Definition: A participle is a word formed from a verb that can function as part of a verb phrase.

There are two participles: The present participle and the past participle. They can both be used as
adjectives.
Present participle
The present participle is formed by adding "-ing" to the base form of a verb. It is used in:
i. Continuous or Progressive verb forms
 I'm leaving in five minutes.
 The girl is swimming
ii. As an adjective
 A dying man
 Your mother is a charming person
iii. As a gerund
 He is afraid of flying.
Note the exceptions in spelling when adding "ing":
Exception Example
come ?coming
Final e dropped (but: ee is not changed)
agree - agreeing
Final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled sit ?sitting
Final consonant l after vowel is always doubled (in British English) travel ?travelling
Final ie becomes y lie ?lying

Past participle
The past participle is formed by adding "-ed" to the base form, unless it is an irregular verb. It is
used:
i. As an adjective
 A tired group
 Spoken words cannot be revoked.
ii. With the auxiliary verb "have" to form the perfect aspect
 The gas station has closed
 They've just arrived.
iii. With the verb "be" to form the passive
 He was robbed a couple of days ago.
 The letter was written.
Note the following exceptions in spelling when adding "ed":
Exceptions when adding ed Example
after a final e, only add d love ?loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit ?admitted
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel ?travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ?hurried

30. 분 사
1. 현재분사
<동사원형 + ?ing>의 형태로 다음과 같은 여러 가지 역할을 한다.

⑴ 명사 수식
현재분사는 단독으로 명사 앞에서, 다른 구문을 끌고 나올 때는 명사 뒤에서
수식한다.
* He ran into the burning house. <단독으로 꾸민다>
(그는 불타고 있는 집으로 달려갔다)
* The girl playing the piano is my sister.
<playing 이 the piano 를 끌고 나와서 뒤에서 꾸민다>
(피아노를 치고 있는 그 소녀가 내 누이다)
<주의> 현재분사가 명사를 수식할 때는 능동의 뜻이 된다.
* Look at the boy running along the street. <소년이 달리고 있다:능동의
관계>

⑵ 진행형
① 현재진행형 <be 동사의 현재(am, are, is)+R?ing> <∼하고 있다>
* She is playing tennis with her friends.
(그녀는 친구들과 함께 테니스를 하고 있다.)
② 과거진행형 <be 동사의 과거(was, were)+R?ing> <∼하고 있다>
* He was swimming in the river. (그는 강에서 수영을 하고 있었다)
③ 미래진행형 <will be+R?ing> <∼하고 있을 것이다>
* He will be writing a letter tomorrow. (그는 내일 편지를 쓰고 있을 것이다)
<주의> 왕래나 발착을 나타내는 동사(come, go, start, leave)는 진행형으로 가
까운
미래를 나타낸다. * He is coming tonight.(그는 오늘밤 올 것이다)

⑶ 보어 역할
① 주격보어 (∼하면서)
* He sat reading a book. <He→reading 의 동작을 한다>
 (그는 책을 읽으면서 앉아 있었다.)
② 목적격보어 (∼하고 있는 것을)
* I saw him crossing the bridge. <지각동사+목적어+R?ing>
(나는 그가 다리를 건너는 것을 보았다)
I found her washing the dishes. <find+목적어+R?ing>
(나는 그녀가 설거지하는 것을 보았다)
He kept me waiting for an hour. <keep+목적어+R?ing>
(그는 나를 1 시간 동안 기다리게 하였다)

2. 과거분사 동사의 과거분사형(동사원형+-ed, 불규칙변화)으로 다음과 같은 모양

과
역할을 한다.

