Prague

Prague
Prague Czech: Praha

Montage of Prague

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae (Prague, Head of the State; Latin)

Prague
Coordinates: 5005N 1425E Country Founded Government Mayor Area [1] 496km2 (192sqmi) 399m (1,309ft) [2][3] Bohuslav Svoboda (ODS) Czech Republic c. 885

City Highestelevation Population (2011-09-30)

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2
City Density Metro Time zone Summer(DST) Postal code NUTS code GDP/capita (PPP) Website Statistics statnisprava.cz [6] 1,262,106 2,500/km2 (6,600/sqmi) 2,300,000 CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) 1xx xx CZ01 42,800(PPS) (2007) praha.eu [5] [4]

Prague ( /pr/; Czech: Praha pronounced[praa]( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the fourteenth-largest city in the European Union.[7] It is also the historical capital of Bohemia proper. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3million people, while its larger urban zone is estimated to have a population of nearly 2million.[3] The city has a temperate oceanic climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100-year existence. Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic and Renaissance eras, Prague was not only the capital of the Czech state, but also the seat of two Holy Roman Emperors and thus then also the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.[8][9] It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire and after World War I became the capital of Czechoslovakia. The city played major roles in the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, and in 20th-century history, during both World Wars and the post-war Communist era.

Prague Astronomical Clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still working.

Prague is home to a number of famous cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence and destruction of twentieth century Europe. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square, the Jewish Quarter, the Lennon Wall, and Petn hill. Since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city boasts more than ten major museums, along with numerous theatres, galleries, cinemas, and other historical exhibits. A modern public transportation system connects the city. Also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University. Prague is classified as a Beta+ global city according to GaWC studies, comparable to Berlin, Rome, or Houston. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city receives more than 4.1million international visitors annually, as of 2009. In 2011, Prague was the sixth-most-visited city in Europe.[10][11][12]

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History
During the thousand years of its existence, the city grew from a settlement stretching from Prague Castle in the north to the fort of Vyehrad in the south, becoming the multicultural capital of a modern European state, the Czech Republic, a member state of the European Union.

Early history
The area on which Prague was founded was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. Around 200 BC the Celts established an oppidum (settlement) in the south, now called Zvist. By the end of the 1st century BC, the population was composed mostly of the Marcomanni (and possibly the Suebi), a Germanic people. In the 6th century AD, during the great migration period following the collapse of the Roman empire, the Marcomanni people migrated westwards or were assimilated into the invading West Slavic people. According to legends, Prague was founded by the Czech duchess and prophetess Libue and her husband, Pemysl, founder of the dynasty of A view of one of the bridge towers of the Charles Bridge the same name. By the year 800 there was a simple fort fortified with wooden buildings, occupying about two-thirds of the area that is now Prague Castle.[13] The first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885.[14] The other Prague fort, the Pemyslid fort Vyehrad[15] was founded in the 10th century, some 70 years later than Prague Castle. Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century. The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia. Under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973. Until Prague was elevated to archbishopric in 1344, it was under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Mainz. Prague was an important seat for trading where merchants from all of Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the Hispano-Jewish merchant and traveller Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub. The Old New Synagogue of 1270 still stands. Prague contained an important slave market.[16] At the site of the ford in the Vltava river, King Vladislaus II had the first bridge built in 1170, the Judith Bridge (Juditin most), named in honor of his wife Judith of Thuringia. This bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1342. Some of the original foundation stones of that bridge remain. In 1257, under King Ottokar II, Mal Strana ("Lesser Quarter") was founded in Prague on the site of an older village in what would become the Hradany (Prague Castle) area. This was the district of the German people, who had the right to administer the law autonomously, pursuant to Magdeburg rights. The new district was on the bank opposite of the Star Msto ("Old Town"), which had borough status and was bordered by a line of walls and fortifications.

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The era of Charles IV

Prague flourished during the 14th-century reign (13461378) of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Bohemia of the new Luxembourg dynasty. As King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, he transformed Prague into an imperial capital and it was at that time the third-largest city in Europe (after Rome and Constantinople). He ordered the building of the New Town (Nov Msto) adjacent to the Old Town and laid out the design himself. The Charles Bridge, replacing the Judith Bridge destroyed in the flood just prior to his reign, was erected to connect the right bank districts to the Mal Strana and castle area. On 9 July 1357 at 5:31am, Charles IV personally laid the first foundation stone for the Charles Bridge. The exact time of laying the first foundation stone is known because the palindromic number 135797531 was carved into the Old Town bridge tower having been chosen by the royal astrologists and numerologists as the best time for starting the bridge construction.[17] In 1347, he founded Charles University, which remains the oldest university in Central Europe. He began construction of the Gothic Saint Vitus Cathedral, within the largest of the Prague Castle courtyards, on the site of the Romanesque rotunda there. Prague was elevated to an archbishopric in 1344, the year the cathedral was begun. The city had a mint and was a centre of trade for German and Italian bankers and merchants. The social order, however, became more turbulent due to the rising power of the craftsmen's guilds (themselves often torn by internal fights), and the increasing number of poor people.
The precious Czech Crown Jewels are the fourth oldest in Europe

St. Vitus Cathedral at Hradany

The Hunger Wall, a substantial fortification wall south of Mal Strana and the Castle area, was built during a famine in the 1360s. The work is reputed to have been ordered by Charles IV as a means of providing employment and food to the workers and their families. Charles IV died in 1378. During the reign of his son, King Wenceslaus IV (13781419), a period of intense turmoil ensued. During Easter 1389, members of the Prague clergy announced that Jews had desecrated the host (Eucharistic wafer) and the clergy encouraged mobs to pillage, ransack and burn the Jewish quarter. Nearly the entire Jewish population of Prague (3,000 people) perished.[18][19] Jan Hus, a theologian and rector at the Charles University, preached in Prague. In 1402, he began giving sermons in the Bethlehem Chapel. Inspired by John Wycliffe, these sermons focused on what were seen as radical reforms of a corrupt Church. Having become too dangerous for the political and religious establishment, Hus was summoned to the Council of Constance, put on trial for heresy, and burned at the stake in Constanz in 1415.

