Contents

Reading

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sample Reading Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Objective 1: Basic Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 What Is a Basic Understanding? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Reading in Varied Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Why Develop Good Reading Skills? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 What Are Some Strategies for Reading? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Understanding Word Meanings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Summarizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Looking at the Big Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Identifying Supporting Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Objective 2: Literary Elements and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Understanding Literary Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Understanding Literary Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Using Text to Defend Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Recognizing Theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Analyzing Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Analyzing Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Understanding Plot (Rising Action, Climax, and Resolution). . . . . . . 39 Understanding Literary Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Understanding Literary Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Contents

Reading
(continued)

Objective 3: Analysis and Critical Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Reading Between the Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Analyzing and Evaluating Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Understanding and Evaluating Media Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Analyzing Text Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Making Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Drawing Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Making Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Analyzing Across Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Recognizing Historical Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Authors Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Authors Craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Credibility of Information Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Recognizing Logical Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Faulty Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Modes of Persuasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Viewing Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Purposes of Media Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Persuasion in Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Finding the Main Point of a Media Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Short-Answer Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Answering a Short-Answer Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Sample Short-Answer Items and Student Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 On Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Reading Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

The next several pages contain a triplet consisting of a short story (The Blanket), an article (Granny Down the Hall), and a Web page. As you progress through this section of the study guide, you will be asked to refer to these selections several times. Questions intended to guide the reader are included in the margins of each selection. As you read, try to answer these questions. You may make your own notes in the margins as you read.

Literary Selection

The Blanket
by Floyd Dell
1
Where might Away be?

Petey hadnt really believed that Dad would be doing it sending Granddad away. Away was what they were calling it. Not until now could he believe it of his father. But here was the blanket that Dad had bought for Granddad, and in the morning hed be going away. This was the last evening theyd be having together. Dad was off seeing that girl he was to marry. He would not be back till late, so Petey and Granddad could sit up and talk. It was a ne September night, with a silver moon riding high. They washed up the supper dishes and then took their chairs out onto the porch. Ill get my ddle, said the old man, and play you some of the old tunes. But instead of the ddle he brought out the blanket. It was a big double blanket, red with black stripes. Now, isnt that a ne blanket! said the old man, smoothing it over his knees. And isnt your father a kind man to be giving the old fellow a blanket like that to go away with? It cost something, it didlook at the wool of it! Therell be few blankets there the equal of this one! It was like Granddad to be saying that. He was trying to make it easier. He had pretended all along that he wanted to go away to the great brick buildingthe government place. There hed be with so many other old fellows, having the best of everything. . . . But Petey hadnt believed Dad would really do it, not until this night when he brought home the blanket.

2
What clue helps you know that the blanket is important to the story? What can you tell about the relationship between Petey and Granddad?

4 5
How do you think Granddad is feeling? What makes you think so?

The Blanket

Why does Petey feel like crying?

Oh, yes, its a ne blanket, said Petey. He got up and went into the house. He wasnt the kind to cry and, besides, he was too old for that. Hed just gone in to fetch Granddads ddle. The blanket slid to the oor as the old man took the ddle and stood up. He tuned up for a minute, and then said, This is one youll like to remember. Petey sat and looked out over the gully. Dad would marry that girl. Yes, that girl who had kissed Petey and fussed over him, saying shed try to be a good mother to him, and all. . . . The tune stopped suddenly. Granddad said, Its a ne girl your fathers going to marry. Hell be feeling young again with a pretty wife like that. And what would an old fellow like me be doing around their house, getting in the way? An old nuisance, what with my talks of aches and pains. Its best that I go away, like Im doing. One more tune or two, and then well be going to sleep. Ill pack up my blanket in the morning. They didnt hear the two people coming down the path. Dad had one arm around the girl, whose bright face was like a dolls. But they heard her when she laughed, right close by the porch. Dad didnt say anything, but the girl came forward and spoke to Granddad prettily: I wont be here when you leave in the morning, so I came over to say good-bye. Its kind of you, said Granddad, with his eyes cast down. Then, seeing the blanket at his feet, he stooped to pick it up. And will you look at this, he said. The ne blanket my son has given me to go away with. Yes, she said. Its a ne blanket. She felt the wool and repeated in surprise, A ne blanketIll say it is! She turned to Dad and said to him coldly, That blanket really cost something. Dad cleared his throat and said, I wanted him to have the best. . . . Its double, too, she said, as if accusing Dad. Yes, said Granddad, its doublea ne blanket for an old fellow to be going away with. The boy went suddenly into the house. He was looking for something. He could hear that girl scolding Dad. She realized how much of Dads moneyher money, reallyhad gone for the

How do you think Petey feels about his dads girlfriend? How might the girlfriend have influenced Dads decision to send Granddad away?