(1) 과거분사의 형태
① 규칙적 변화
* want-wanted-wanted (대부분의 동사)
study-studied-studied (자음 +y 자음 +-ied)
stop-stopped-stopped (모음+자음??자음을 한 번 더 쓴다.)
② 불규칙적 변화
㉮ (A-B-C 형)
* begin-began-begun break-broke-broken do-did-done go-went-gone
㉯ (A-B-B 형)
* buy-bought-bought find-found-found teach-taught-taught get-got-
got
㉰ (A-A-A 형)
* cut-cut-cut put-put-put set-set-set read[ri?d]-read[red]-
read[red]

(2) 과거분사의 역할
① 명사 수식 「∼된, ∼되어진」 이 수동의 뜻으로 명사 앞과 뒤에서 수식한다.
 * Look at that broken window. 창문은 ∼에 의해 깨어진 것이므로 수동의 관
계
(저 깨진 창문을 보아라)
I have a camera made in Korea. made 가 in Korea 를 끌고와서 뒤에서 수
식
(나는 한국에서 만든 카메라를 가지고 있다.)
I receive a letter written in English. (영어로 쓰여진 편지를 받았다)
② 수동태 <be 동사 +과거분사>
* The work will be done by him. (그 일은 그에 의해 행해질 것이다)
③ 현재완료 <have(has)+과거분사>
* I have been sick since last Sunday. (나는 지난 일요일 이후로 죽 아파왔다)
④ 주격보어 <∼해진 채로, ∼되어진 채로>
* He sat surrounded by the children. <He??둘러싸여 있다.>
(그는 아이들에 둘러싸여 앉아 있었다)
⑤ 목적격보어 <∼해진 것을, ∼되어진 것을>
* He heard his name called. <지각동사+목적어+과거분사>
(그는 그의 이름이 불리워지는 것을 들었다)
I had my watch stolen in the bus. <have+목적어+과거분사> (손해:당하
다)
(나는 버스에서 시계를 도난당했다)
I had my audio mended. <have+목적어+과거분사> (이익:시키다)
(나는 내 오디오가 고쳐지도록 시켰다)

41. 분 사

1. 현재분사
⑴ 진행형 be 동사+현재분사
* A lion is sleeping. (사자가 잠자고 있는 중이다)
⑵ 명사 수식 명사 앞 또는 뒤에서 수식한다.
* Look at the singing birds. <명사 앞>
 (노래하는 새들을 보아라)
Who is that boy talking with your mother? <명사 뒤>
(너의 어머니와 이야기하고 있는 저 소년은 누구니?)
<주의>현재분사가 명사를 뒤에서 수식하는 경우, 명사와 분사 사이에 <관계대명
사+be 동사>가 생략되어 있다.
* The girl (who is) drawing a picture is my sister.
⑶ 보어 주격보어 또는 목적격보어로 쓰인다.
* He came running to meet us. <주격보어>
(그는 우리를 만나려고 달려왔다)
We saw them playing tennis. <목적격보어>
(우리는 그들이 테니스를 하고 있는 것을 보았다)
⑷ 동명사와 현재분사의 구분 <동사의 -ing 형>이 목적이나 용도를 나타내어
명사적으로 쓰일 경우는 <동명사>가 되고, <∼하고 있는>의 뜻으로 동작의 진행
을
의미하면 <현재분사>이다.
* a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping <동명사>
<침낭 (잠자기 위한 주머니)>
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping <현재분사>
<잠자고 있는 아기>

2. 과거 분사
⑴ 수동태 be 동사+과거분사
* The book is opened by me. (그 책은 나에 의해 펼쳐진다)
⑵ 완료형 have+과거분사
* I have read the book before. (나는 전에 그 책을 읽는 적이 있다)
⑶ 명사 수식 명사 앞 또는 뒤에서 수식한다.
* There is a broken chair by the window. (명사 뒤)
(나는 영어로 쓰여진 편지를 받았다)
⑷ 보어 주격보어 또는 목적격보어로 쓰인다.
* He went satisfied. <주격보어>
 (그는 만족해서 갔다)
I had my watch stolen. <목적격보어> (나는 나의 시계를 도난당했다)
- 67 -
3. 분사구문 종속절의 접속사와 주어를 생략하고, 동살르 현재분사 (∼ing)로 고쳐
서
문장을 간단하게 만든 것을 <분사구문>이라 한다.
┌───<종속절>───┐ ┌─<주절>─┐
* When he walked along the bridge, he saw a bobby.
〈생략〉 ↓〈분사화〉
Walking along the bridge, he saw a bobby.