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Four years later Prague experienced its first defenestration, when the people rebelled under the command of the Prague priest Jan elivsk. Hus' death, coupled with Czech proto-nationalism and proto-Protestantism, had spurred the Hussite Wars. Peasant rebels, led by the general Jan ika, along with Hussite troops from Prague, defeated King Sigismund, in the Battle of Vtkov Hill. During the Hussite Wars when the City of Prague was attacked by "Crusader" and mercenary forces, the city militia fought bravely under the Prague Banner. It was later captured by Swedish troops on their raid in 1649 and eventually placed in the Royal Military Museum in Stockholm; although this flag still exists, it is in very poor condition.

Coat of arms of Prague

This swallow-tailed banner is approximately 4 by 6 feet, with a red field sprinkled with small white fleurs-de-lis, and a silver old Town Coat-of-Arms in the center. The words "PN BUH POMOC NASSE" (The Lord is our Relief) appeared above the coat-of-arms, with a Hussite chalice centered on the top. Near the swallow-tails is a crescent shaped golden sun with rays protruding. When the banner was first made and used is open for debate, but earliest evidence indicates that a gonfaion with a municipal charge painted on it was used for Old Town as early as 1419. Since this city militia flag was in use before 1477 and during the Hussite Wars, it is the oldest still preserved municipal flag of Bohemia. In the following two centuries, Prague strengthened its role as a merchant city. Many noteworthy Gothic buildings[20] were erected and Vladislav Hall of the Prague Castle was added.

Habsburg era
In 1526, the Bohemian estates elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg. The fervent Catholicism of its members was to bring them into conflict in Bohemia, and then in Prague, where Protestant ideas were gaining popularity.[21] These problems were not pre-eminent under Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, elected King of Bohemia in 1576, who chose Prague as his home. He lived in the Prague Castle, where his court welcomed not only astrologers and magicians but also Prague panorama in 1650 scientists, musicians, and artists. Rudolf was an art lover too, and Prague became the capital of European culture. This was a prosperous period for the city: famous people living there in that age include the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johann Kepler, the painter Arcimboldo, the alchemists Edward Kelley and John Dee, the poetess Elizabeth Jane Weston, and others. In 1618, the famous second defenestration of Prague provoked the Thirty Years' War, a particularly harsh period for Prague and the Bohemia. Ferdinand II of Habsburg was deposed, and his place as King of Bohemia taken by Frederick V, Elector Palatine; however the Czech Army under him was crushed in the Battle of White Mountain (1620) not far from the city. Following this in 1621 was an execution of 27 Czech leaders (involved in the uprising) in Old Town Square and the exiling of many others. The city suffered subsequently during the war under Saxon (1631) and Battle of Prague (1648).[22] Prague began a steady decline which reduced the population from the 60,000 it had had in the years before the war to 20,000. In the second half of the 17th century Prague's population began to grow again. Jews have been in Prague since the end of the 10th century and, by 1708, they accounted for about a quarter of Prague's population.[23]

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In 1689, a great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city. In 171314, a major outbreak of plague hit Prague one last time, killing 12,000 to 13,000 people.[24] The economic rise continued through the 18th century, and the city in 1771 had 80,000 inhabitants. Many of these were rich merchants and nobles who enriched the city with a host of palaces, churches and gardens full of art and music, creating a Baroque style renowned throughout the world. After the Battle of Prague in 1757 the city was badly damaged during a Prussian bombardment.[25] In 1784, under Joseph II, the four municipalities of Mal Strana, Nov Msto, Star Msto, and Hradany were merged into a single entity. The Jewish district, called Josefov, was included only in 1850. The Industrial Revolution had a strong effect in Prague, as factories could take advantage of the coal mines and ironworks of the nearby region. A first suburb, Karln, was created in 1817, and twenty years later the population exceeded 100,000.

Stiassny's Jubilee Synagogue built in 1906 is the largest in Prague

The revolutions that shocked all Europe around 1848 touched Prague too, but they were fiercely suppressed. In the following years the Czech national movement began its rise, until it gained the majority in the town council in 1861. Prague had a German-speaking majority in 1848, but by 1880 the number of German speakers had decreased to 14% (42,000), and by 1910 to 6.7% (37,000), due to a massive increase of the city's overall population caused by the influx of Czechs from the rest of Bohemia and Moravia and also due to the rise of the social status of the Czech language, ethnic mixing and assimilation.[26]

20th century
The First Republic World War I ended with the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the creation of Czechoslovakia. Prague was chosen as its capital and Prague Castle as the seat of president (Tom Masaryk). At this time Prague was a true European capital with highly developed industry. By 1930, the population had risen to 850,000. Second World War Hitler ordered the German Army to enter Prague on 15 March 1939 Prague liberated by Red Army in May 1945 and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate. For most of its history Prague had been a multi-ethnic city with important Czech, German and (mostly Czech- and/or German-speaking) Jewish populations. From 1939, when the country was occupied by Nazi Germany, and during World War II, most Jews were deported and killed by the Germans. In 1942, Prague was witness to the assassination of one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany Reinhard Heydrich during Operation Anthropoid, accomplished by Czech national heroes Jozef Gabk and Jan Kubi. Hitler ordered bloody reprisals. At the end of the war Prague suffered several bombing raids by the USAAF. Over 1,000 people were injured, 701 people were killed, and hundreds of buildings, factories and historical landmarks were destroyed (however, the damage was small compared to the total destruction of many other cities in that time).[27] On 5 May 1945, four days before Germany capitulated, an uprising against Germany occurred. Four days later the 3rd Shock Army entered the city. The majority of the German population either fled or was expelled by the Bene decrees in the aftermath of the war. Cold War