10

What do paragraphs 911 reveal about the girlfriend?

11

12

Which details help you understand the character of the girlfriend?

13

14 15 16

Why does the girlfriend leave?

17

10

The Blanket

How do you think Dad feels about her leaving? How might Granddad feel?

blanket. Dad became angry in his slow way. And now she was suddenly going away in a huff. . . . 18 19 20 21 22 23 As Petey came out, she turned and called back, All the same, he doesnt need a double blanket! And she ran off up the path. Dad was looking after her as if he wasnt sure what he ought to do. Oh, shes right, Petey said. Here, Dadand he held out a pair of scissors. Cut the blanket in two. Both of them stared at the boy, startled. Cut it in two, I tell you, Dad! he cried out. And keep the other half. Thats not a bad idea, said Granddad gently. I dont need so much of a blanket. Yes, the boy said harshly, a single blankets enough for an old man when hes sent away. Well save the other half, Dad. Itll come in handy later. Now what do you mean by that? asked Dad. I mean, said the boy slowly, that Ill give it to you, Dad when youre old and Im sending youaway. There was a silence. Then Dad went over to Granddad and stood before him, not speaking. But Granddad understood. He put out a hand and laid it on Dads shoulder. And he heard Granddad whisper, Its all right, son. I knew you didnt mean it. . . . And then Petey cried. But it didnt matterbecause they were all crying together.

24 25
What does Granddad understand as Dad stands before him? What do you think will happen next? Why do you think so?

26

27

The Blanket used by permission of Amsco School Publications, Inc., 315 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10013.

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Expository Selection

Granny Down the Hall

by Glenn Plaskin
1 Some of the best things that happen in life are purely accidental. A friendship sometimes develops when you least expect it. Thats just what happened to me. There I was, living alone in apartment 22G in a New York City high-rise. Just 45 feet down the hall in 22D was a 76-year-old woman named Pearl and her husband, Arthur. One day I bumped into Pearl in the hall and we introduced ourselves. I mentioned I was thinking of buying my rst dog. Pearl said their dog, Brandy, had just died, and she offered a bit of advice to get me started. Over the next 12 years, that brief encounter blossomed into a loving friendship nurtured by proximity and mutual chemistry.

Where does the author live? Why is that location important to the article?

It was the rst of the daily visits that continue to the present. Each morning, as I leave for work, Katie pads down the carpeted hall to 22D. When Pearl opens the door, Katie scoots between her legs into the cozily cluttered apartment. Hows my girl? asks Pearl, a smile in her hazel eyes. Oblivious to the greeting, Katie leaps onto a chair in order to reach the piece of toast always waiting for her at the corner of the dining room table. At Pearls, Katie has also acquired a taste for honeydew melon and apples, and has become an expert 4

2001 Scott Jones

Why did the author take his dog straight to Pearls apartment? How does paragraph 3 help you predict what will happen in the selection?

Getting to Know Her

3 A few months after meeting Pearl, I got my dog, a blonde cocker spaniel I named Katie. I took the mischievous runt of the litter straight to Pearls apartment, where the puppy climbed right up into her arms and licked her face.

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Granny Down the Hall

How would you describe the relationship between Pearl and Katie? What details help you understand the relationship?

at eating corn on the cob (side to in hand, about Broadway plays side without missing a kernel) and she saw in the 1920s and 30s. watermelon (avoiding the seeds). Shes a shrewd judge of character 6 After her various snacks, and, on occasion, has given me the Katie jumps onto Pearls bed and thumbs up or down on a snoozes soundly on her prospective date or friend. Overall, nightgown. Although I never shes just a great gal! intended for my dog to become Born in New York City in part of Pearls household, our 1912, Pearl was a bright, vivacious routine evolved quite naturally. girl who had little interest in her studies but a lot of interest in boys. The Way She Is In fact, in 1935 she married Granny, as I nicknamed Arthur, the boy next door. 7 Pearl, is now a spry 88, sturdily During their early years together, built, rarely sick, and she still does Pearl worked as a secretary (I all her own shopping, cooking and earned $12 a week and sent my cleaning. Granny can be feisty one mother $5) while Arthur sold moment, girlish the next. Shes womens apparel wholesale. A conservative about money, close couple who rarely argued, clipping store coupons, yet Pearl and Arthur remained active immensely generous, whether travelers and theatergoers, even shes taking clothes to the after retirement, and surrounded homeless or making dinner for themselves with young people. friends at loose ends. Prim about Indeed, a 3-year-old boy named her personal business, she has a Ryan, who lived down the hall in crisp sense of humor and relishes a apartment 22P, became one of risqu joke. She has compassion their best friends. Ryan, now 10, for peoples frailties and a cautious is the son of my friend John, a realism born of the Great single dad. Depression. 8 Although 40 years separate us, I always feel that Granny is a contemporary. Shes up-to-date on tennis, golf, baseball, showbiz gossip and the stock market. She avidly listens to radio and TV news, talks about the wonders of the Internet and the magic of the fax, while also reminiscing, with carefully preserved programs 9

