Principles of Engineering Drawing

Thayer Machine Shop

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Drawing and Tolerancing

This Tutorial reviews the following principles:

Drawing: How to interpret and create engineering drawings

Dimensioning: How to communicate dimensions properly

Tolerancing: How to use geometric and dimensional tolerances

to specify how much variation is acceptable during manufacture
 Why Engineering Drawings?
• Engineering drawing is a formal and precise way of
communicating information about the shape, size, features
and precision of physical objects.
• Drawing is the universal language of engineering.
• Engineering drawing could be a complete course in itself,
but we only have 80 minutes so...
This is only going to cover the very basics.

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 Drawing Standards
• Just like written language has standards, the
“grammar” of technical drawing is defined
by...
the ANSI Y14.5 or the ISO standard

• The ANSI standards must be understood to

read a drawing.
• Lets look at a sample drawing...
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 PART NAME: Left Mtg. Bracket

MATERIAL: AL6601-T6

NOTES: Units in Inches DRAWN BY: BC

Deburr all edges TOL: QTY: 1

REV: 5
DATE: 6-1-97
 Basic Information Included in a Drawing

• Projected Views: Show as many sides as needed for completeness.

• Cross Sections: A view that is good for showing interior features.
• Table: Lower right corner, with material information, part name, designer etc.
and finally
• DIMENSIONS!!!: These are the most important and
most complicated part of the drawing. There is more to it than
just the numerical values!

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 Which is better?
0.250” + .003” 1.000” + .003”

0.750” + .003” 0.250” + .003”

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 A Dimensioning Example,
showing that placement should match intent
These drawings show bolts holes for mounting a flange onto a plate. When
mounting the flange, the position of the holes with respect to each other is very
important, or else the flange (or part) won’t fit. It makes sense to dimension the
distance between the holes, instead of the distances to the edge.

0.250” + .003” 1.000” + .003”

0.750” + .003” 0.250” + .003”

Dimension placement Dimension placement

matches intent does NOT match intent 8
 Tolerances
(every part needs some)

There are two types of tolerances:

Dimensional Tolerances
and
Geometric Tolerances

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 What’s the difference?

• Dimensional tolerances control _______________.

• Geometric tolerances control __________ & __________.

Geometric tolerances affect dimensional tolerances!

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Types of Dimensional Tolerances

1.371
1.379 1.375 + .004

Limit Dimensioning Plus & Minus Tolerancing

Both methods are acceptable.

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Tolerance Accumulation
The distance between X and Y is a critical dimension.
The total variation in the distance between X and Y
depends on how the drawing is dimensioned.

How much tolerance is specified on the distance

between X and Y in each example?

(a) +

(b) +

(c) +

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 Geometric Tolerancing
Geometric Tolerancing is used to specify the shape of features.
Things like:

•Straightness •Profiles
•Flatness •Perpendicularity
•Circularity •Parallelism
•Cylindricity •Concentricity
•Angularity •And More...

Geometric Tolerances are shown on a drawing with a feature control frame.

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 The Feature Control Frame

This feature control frame is read as: “The specified feature must lie perpendicular within a
tolerance zone of 0.05 diameter at the maximum material condition, with respect to datum
axis C. In other words, this places a limit on the amount of variation in perpendicularity
between the feature axis and the datum axis. In a drawing, this feature control frame would
accompany dimensional tolerances that control the feature size and position.
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols

A feature control frame gives information about geometric

tolerances on the feature. 15
Straightness Example

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Straightness at MMC

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 Demo
Sketch your observations:

2 Rods: .375” diameter

.750” diameter

Tube with .755” hole

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Flatness Examples

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Parallelism Example

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Circularity (Roundness) Example

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 Circular & Total Runout
Runout is specified on cylindrical parts. It is
measured by placing a gage on the part, and
rotating the part through 360 degrees. The
total variation is recorded as the runout.
• Circular runout is measured at one location.
• Total Runout is measured along the entire
specified surface.

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Circular Runout Example

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Total Runout Example

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Cylindricity Example

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Perpendicularity Example

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Angularity Example

Measuring angularity is
equivalent to measuring
parallelism at an angle.

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 Conventional (Coordinate) Tolerancing
.750 + .005

2.000 + .005 This dimensional tolerance

controls the size of the 3 holes.
The other dimensional tolerances
.600 + .005 control the positions.
A

1.500 + .005

Tolerance Zone Boundary

.010”

Hole Center Axis

.010”
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 In the conventional tolerancing scheme, a hole center axis can reside
anywhere in the square tolerance zone. The drawing may call out linear
tolerances of +.005”, but...
.005”

.005”

By how much can the hole location deviate from spec?

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 Geometric Position Tolerancing

The Feature Control Frame is read like this:

“ “

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 MMC vs. LMC

LARGEST SMALLEST
SHAFT SHAFT

SMALLEST LARGEST
HOLE HOLE

“Maximum Material Condition” “Least Material Condition”

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 Tolerance Zone Size

MMC of hole = .250

LMC of hole = .255

Hole diameter Tolerance Zone diameter

.250 (MMC) .010
.251 .011
.252 .012
This feature control frame specifies the tolerance
.253 .013
zone as a circle of diameter .010 at MMC,
centered according to the basic dimensions given. .254 .014
The size of the tolerance zone is dependent on the
.255 (LMC) .015
size of the hole.
A feature control frame can specify the size of the
tolerance zone at MMC, LMC or RFS (regardless
of feature size). 32
Determining Tolerance Zone Size

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Does this feature meet the true position tolerance?

Step 1: What can we measure?

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 Step 2:
Calculate deviations in x and y directions.
How does this compare to the basic dimensions?

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 Step 3:
Determining the True
Position
Tolerance zone, dia. = TZ

Desired position
Actual hole center

Z = 2 x2 + y2

A hole center that deviates from true position by x

and y lies within a tolerance zone of diameter Z. If
Z > TZ, the part is bad.

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 True Position and Perpendicularity

Referencing datum A means that the center

axis of the hole must be perpendicular to
datum plane A. The axis must intersect
datum plane A inside the tolerance zone

Permissible hole
axis variation
This feature control frame specifies the true position
tolerance of the hole with respect to 3 datum planes.
The order that the datum planes are listed in the feature
control frame indicates the priority of each datum.
Datums B and C provide reference for the x and y .010” wide tolerance zone

position of the hole center, and datum A controls the

perpendicularity of the hole axis . -A-

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 Standard Fits
• Standard Fits are a way of specifying a fit
between a hole and a shaft.
• RC (1-9) Running or Sliding Clearance Fit
• LC (1-11) Locational Clearance Fit
• LT (1-6) Transition Clearance or Interference Fit
• LN (1-3) Locational Interference Fit
• FN (1-5) Force or Shrink Fit
We mention this here because it will be useful in dimension the
parts of your yo-yo that must snap fit together.

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Ref: Marks’ Mechanical Engineering Handbook, 6th ed. McGraw-Hill.
 Standard Fit Example
There is a nominal diameter of 1 inch for the shaft and hole on your yo-yo. You want a
class FN2 fit. What should the dimensions and tolerances be for the shaft and the hole?

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