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Prague was a city in the territory of military and political control of the Soviet Union (see Iron Curtain). The 4th Czechoslovakian Writers' Congress held in the city in 1967 took a strong position against the regime. This spurred the new secretary of the Communist Party, Alexander Dubek, to proclaim a new deal in his city's and country's life, starting the short-lived season of the "socialism with a human face". It was the "Prague Spring", which aimed at the renovation of institutions in a democratic way. The other Warsaw Pact member countries reacted with the invasion of Czechoslovakia and the capital on 21 August 1968 by tanks, suppressing any attempt at reform. Era after the Velvet Revolution

Prague skyscrapers at Pankrc

In 1989, after the riot police beat back a peaceful student demonstration, the Velvet Revolution crowded the streets of Prague, and the Czechoslovak capital benefited greatly from the new mood. In 1993, after the split of Czechoslovakia, Prague became the capital city of the new Czech Republic. In the late 1990s Prague again became an important cultural centre of Europe and was notably influenced by globalisation. In 2000 anti-globalisation protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turned violent during the IMF and World Bank summits. In 2002 Prague suffered from widespread floods that damaged buildings and also its underground transport system. Prague launched a bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics,[28] but failed to make the candidate city shortlist. Due to low political support, Prague's officials chose in June 2009 to cancel the city's planned bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics as well.[29]

Etymology and other names

The name Prague is derived from an old Slavic root, praga, which means "ford", referring to the city's origin at a crossing point of the Vltava river. The native name of the city, Praha, however, is also related to the modern Czech word prh (threshold) and a legendary etymology connects the name of the city with princess Libue, prophetess and a wife of mythical founder of the Pemyslid dynasty. She is said to have ordered the city "to be built where a man hews a threshold of his house".[30] The Czech prh Bridges over the Vltava river, as seen from Letn might thus be understood to refer to rapids or a cataract in the river, the edge of which could have acted as a means of fording the river thus providing a "threshold" to the castle. However, no geological ridge in the river has ever been located directly beneath the castle. The same etymology is associated with the Praga district of Warsaw.[31] Another derivation of the name Praha is suggested from na praz, the original term for the shale hillside rock upon which the original castle was built. At that time, the castle was surrounded by forests, covering the nine hills of the future city the Old Town on the opposite side of the river, as well as the Lesser Town beneath the existing castle, appeared only later.[32] Nicknames for Prague have included: Praga mater urbium/Praha matka mst ("Prague Mother of Cities") in Latin/Czech, Stovat Praha ("City of a Hundred Spires") based on count by 19 century mathematician Bernard Bolzano. Today's count is estimated at 500.[33] Other nicknames: Zlat msto/Goldene Stadt ("Golden City") in Czech/German.[34]

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Main sights
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Prague has become one of the world's most popular tourist destinations. It is the sixth-most-visited European city after London, Paris, Rome, Madrid and Berlin.[35] Prague suffered considerably less damage during World War II than some other major cities in the region, allowing most of its historic architecture to stay true to form. It contains one of the world's most pristine and varied collections of architecture, from Art Nouveau to Baroque, Renaissance, Cubist, Gothic, Neo-Classical and ultra-modern. Some popular sights include:

Wenceslas Square

Hradany and Lesser Town (Mal Strana)

Prague Castle with the St. Vitus Cathedral which store the Czech Crown Jewels The picturesque Charles Bridge (Karlv Most) The Baroque Saint Nicholas Church Church of Our Lady Victorious and Infant Jesus of Prague Psek Gate, the last preserved city gate of Baroque fortification Petn Hill with Petn Lookout Tower, Mirror Maze and Petn funicular Lennon Wall The Franz Kafka Museum

Miluni and Gehry's Dancing House

Old Town (Star Msto) and Josefov

The Astronomical Clock (Orloj) on Old Town City Hall The Gothic Church of Our Lady before Tn (Kostel Matky Bo ped Tnem) from 14th century with 80 m high towers The vaulted Gothic Old New Synagogue (Staronov Synagoga) of 1270 Old Jewish Cemetery Powder Tower (Pran brna) a Gothic tower of the old city gates Spanish Synagogue with its beautiful interior Old Town Square (Staromstsk nmst) with gothic and baroque architectural styles Municipal House, a major civic landmark and concert hall known for its Art Nouveau architectural style and political history in the Czech Republic. Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague, with an extensive collections including glass, furniture, textile, toys, Art Nouveau, Cubism and Art Deco Clam-Gallas Palace, a baroque palace from 1713

Franz Kafka monument in the Dusni Street, next to the Spanish synagogue, sculptor Jaroslav Rona

New Town (Nov msto)

Busy and historic Wenceslas Square The National Museum with large scientific and historical collections

Prague The National Theatre, a neo-Renaissance building with golden roof, alongside the banks of the Vltava River The Dancing House (Fred and Ginger Building) Charles Square, the largest medieval square in Europe The Emmaus monastery and WW Memorial "Prague for his winning children" at Palacky Square (Palackho nmst) The museum of the Heydrich assassination in the crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius Stiassny's Jubilee Synagogue is the largest in Prague The Mucha Museum, showcasing the Art Nouveau works of Alfons Mucha

Vinohrady and ikov

Jan ika large bronze equestrian statue in Vtkov Park, ikov Prague 3 Saint Ludmila Church at Nmst Mru (Peace Square) in Vinohrady ikov Television Tower with crawling babies sculptures New Jewish Cemetery in Olany, location of Franz Kafka's grave Prague 3 The Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Church at George of Podbrady Square (Jiho z Podbrad)

Other places
Vyehrad Castle with Vyehrad cemetery and Prague oldest Rotunda of St. Martin The Prague Metronome at Letn park, a giant, functional metronome that looms over the city Prague Zoo in Troja, selected as the seventh-best zoo in the world by Forbes magazine[36] Prmyslov Palace, Kik's Light Fountain, Lunapark funfair and Sea World Aquarium in Vstavit compound in Holeovice Letohrdek Hvzda (Star Villa) in Liboc, a villa in the shape of a six-pointed star surrounded by a game reserve Veletrn Palace with large collection of Czech and international paintings and sculptures by artists such as Mucha, Picasso, Monet or Van Gogh Andl, a busy part of the city with modern architecture and a shopping mall The large Nusle Bridge, spans the Nusle Valley, linking New Town to Pankrc, with the Metro running underneath the road Strahov Monastery, an old Czech premonstratensian abbey founded in 1149 and monastic library