Why do you think the author nicknamed Pearl Granny?

How do the words Broadway plays she saw in the 1920s and 30s help you understand the meaning of reminiscing in paragraph 8?

The Good Group

What details in paragraph 8 help you understand the relationship between the author and Pearl?

And so, we all began having 10 spontaneous breakfasts and dinners together. During the day Arthur sometimes watched cartoons with Ryan and fed his girl, Katie, chunks of apple as they both stretched out on his lounge chair. In the evenings Granny fried up her wickedly

13

Granny Down the Hall

What do details in paragraph 10 reveal about the group?

delicious paprika chicken cutlets and put out her home-baked apricot-and-plum tarts or chocolate pie. Our little band also went out to dinner occasionally and to the movies. We traded apartment-building gossip and shared major holidays. 11 One day, after wed all had dinner together, a pleasant thought dawned on me: Granny and Arthur, Ryan and John, and Katie and I had formed our own little family right in the building. In 1990 Id lost my grandmother, Essie, with whom Id been extremely close. Now Pearl was, in essence, my new Granny. And Ryan, with no grandparents of his own, had quickly adopted Pearl and Arthur. It was touching to see him throw his arms around Grannys neck. Hes a great hugger; hes my boy! beamed Pearl. Ryans dad, John, also adopted Granny, and loved talking with her about the challenges of raising a young son. As for Pearl, with no children of her own, she simply adopted us all!

night Ryan asked about Arturs condition. Katie obviously missed him too, as she napped alone on his lounge chair, looking forlorn. In January of 95, Pearl came 13 home from the hospital late one afternoon and said it was over. They had been married for 59 years; now Arthur was dead. We all were bereft. I went with Pearl to a Westchester cemetery in the teeming rain and mud slides, holding her arm as she made her way to the grave. That, Pearl recalls, was the worst day of my life. Saying goodbye to Arthur was the only time I ever saw Pearl cry. I believe that having young 14 neighbors was healing for Pearl, and soon she was making dinner and sitting for Ryan again. She and Ryan grew ever closer. Today she picks him up after school, walks him to play dates or soccer practice, helps with his homework, teaches him card games, spoils him with Krispy Kreme doughnuts, watches TV with him, then sends him on home. Some days, when Ryan gets 15 off the school bus, Pearl muses, he runs over and hugs me. His friends just stand there looking kind of cockeyed, and I say, Do any of you have a Granny? They shake their heads no and come over to me. I hug them all. Do they like it? Yes, they do!

How might the friends have been helpful to Pearl during Arthurs absence? What is the tone of Through Thick and Thin? How is it different from the tone of the rest of the selection?

Through Thick and Thin

12 Then one day in the fall of 94 Arthur was hospitalized with pneumonia and a cardiac condition. Now his chair was empty at our family dinners, and we missed the sound of his baritone voice and his commonsense remarks. Every

14

Granny Down the Hall

16

What do details in paragraph 16 reveal about the nature of the relationship between the author and Pearl? How would you summarize "Granny Down the Hall"? Why do you think the author wrote this selection?

