MoPH. As a result, the MoPH has indicated that they will not be able to fund the operation and maintenance costs of this new infrastructure. SIGAR also found that some provincial hospitals are facing staffing shortages of key medical positions. Accordingly, SIGAR recommends that USAID develop a plan for making optimum use of Gardez and Khair Kot hospitals, then establish and monitor milestones for achieving the minimum and advised staffing levels. Afghanistans railway projects will be a key factor for the countrys development after the withdra wal of international troops, discusses an article from Trend. Projects aimed at the integration of Afghanistan in the Central Asian railway network are actively supported by the United States. Successful integration will provide Afghanistan access to markets in neighbouring countries and beyond the region. Another relevant project is the construction of the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan railway. The railway will be integrated with a large regional rail system in Central Asia (near-term) and Iran and China (long-term). On the Turkmen side of the border, the design of the Atamyrat-Imamnazar section is complete and construction commenced. On the Afghan side, the feasibility study was recently completed and the construction will begin in less than four months. Tajikistan has appealed the Asian Development Bank to build their portion of the project. A recent article in Forbes reviews the history of Roshan, Afghanistans largest telecommunications provider. After thirty years of conflict resulting in dilapidated infrastructure, widespread insecurity, corruption and poverty, Roshan entered the country to drive reconstruction and development with mobile technology. CEO Karim Khoja says Roshan is pioneering a business model breaks down the traditional distinctions between profit and non-profit and between social contribution and commercial success adding that companies must jettison the old paradigms of corporate philanthropy and social responsibility, where social benefit is often disconnected from commercial operations and realities. There are currently 21.5 million customers nationwide, a tremendous growth considering that most Afghans did not have access to mobile phones in 2003. Directly and indirectly through the multiplier effect, the company has created more than 30,000 jobs in Afghanistan. In addition, mobile products and services created an ecosystem that supports public institutions, and entrepreneurs such as M-Paisa which pays the Afghan National Police wages via mobile phone thus avoiding intermediaries fees. Also, mobile financial services allow women entrepreneurs to obtain microloans. A number of other social and strategic infrastructure issues emerged over the past two weeks, including those summarised below: The German International Cooperation Agency (GIZ) handed over two energy projects to the Afghan Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW), reports Wadsam. The new energy schemes will provide electricity for 26,000 residents within 28 villages in Badakhshan province. The two projects cost EUR 3.2 million and will be managed by Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat. The immediate benefits of these projects are not only supplying electricity to Afghan households but also boosting trade and economic activities. The Bangi River Bank Protection Wall project, which was inaugurated on 02 May 2013, will benefit more than 4,000 residents of the Bangi district in Takhar province, writes Wadsam. The project will protect an area of around 200 hectares and will enable the irrigation of farmland for more than 700 families. In addition, the project, implemented by the GIZ, will also protect 300 residential houses from floods. The World Bank will fund the construction of a dam in Kunar River, says Wadsam. The dam will meet the energy needs of the region with a capacity of 4MW. In addition, the MEW has appealed the World Bank to cooperate in the construction of Shahtoot 07 May 2013 Page 5

dam, highlights Wadsam, at a cost of USD 250 to 300 million. The Shahtoot dam would provide water for 2 million of residents in Kabul as well as irrigation for more than 4,000 hectares of land. Recent Readings & Resources Health Services in Afghanistan: Two New USAID-Funded Hospitals May Not Be Sustainable and Existing Hospitals Are Facing Shortages in Some Key Medical Positions, Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, May 2013. Afghanistan Opium Survey 2012, UNODC, May 2013. Afghanistan Price Bulleting March 2013, FEWS NET, April 2013. Mine Action Programme of Afghanistan Newsletter: March 2013 , Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan.

Recent Maps Afghanistan: Districts Affected by Natural Disasters (1 January 29 April 2013), OCHA, April 2013. Afghanistan: Food Security and Agriculture Cluster Coverage (First Quarter 2013) , World Food Programme, May 2013. Afghanistan: Who Does What Where Cash Support (First Quarter 2013), World Food Programme, May 2013. Afghanistan: Who Does What Where Food Distribution (First Quarter 2013), World Food Programme, May 2013. Afghanistan: Earthquake Affected Districts, OCHA, April 2013.

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