Geography

Prague is situated on the Vltava river, at 5005"N and 1427"E.[37] in the centre of the Bohemian Basin. Prague is approximately at the same latitude as Frankfurt, Germany;[38] Paris, France;[39] and Vancouver, Canada.[40]

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Climate
The city of Prague has borderline oceanic climate (Kppen Cfb). The winters are relatively cold with very little sunshine. Snow cover can be common between mid-November to late March. Summers usually bring fine sunny days with highs being around 25 degrees. Nights can be quite cool even in summer, though. Precipitation in Prague is rather low (it is less rainy than Rome and Paris) as the shadow of the Ore Mountains and the Czech Central Highlands takes effect. The driest season is usually winter while the summers can bring quite heavy rain especially in form of violent storms and showers. Temperature inversions are relatively common between mid-October and mid-March bringing often cloudy, cold days in comparison with mountains or highlands and can be often connected with air pollution.

Prague seen from satellite

Climate data for Prague Month Average high C (F) Average low C (F) Precipitation mm (inches) Avg. precipitation days Mean monthly sunshine hours Jan
1.0 (33.8) 4.6 (23.7)

Feb
3.2 (37.8) 3.8 (25.2)

Mar
8.5 (47.3) 0.5 (31.1)

Apr
14.2 (57.6) 3.1 (37.6)

May
18.7 (65.7) 8.4 (47.1)

Jun
22.0 (71.6) 11.2 (52.2)

Jul
24.7 (76.5) 13.5 (56.3)

Aug
24.5 (76.1) 13.3 (55.9)

Sep
20.0 (68) 9.5 (49.1)

Oct
13.6 (56.5) 5.1 (41.2)

Nov
6.9 (44.4) 0.9 (33.6)

Dec
2.6 (36.7) 2.1 (28.2)

Year
13.33 (55.99) 4.5 (40.1)

23.5 22.6 28.1 38.2 77.2 72.7 66.2 69.6 40.0 30.5 31.9 25.3 525.8 (0.925) (0.89) (1.106) (1.504) (3.039) (2.862) (2.606) (2.74) (1.575) (1.201) (1.256) (0.996) (20.701) 7 6 6 7 10 10 9 9 7 6 7 7 91

49.6

73.5

124.0

168.0

213.9

219.0

226.3

210.8

162.0
[41]

120.9

54.0

46.5

1,668.5

Source #1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN) Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory (sun only).

[42]

Culture
The city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hosting many cultural events. Some of the significant cultural institutions include the National Theatre (Nrodn Divadlo) and the Estates Theatre (Stavovsk or Tylovo or Nosticovo divadlo), where the premires of Mozart's Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito were held. Other major cultural institutions are the Rudolfinum which is home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and the Municipal House which is home to the Prague Symphony Orchestra. The Prague State Opera (Sttn opera) performs at the Smetana Theatre.

National Museum at night, behind the Statue of Saint Wenceslas I

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The city has many world-class museums, including the National Museum (Nrodn muzeum), the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, the Jewish Museum in Prague, the Alfons Mucha Museum, the African-Prague Museum, the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague the Nprstek Museum (Nprstkovo Muzeum), the Josef Sudek Gallery, the National Library and the National Gallery. There are hundreds of concert halls, galleries, cinemas and music clubs in the city. It hosts music festivals including the Prague Spring International Music Festival, the Prague Autumn International Music Festival and the Prague International Organ Festival. Film festivals include the Febiofest, the One World Film Festival and Echoes of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. The city also hosts the Prague Writers' Festival, the Prague Folklore Days [43], Prague Advent Choral Meeting [44] g, the Summer Shakespeare Festival,[45] the Prague Fringe Festival, the World Roma Festival, as well as the hundreds of Vernissages and fashion shows.

Rudolfinum, a concert and exhibition hall

Many films have been made at Barrandov Studios and at Prague Prague Congress Centre has hosted the Studios. Hollywood films set in Prague include Mission Impossible, IMF-WBG meeting and NATO summit xXx, Blade II, Alien vs. Predator, Doom, Chronicles of Narnia, Hellboy, Red Tail, Children of Dune and Van Helsing.[46] Other Czech films shot in Prague include Empties, EuroTrip, Amadeus and The Fifth Horseman is Fear. Also, the music video to "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" by Kanye West was shot in the city, and features shots of the Charles Bridge and the Astronomical Clock, among other famous landmarks. Rihanna's "Don't Stop the Music" video was filmed at Prague's Radost FX Club. The city was also the setting for the film Dungeons and Dragons in 2000. The music video "Silver and Cold" by AFI, an American rock band, was also filmed in Prague. Many Indian films have also been filmed in the city including Yuvraaj, Drona and Rockstar (2011 film). Forbes Traveler magazine listed Prague Zoo among the world's best zoos.[47] With the growth of low-cost airlines in Europe, Prague has become a popular weekend city destination allowing tourists to visit its many museums and cultural sites as well as try its famous Czech beers and hearty cuisine. The city has many buildings by renowned architects, including Adolf Loos (Villa Mller), Frank O. Gehry (Dancing House) and Jean Nouvel (Golden Angel). Recent major events held in Prague: International Monetary Fund and World Bank Summit 2000 NATO Summit 2002 International Olympic Committee Session 2004 International Astronomical Union General Assembly 2006 EU & USA Summit 2009 Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union 2009 USA & Russia Summit 2010 (signing of the New START treaty)