Granny and I have grown closer too. When one of us is sick, the other gets groceries. When the snow and ice make walking impossible for her, I bring in the food. When I had a back injury, she brought ice packs and soup. When Katie was mysteriously bleeding one night, she went with me to the animal hospital. And when I had a bike-riding accident and was taken to a hospital emergency room, it was Granny who came immediately. Likewise, when she was struck by a taxi, but was miraculously unharmed, I picked her up at that same emergency room and took her home. Sometimes I wonder, What if I hadnt wound up in the only vacant apartment on the 22nd oor? Would I ever have known Pearl? Each of
Reprinted with permission of FAMILY CIRCLE Magazine.

us has joined together to form a family circle. Through bad health, accidents, electrical outages, harsh winters, happy birthdays, holidays and everydays, we share a bond of love that brings us comfort, support, security and fun. When Granny turned 85, I invited 30 people over to celebrate. That day I renicknamed Pearl Oldest Granny, and amid the chocolate cake and helium balloons, I asked Oldest if shed ever had such a big birthday party. Ive never had a birthday party, she said. Dont do it again! We will anyway, on her 90th. 18

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Visual Representation

Back

Forward

Reload

Home

Search

Stop

Print

Location http://www.goodfriends.org

The Homestead
Where friends and family come together

A fun place
for kids and seniors to enjoy one anothers company
Sponsored by city/county social services

Select a Category Below

After-school programs Nutritious meals Field trips Fun and games Volunteers Donations

What would you expect to find when you click on each of these categories?

Photos courtesy of Walter Hodges/CORBIS; Robert Holmes/CORBIS; and Reections Photolibrary/CORBIS.

What can you tell about the Homestead from the Web address?

How would you describe the people shown in the photographs? What message is conveyed by the photographs and the words?

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Objective 1
The student will demonstrate a basic understanding of culturally diverse written texts.

The Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) statements and the student expectations for Objective 1 tell what students should be able to do as they read to understand the basic meaning of a selection.

What Is a Basic Understanding?

The process of reading is like having a conversation. The writer gives you the words on a page. As a reader, you bring listening and thinking skills to the conversation. You begin this conversation by gaining a basic understanding of what you read. This means much more than just seeing whats on the printed page. It means
G

guring out the meanings of words you read by using context clues and other strategies
I can tell from this sentence that placid means calm.

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Objective 1
G

recognizing important details in a selection

The main character in this book is afraid of thunderstorms. I think thats going to be important to the story.

understanding the big picturethat is, what a selection is mainly about

This story is about a pioneer family surviving a tornado.

These are building block skills. You will need these skills to develop a basic understanding of what you read. Next you will read about some of the skills tested in Objective 1.

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Objective 1

Reading in Varied Sources

The reading selections for the TAKS test are very much like the materials you read every day. For example, you might be asked to read an essay about a teenagers visit to another country. Or you might read a folktale about a woman who defends her village. Perhaps youll be asked to read and interpret a chart that rates and compares different brands of backpacks.

Why Develop Good Reading Skills?

Having good reading skills is extremely important both in school and out. To succeed in schoolin all subjectsyou need strong reading skills. In your life outside of school, reading skills help you reach a deeper understanding of the world around you. The world can seem wider and more interesting to those who like to read. Strong reading skills can be a key to more opportunities throughout your lifein education beyond high school, in jobs, and in personal growth.

Ariel Skelly/CORBIS

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Objective 1

In school youre learning to explore text in greater depth. You are looking at ways that authors reveal meaning. In other words, youre examining the authors part of the conversation. Youre also learning how to make connections between what you read and what you already knowthe readers part of the conversation. Through this process you become a better reader and, more importantly, a better thinker.

What Are Some Strategies for Reading?

The best way to get the most out of reading is to become an active reader. Here are some of the skills active readers use to get meaning from texts.

Before You Read

Just as a runner warms up before a race, an active reader warms up before reading. Take some time to get a general idea of what a selection is about before you read it from beginning to end. You might briey look through the selectionread the title, look at the pictures, remember what you already know about the topic, and notice how the selection is organized. Begin asking questions about the selection: What does this selection seem to be about? How has the author organized the writing? What information or experience can I bring to reading this selection? You might want to make predictions, or educated guesses, based on your preview of the selection. Heres a chart that you can use to make predictions before, during, and after reading:
Clue from the Text My Prediction Result of Prediction

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Objective 1

As You Read
As you read a selection, continue to ask yourself questions: What is this selection mainly about? What is the authors point of view? What problem does the main character face? Look at the questions in the margins of the selections on pages 916. These are the types of questions that careful readers ask themselves as they read. Theyre also the same types of questions you might nd on the Grade 9 TAKS reading test. You may nd it helpful to record information on charts or other visual organizers as you read. Graphic organizers can help you focus your thinking about a selection. They help you see how ideas are related in text. Venn diagrams, time lines, cause-and-effect charts, and story maps are examples of graphic organizers for reading. Heres an example of how a reader has used a graphic organizer for reading ction. You may have used story maps or other graphic organizers in your classroom reading. A story cluster is one way to show all the important parts of a piece of ction.
Title: Thank You, Mam by Langston Hughes

Main Character: Mrs. Jones

Main Character: Roger

Setting: Mrs. Joness neighborhood

Setting: Home

Conflict: Roger tries to steal Mrs. Joness purse.