⑴ 분사구문의 용법
① 때 (∼할 때, ∼하는 동안, ∼한 후에)
* Seeing the dog, the ran away.
→ When he saw the dog, he ran away.
② 원인·이유 (∼하기 때문에)
* (Being) Tried, she took a rest for a while.
→ As she was tired, she took a rest for a while.
(그녀는 피곤했기 때문에 잠시 동안 쉬었다)
<주의> be 동사의 보어가 과거분사일 때 being 은 생략할 수 있다.
③ 조건 (∼한다면)
* Turning to the right, you will find the shop.
→ If you turn to the right, you will find the shop.
(오른쪽으로 돌면 너는 그 가게를 발견할 것이다)
④ 양보 (∼하지만)
* Being rich, he is not happy.
→ Though he is rich, he is not happy.
(부자이지만 그는 행복하지 않다)
⑤ 부대상황 (∼하면서)
* Listening to music, he did his homework.
→ While he listened to music, he did his homework.
(음악을 들으면서 그는 숙제를 했다)
⑥ 연속 (and 로 연결)
* He sat on the chair, beginning to read a book.
 → He sat on the chair, and he began to read a book.
(그는 의자에 앉아서 책을 읽기 시작했다)

⑵ 독립분사구문 종속절의 주어가 주절과 다를 때 주어를 생략하지 않는다.

* If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
→ It being fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
(내일 날씨가 좋으면 우리는 소풍을 갈 것이다)
⑶ 비인칭 독립분사구문
종속절의 주어가 주절과 다를지라도 we, you, they 등 일반적인 사람을 나타낼 때
주어를 생략한다.
* Frankly speaking, that is not correct.
→ If we speak frankly, that is not correct.
(솔직히 말하면 저것은 옳지 않다)
Generally speaking, this is wrong.
→ If we speak generally. this is wrong.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/6
27/02/

Participles
A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed. The term
verbal indicates that a participle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and
therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since they function as adjectives,
participles modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of participles: present participles and
past participles. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in
the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen.
• The crying baby had a wet diaper.

• Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.

• The burning log fell off the fire.

• Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.

A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and the modifier(s) and/or
(pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or
complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the participle, such as:

Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack.

Removing (participle)
his coat (direct object of action expressed in participle)

Delores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline.

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying cousin.

walking (participle)
along the shoreline (prepositional phrase as adverb)

Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills.

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying children.

introduced (to) (participle)
music (direct object of action expressed in participle)
early (adverb)

Having been a gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise.

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Lynn.

Having been (participle)
a gymnast (subject complement for Lynn, via state of being expressed in participle)
Placement: In order to prevent confusion, a participial phrase must be placed as close to the
noun it modifies as possible, and the noun must be clearly stated.
• Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step. *

• Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot on a step.

In the first sentence there is no clear indication of who or what is performing the action expressed
in the participle carrying. Certainly foot can't be logically understood to function in this way. This
situation is an example of a dangling modifier error since the modifier (the participial phrase) is
not modifying any specific noun in the sentence and is thus left "dangling." Since a person must be
doing the carrying for the sentence to make sense, a noun or pronoun that refers to a person must
be in the place immediately after the participial phrase, as in the second sentence.
Punctuation: When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should be placed after the
phrase.
• Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed.

• Washing and polishing the car, Frank developed sore muscles.

If the participle or participial phrase comes in the middle of a sentence, it should be set off with
commas only if the information is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
• Sid, watching an old movie, drifted in and out of sleep.

• The church, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt.

Note that if the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no commas should
be used:
• The student earning the highest grade point average will receive a special award.

• The guy wearing the chicken costume is my cousin.

If a participial phrase comes at the end of a sentence, a comma usually precedes the phrase if it
modifies an earlier word in the sentence but not if the phrase directly follows the word it modifies.
• The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets.
(The phrase modifies Ken, not residents.)
• Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence.
(The phrase modifies Tom, not woman.)

Points to remember
1. A participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n (past) that
functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.
2. A participial phrase consists of a participle plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or
complement(s).
3. Participles and participial phrases must be placed as close to the nouns or pronouns
they modify as possible, and those nouns or pronouns must be clearly stated.
4. A participial phrase is set off with commas when it:
○ a) comes at the beginning of a sentence
○ b) interrupts a sentence as a nonessential element
○ c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the word it modifies.