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Cuisine
Prague restaurant Allegro received the first Michelin star in the whole of post-Communist part of Central Europe. As of 2012 there are two Michelin-starred restaurants in Prague (Alkrone and Degustacion Bohema). At Mal Strana, Star Msto, ikov or Nusle there are hundreds of restaurants, bars and pubs, especially with good Czech beer. Prague also hosts the Czech Beer Festival (esk pivn festival), it is the biggest beer festival in the Czech Republic, held for 17 days every year in May. At the festival, more than 70 brands of Czech beer can be tasted. Prague is home of number of breweries including: Prvn novomstsk restauran pivovar (Praha 1) Pivovar U Flek (Praha 1) Kltern pivovar Strahov (Praha 1) Pivovar Prask most u Val (Praha 1) Pivovarsk Hotel U Medvdk (Praha 1) Pivovarsk dm (Praha2) Jihomstsk pivovar (Praha 4) Sousedsk pivovar U Banseth (Praha 4) Pivovary Staropramen (Praha 5) Vyukov a vzkumn pivovar Suchdolsk Jenk (Praha 6) Pivovar U Bulovky (Praha 8)

Around 200 girls and boys in Czech national costume serve in the Czech Beer Festival

Economy
Prague's economy accounts for 25% of the Czech Republic's GDP[48] making it the highest performing regional economy of the country. According to the Eurostat, as of 2007, its GDP per capita in purchasing power standard is 42,800 . Prague ranked the 5th best-performing European NUTS two-level region at 172 percent of the EU-27 average.[4] The city is the site of the European headquarters of many international companies.

Head office of Czech Airlines in Ruzyn, Prague

Since 1990, the city's economic structure has shifted from industrial to service-oriented. Industry is present in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, printing, food processing, manufacture of transport equipment, computer technology and electrical engineering. In services sector, most significant are financial services, commercial services, trade, restaurants and accommodations and public administration. Services account for around 80 percent of employment. There are 800,000 employees in Prague, including 120,000 commuters.[48] The number of (legally registered) foreign residents in Prague has been increasing in spite of the country's economic downturn. As of March 2010, 148,035

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foreign workers were reported to be living in the city making up about 18 percent of the workforce, up from 131,132 in 2008.[49] Approximately one-fifth of all investment in the Czech Republic takes place in the city. Almost one-half of the national income from tourism is spent in Prague. The city offers approximately 73,000 beds in accommodation facilities, most of which were built after 1990, including almost 51,000 beds in hotels and boarding houses. From the late 1990s to late 2000s, the city was a popular filming location for international productions and Hollywood, Bollywood motion pictures. A combination of architecture, low costs and the existing motion picture infrastructure have proven attractive to international film production companies.

ikov Television Tower with crawling "babies"

The modern economy of Prague is largely service and export-based and, in a 2010 survey, the city was named the best city in East Europe for business.[50] In 2005, Prague was deemed among the three best cities in eastern Europe according to The Economist's livability rankings.[51] The city was named as a top-tier nexus city for innovation across multiple sectors of the global innovation economy, placing 29th globally out of 289 cities, ahead of Brussels and Helsinki for innovation in 2010 in 2thinknow annual analysts Innovation Cities Index.[52] The street Na Pkop in New Town is the most expensive in whole Central Europe.[53] In the Eurostat research, Prague ranked fifth among Europe's 271 regions in terms of gross domestic product per inhabitant, achieving 172 percent of the EU average. It ranked just above Paris and well above the Czech Republic as a whole, which achieved 80 percent of the EU average.[54][55] Prague is also the site of some of the most important offices and institutions of the Czech Republic. President of the Czech Republic The Government and both houses of Parliament Ministries and other national offices (Industrial Property Office, Czech Statistical Office, National Security Authority etc.) Czech National Bank Czech Television and other major broadcasters Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Galileo global navigation project Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

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Education
Twelve universities, and a number of colleges and schools are located in the city, including:

Public universities
Charles University founded in 1348, the oldest university in Central and Eastern Europe Czech Technical University (VUT) founded in 1707 Institute of Chemical Technology (VCHT) founded in 1920 University of Economics (VE) founded in 1953 Czech University of Agriculture (ZU) founded in 1906/1952
Charles University in Prague, founded in 1348, it was the first university in Central Europe

Public arts academies

Academy of Fine Arts (AVU) founded in 1800 Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design (VUP) founded in 1885 Academy of Performing Arts (AMU) founded in 1945

Private schools
University of New York in Prague (UNYP) founded in 1998 International School of Prague (ISP) founded in 1948 Anglo-American University (AAU) founded in 1990 University of Northern Virginia in Prague (UNVA) founded in 1998 Architectural Institute in Prague (ARCHIP) founded in 2010 The University of Finance and Administration (VSFS) founded in 1999 Metropolitan University Prague (MUP) founded in 2001
University of Economics in Prague was awarded the second place among Business Schools in selection in the Post-Communist European countries by the Financial Times

International institutions
Instituto Cames Goethe-Institut Instituto Cervantes British Council

Science, research and hi-tech centres

The region city of Prague is an important centre of research. It is the seat of 39 out of 54 institutes of the Czech Academy of Sciences, including the largest ones, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Microbiology and the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. It is also a seat of 10 public research institutes, four business incubators and large hospitals performing research and development activities such as the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine in Prague or the Motol University Hospital. Universities seated in Prague (see section Colleges and Universities) also represent important centres of science and research activities. As of 2008, there were 13,000 researchers (out of 30,000 in the Czech Republic, counted in full-time equivalent), representing 3% share of Prague's economically active population. Gross expenditure on research and development accounted for 901.3million (41.5% of country's total).[56] Some well-known multinational companies have established research and development facilities in Prague, among them Siemens, Honeywell and Sun Microsystems.

Prague In 2010, Prague was selected to host administration of the EU satellite navigation system Galileo.

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Transport
Public transportation
The public transport infrastructure consists of an intensely used integrated transport system of Prague Metro (its length is 59km with 57 stations in total), Prague Tram System, buses, the Petn funicular to Petn Hill, and six ferries: PID, Prask integrovan doprava (Prague integrated transport system). Prague has one of the highest rates of public transport usage in the world with 1.2 billion passenger journeys per annum. In Prague there are also three cable cars. The first is the on Petrin Hill and the other is on the hill Mrzovka and the third is at the zoo in Troja. The Metro has three major lines extending throughout the city; in June 2010, construction began to extend the green line further into the northwest corner of Prague and eventually to the airport.[57] A fourth Metro line is planned, although a date for construction to begin has not yet been specified.[58] In operation there are currently two kinds of units: "81-71M" which is modernized variant of the Soviet 81-71 and from 1998 new "M1" trains manufactured by consortium consisting of KD Praha, ADtranz and Siemens. The original Soviet vehicles "Es" were excluded in 1997, but one museum-set is monthly in operation at line C, another vehicle is also placed in public transport museum in depot Steovice.[59] Per capita usage of the Prague metro is the highest in the world. According to its builder, the escalator at Nmst Mru station is the longest escalator in Europe.

Malostransk metro station on line A

koda 15 T tram developed by koda for the Prague tram system, the newest tram in Prague.

Prague Tram System now operates various types of trams: still popular classic Tatra T3, newer Tatra KT8D5, T6A5, koda 14 T designed by Porsche, newest koda 15 T and nostalgic tram number 91. Although Melbourne, Australia has the longest total tram system length in the world, Prague's tram network is one of the largest in the world by other measures. The Prague tram rolling stock consists of over 900 individual cars, of those around 700 are the T3 class, which are Barrandov bridge, part of the City (inner) Ring typically operated coupled together in pairs. The system carries more Road than 356 million passengers annually, the third highest tram patronage in the world after St Petersburg and Budapest. On a per capita basis, Prague has the second highest tram patronage after Zurich. All services have a common ticketing system, and are run by the Prague Public Transport Company (Dopravn podnik hl. m. Prahy, a. s.) and several other companies. Recently, the Regional Organiser of Prague Integrated Transport (ROPID) has franchised operation of ferries on the Vltava river, which are also a part of the public transport

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system with common fares. Taxi services operate from regulated taxi stands, and from independent taxi drivers who make pick-ups on the street..

Roads
The main flow of traffic leads through the centre of the city and through inner and outer ring roads (only partially in operation). Inner Ring Road (The City Ring "MO"): Once completed it will Overview of Vclav Havel Airport Prague at surround the wider central part of the city. The longest city tunnel in night, Terminal 2 behind control tower on the left Europe with a proposed length of 5.5 kilometres (3.4mi) and five and Terminal 1 on the right interchanges is now being built to relieve congestion in the north-western part of Prague. Called Tunel Blanka and to be part of the City Ring Road, it is estimated that it will now cost after several increases 38billion CZK. Construction started in 2007 and the tunnel is scheduled to be completed in 2013/2014. This tunnel complex will complete major part of the inner ring road. The entire City Ring is estimated to be finished after 2020. Outer Ring Road (The Prague Ring "R1"): This ring road will connect all major motorways and speedways that meet each other in Prague region and provide faster transit without a necessity to drive through the city. So far 39 kilometres/ 24 miles, out of total planned 83 kilometres/ 52 miles, is in operation. Full completion is estimated around 2017.[60] Most recently, the southern part of this road (with a length of more than 20 kilometres/ 12 miles) was opened on 22 September 2010.

Rail
The city forms the hub of the Czech railway system, with services to all parts of the Czech Republic and abroad. The railway system links Prague with major European cities, including Munich (Germany); Berlin (Germany); Vienna (Austria); Warsaw (Poland); Budapest (Hungary); Copenhagen (Denmark); Zurich (Switzerland); Moscow (Russia) and Amsterdam (the Netherlands) (all of which can be reached without transfers). Travel times range between 4.5 hours to Berlin and approximately 8 hours to Warsaw.[61] Prague's main international railway station is Hlavn ndra (formerly called Wilsonovo ndra).[62] Rail services are also available from the main stations Praha Masarykovo ndra, Praha-Holeovice and Praha-Smchov, in addition to selected suburban stations.

Air
Prague is served by Vclav Havel Airport, the biggest airport in the Czech Republic and one of the busiest in Central and Eastern Europe. It is the hub of the flag carrier, Czech Airlines,[63] as well as of the low-cost airlines Smart Wings and Wizzair operating throughout Europe. Other airports in Prague include the city's original airport at the Kbely north-east district, which is serviced by the Czech Air Force, internationally too: The runway (927) at Kbely is 2km long. The airport also houses the Prague Aviation Museum. Close to town the Letany airport is mainly used for private aviation and aeroclub aviation. Another airport in the proximity is Aero Vodochody aircraft factory's on the north, used for testing purposes, as well as for aeroclub aviation. There are a few aeroclubs around Prague, such as the Ton airfield.

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Sport
Prague is the site of many sports events, national stadiums and teams. Sparta Prague (Gambrinus liga) - traditional Czech football club Slavia Prague (Gambrinus liga) - traditional Czech football club Dukla Prague (Gambrinus liga) - football club Bohemians 1905 (Czech 2. Liga) - football club Viktoria ikov (Czech 2. Liga) - football club HC Slavia Praha (Champions Hockey League) - ice hockey club HC Sparta Praha (Czech Extraliga) - ice hockey club HC Lev Prague (KHL) Kontinental Hockey League Club O2 Arena NHL 2008 and 2010 Opening Game, 2004 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships and Euroleague Final Four Strahov Stadium the second-largest stadium in the world Prague International Marathon ECM Prague Open Tennis Tournament held in the I. Czech Lawn Tennis Club Sparta Prague Open Tennis Tournament held in Prague 7 Josef Odloil Memorial Athletics meeting Mystic SK8 Cup World cup of skateboarding World Ultimate Club Championships 2010[64]
O2 Arena (Prague), home to HC Slavia Prague

International relations
The city of Prague also maintains its own EU delegation in Brussels called Prague House.[65] Prague was the location of U.S. President Barack Obama's speech on 5 April 2009, which led to the New START treaty with Russia, signed in Prague on 8 April 2010.[66] The annual conference Forum 2000, which was founded by former Czech President Vclav Havel, Japanese philanthropist Yohei Sasakawa, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel in 1996, is held in Prague. Its main objective is "to identify the key issues facing civilization and to explore ways to prevent the escalation of conflicts that have religion, culture or ethnicity as their primary components", and also intends to promote democracy in non-democratic countries and to support civil society. Conferences have attracted a number of prominent thinkers, Nobel laureates, former and acting politicians, business leaders and other individuals like: Frederik Willem de Klerk, Bill Clinton, Nicholas Winton, Oscar Arias Snchez, Dalai Lama, Hans Kng, Shimon Peres and Madeleine Albright.

Petn Lookout Tower, an observation tower built at Petn hill.

Twin towns and sister cities

The city has a friendship agreement and is twinned with:[67]

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Beijing, China Berlin, Germany [68] [69]

[70] [71] [72]

Jerusalem, Israel Kyoto, Japan Lecce, Italy Lisbon, Portugal Moscow, Russia Nmes, France Nuremberg, Germany Paris, France Rome, Italy [73][74]

Rotterdam, Netherlands Rosh Haayin, Israel Saint Petersburg, Russia Seoul, South Korea Stockholm, Sweden Taipei, Taiwan Teramo, Italy Vienna, Austria Vilnius, Lithuania

Bratislava, Slovakia Brussels, Belgium Budapest, Hungary

Chicago, United States

Copenhagen, Denmark Frankfurt am Main, Germany Hamburg, Germany Helsinki, Finland

Phoenix, United States

Namesakes
Czech emigration has left a number of namesake cities scattered over the globe, though more heavily concentrated in the New World.
Praha, Slovakia [75] Praha, Texas, United States [76] Prague, Oklahoma, United States [77] Prague, Nebraska, United States [78] New Prague, Minnesota, United States

The Charles Bridge is a historic bridge from the 14th century

Prague Castle is the biggest ancient castle in the world

Old Town Square featuring Church of Our Lady before Tn and Old Town City Hall with Prague Orloj

Vyehrad fortress contains Basilica of St Peter and St Paul, the Vyehrad Cemetery and the Rotunda of St. Martin from 11th century

View of Pask st. from Letn in Prague

Nmst Mru (Peace Square) with Vinohrady Theatre and Saint Ludmila Church

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National Theatre offers opera, ballet and drama performances

Vstavit compound contains Prmyslov palc and Kik's Light Fountain, host funfair Lunapark

Old New Synagogue is Europe's oldest active synagogue. Legend has Golem lying in the loft

National Monument on Vtkov Hill with the statue of Jan ika is the third largest bronze equestrian statue in the world

Prague Zoo, selected as the seventh best zoo in the world by Forbes magazine

A portion of the Lennon Wall

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Further reading
Jekova, Alena. 77 Prague Legends. Prague: Prah, 2006. ISBN 80-7252-139-X Prague Legends (Think Prague Magazine) (2002) Legend's of Prague (http://www.thinkexpats.com/ component/content/article/353.html) Prague (Eyewitness Travel Guide by DK Publishing) (2009) excerpt and text search 2006 edition (http://www. amazon.com/dp/0756615488) Prague (City Guide) by Neil Wilson (2009) excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/dp/ 1741045134) Praha Prague and environs (by edok) (1926) city guide from 1920s (http://kramerius.mlp.cz/kramerius/ MShowPageDoc.do?id=85423&mcp=&idpi=153231&author=digitised) Rick Steves' Prague and The Czech Republic by Rick Steves and Honza Vihan (2009) excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/dp/159880118X) Wilson, Neil. Lonely Planet Prague (2007) excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/dp/1741043026) Wilson, Paul. Prague: A Traveler's Literary Companion (1995) Prague Top 10 (2011) Prague Top 10 (http://www.top-10-in-prague.com/)

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Culture and society

Becker, Edwin et al., ed. Prague 1900: Poetry and Ecstasy. (2000). 224 pp. Burton, Richard D. E. Prague: A Cultural and Literary History. (2003). 268 pp. excerpt and text search (http:// www.amazon.com/dp/1566564905) Cohen, Gary B. The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 18611914. (1981). 344 pp. Fuckov, Eliska, ed. Rudolf II and Prague: The Court and the City. (1997). 792 pp. Holz, Keith. Modern German Art for Thirties Paris, Prague, and London: Resistance and Acquiescence in a Democratic Public Sphere. (2004). 359 pp. Iggers, Wilma Abeles. Women of Prague: Ethnic Diversity and Social Change from the Eighteenth Century to the Present. (1995). 381 pp. online edition (http://www.questia.com/read/13825165) Porizka, Lubomir; Hojda, Zdenek; and Pesek, Jir. The Palaces of Prague. (1995). 216 pp. Sayer, Derek. "The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 17801920." Past & Present 1996 (153): 164210. Issn: 0031-2746 Fulltext: in Jstor (http://links.jstor.org/ sici?sici=0031-2746(199611)0:153<164:TLONAT>2.0.CO;2-A) Spector, Scott. Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Kafka's Fin de Sicle. (2000). 331 pp. online edition (http://www.questia.com/library/book/ prague-territories-national-conflict-and-cultural-innovation-in-franz-kafkas-fin-de-siaecle-by-scott-spector.jsp) Svcha, Rostislav. The Architecture of New Prague, 18951945. (1995). 573 pp. Wittlich, Peter. Prague: Fin de Sicle. (1992). 280 pp.

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Article Sources and Contributors

Prague Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=526160820 Contributors: -MSZMP-, -js-, 16@r, 1994, 1exec1, 32X, 334a, 5 albert square, 5ko, 66.153.24.xxx, 83d40m, A. B., A. di M., Aaronk75, Abulafia111, AcidDecemberist, Adam Zivner, Adam s, Adam sk, Adambro, AdultSwim, Aeromix, Ahoerstemeier, Aisano, Ajdz, Akkolon, Ales.cepek, Alex earlier account, Alexander Domanda, Aloysius, Alsandro, Altenmann, Alvestrand, Amazingtfo, Ameliorate!, Amkrtchyan, Andonic, Andre Engels, Andres, Angelo De La Paz, Angusmclellan, Apocralyptic, Aquilina, Arael2, Arcalpha, Aresceo, Arthur Holland, Artifiical.mind, Ashley Pomeroy, Astrovega, Atitarev, Attilios, Auntof6, Autocracy, Averette, BD2412, BRG, Babydutka, BaronLarf, Baronnet, Bart133, Bbik, Bearcat, Beautypersoni, Bender235, Benoa, Beorhtric, Betacommand, Betnovate, Betterusername, Bevo74, Biala Gwiazda, Bienfuxia, Bigtony21, Bilboq, Bility, Biruitorul, Black&White, Bleff, Bletch, Bluefortytwo, Bluewind, Bobby H. 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Prague Montage.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_Montage.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: derivated collage created by Tade.Dohansk File:Flag of Prague.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Prague.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: File:Praha CoA CZ.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha_CoA_CZ.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Remade to SVG by user:Petr Dlouh file:Czech Republic location map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Czech_Republic_location_map.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Lencer File:Red pog.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Praga 0003.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praga_0003.JPG License: unknown Contributors: Krzysiu "Jarzyna" Szymaski File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bayo, Gmaxwell, Gnosygnu, Husky, Iamunknown, Mirithing, Myself488, Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, Shanmugamp7, The Evil IP address, Wouterhagens, 23 anonymous edits File:Speaker Icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous edits File:CharlesBridgeMalaStranaPragueCzechRepublic.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CharlesBridgeMalaStranaPragueCzechRepublic.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Massimo Catarinella File:St Vitus Cathedral from south.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Vitus_Cathedral_from_south.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Daniel Barnek, Diligent, Ines File:Czech crown jewels.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Czech_crown_jewels.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lamprus File:Star Msto Prask (znak).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Star_Msto_Prask_(znak).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Kirk at cs.wikipedia File:Bohemiae Moraviae et Silesiae (Merian) 102.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bohemiae_Moraviae_et_Silesiae_(Merian)_102.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Daniel Barnek, GerWsUpload, Infrogmation, Marv1N, J File:Prague - Jerusalemer Synagoge.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_-_Jerusalemer_Synagoge.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Maros M r a z (sk:user:Maros) File:Prague liberation 1945 konev.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Karel Hjek

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Mrakodrapy v praze.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mrakodrapy_v_praze.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Astalavista File:Vltava in Prague.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vltava_in_Prague.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: che File:Peter Stehlik 2011.07.29 A.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Peter_Stehlik_2011.07.29_A.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Peter Stehlik - PS-2507 File:Prag ginger u fred gehry.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prag_ginger_u_fred_gehry.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Hans Peter Schaefer, http://www.reserv-a-rt.de File:Kafka statue Prague.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kafka_statue_Prague.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Myrabella File:Prague Panorama - Oct 2010.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_Panorama_-_Oct_2010.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Diliff File:Prague SPOT 1030.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_SPOT_1030.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Cnes - Spot Image File:Prag Wenzelsplatz Wenzelsdenkmal Nationalmuseum bei Nacht.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prag_Wenzelsplatz_Wenzelsdenkmal_Nationalmuseum_bei_Nacht.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Andreas Praefcke File:Praha Rudolfinum isometric.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha_Rudolfinum_isometric.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Che File:Prague Congress Centre (1).JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_Congress_Centre_(1).JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Chmee2 File:Czech Beer Festival 02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Czech_Beer_Festival_02.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: J File:CSA building Ruzyne.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CSA_building_Ruzyne.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Petr Kadlec File:Zizkov tv tower.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zizkov_tv_tower.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Orange.man File:Fil fakulta DSCN1903.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fil_fakulta_DSCN1903.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Jan Sokol File:Rajska budova.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rajska_budova.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: PR department, University of Economics, Prague File:Praha, Malostransk, vlak.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha,_Malostransk,_vlak.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Aktron File:koda 15T n9208 on the line 7 in Prague.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:koda_15T_n9208_on_the_line_7_in_Prague.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Kevin.B File:Barrande bridge.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barrande_bridge.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Lovecz 19:08, 17 July 2006 (UTC) File:Prg Ruzyne airport 5841.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prg_Ruzyne_airport_5841.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Hynek Moravec File:O2 Arena, od eskomoravsk.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:O2_Arena,_od_eskomoravsk.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Honza Groh (Jagro) File:PetrinObservationTower.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PetrinObservationTower.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Rodge500 File:CharlesBridge-Prague.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CharlesBridge-Prague.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Daniel Barnek, Ludek, Paddy, TimShell File:St. Vitus Cathedral 2007.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St._Vitus_Cathedral_2007.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Arz File:Prague old town square panorama.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_old_town_square_panorama.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Estec GmbH, Billig Hotel in Prag File:Parnk Vyehrad pod Vyehradem.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Parnk_Vyehrad_pod_Vyehradem.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Stanislav Jelen File:Praha, Letn, pohled na Paskou ulici.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha,_Letn,_pohled_na_Paskou_ulici.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Aktron, Daniel Barnek, Karelj, Krokodyl, J File:Nmst Mru.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nmst_Mru.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: J. Later versions were uploaded by Che at cs.wikipedia. File:Praha Narodni divadlo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha_Narodni_divadlo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Che File:Prazske-vystaviste-holesovice.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prazske-vystaviste-holesovice.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Vity File:AltneuschulPrague.agr.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AltneuschulPrague.agr.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:ArnoldReinhold File:Praha, Vtkov, pamtnk II.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha,_Vtkov,_pamtnk_II.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Aktron, Krokodyl, Raf24, J File:Prague Zoo main entrance.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_Zoo_main_entrance.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Miaow Miaow File:P5080116.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:P5080116.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Infrogmation, OlEnglish, Persian Poet Gal, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, Yanksox, , 5 anonymous edits

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