Overall Theme: Repaying dishonesty with kindness and trust Event: Mrs. Jones grabs Roger, gives him a stern lecture, and marches him home with her.

Problem/Goal: Mrs. Jones tries to teach Roger that there is a right way and a wrong way to get what you want in life.

Event: Roger tries to steal Mrs. Joness purse while she is walking home.

Event: Mrs. Jones asks Roger about himself and learns that he was trying to steal money to buy shoes.

Event: Mrs. Jones prepares dinner, and the two eat together.

Resolution/Outcome: Mrs. Jones gives Roger $10 to buy shoes and warns him to behave.

Now try creating your own story cluster for The Blanket.

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Objective 1

Taking notes is a good way to organize ideas as you read, but sometimes it is difcult to know what to write down. It can be helpful to arrange your notes in a graphic organizer so that you can quickly locate important information. For example, you might organize notes from a chapter in your history book by clustering important details around each main topic. Heres an example of a graphic organizer based on a magazine article about a new type of animal shelter. This type of organizer is a problem/solution chart.

PROBLEM: Sick and abandoned animals in the community SOLUTION: A new type of animal shelter
G G G G G G

Facilities donated by the city Free and discounted veterinary care Fund-raising teams for food and medicine Volunteers who provide daily care Website for adoptions Free obedience training for new pets

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Objective 1

Understanding Word Meanings

On the Grade 9 TAKS reading test, you will be asked to determine the meanings of certain words from the reading selections. One way to nd the meaning of a word is to look it up in a dictionary. Another way is to look for clues in a selection. Often other words and sentences give you a good idea of a words meaning. Knowing how to look for these clues can help you gure out the meanings of unfamiliar words.

The doctor instructed Mrs. Ruth to take two capsules with water.

Using Context Clues

You can often gure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word by looking at context clues. Context clues are words and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word. Suppose, for example, you read this sentence from a selection: Youll want to join me for a talk this evening, said Grandma in a stern tone that told me this was an edict rather than a polite invitation. To nd the meaning of edict, look at clues such as stern tone and rather than a polite invitation. These words suggest that Grandma is being rm and demanding. The words rather than suggest that edict may be the opposite of invitation. You can use these clues to guess that an edict is a command. Sometimes context clues arent in the same sentence as the unfamiliar word or phrase. Clues might come before or after the sentence. They might even come before or after the paragraph.

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Objective 1

Figurative Language
The confection was like a mountain of spun sugar. The gurative language like a mountain of spun sugar tells you that a confection is something sweet to eat. Heres an example of the type of context-clue question you might nd on the TAKS reading test. First return to Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215 and review paragraphs 12 and 13. Then answer the question below. Which words from paragraphs 12 and 13 help the reader understand the meaning of the word bereft? A voice, commonsense B fall, rain C forlorn, cry D obviously, over Paragraphs 12 and 13 are mainly about Arthurs illness and eventual death. When we read about how everyone feels when Arthur dies, we expect words that convey a feeling of sadness. This makes Choice C the correct answer. Choice A cannot be correct because these words dont convey any emotion. Choices B and D do not show the same degree of sadness as Choice C.

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Objective 1

Using Prexes, Roots, and Sufxes

Knowing the meanings of prexes, roots, and sufxes can help you gure out the meanings of many unfamiliar words. A prex is a word part added before a root to change its meaning. Honest means truthful. The prex dis- means not. Dishonest means not truthful. The root is a word part that can be combined with prexes and sufxes to form new words. In the example above, honest is the root of dishonest. A sufx is a word part added after a root to change its meaning. Reside means to live in a certain place. The sufx -ent means one who. Resident means one who lives in a certain place.

Using a Glossary, Dictionary, or Thesaurus

A glossary is an alphabetical list of words with denitions or explanations and examples. Textbooks often have glossaries at the back to help students understand terms and expressions. A dictionary contains the same types of information that a glossary provides, but it also gives a words part of speech, as well as its pronunciation and any multiple meanings. A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms. While reading a selection, have you ever come to a word that seems to have a different meaning from the one you are used to seeing? This can make the entire selection confusing. As you read, watch for words that have multiple meanings, such as sentence, capital, and frame. The gardener was livid when he saw that the deer had eaten his roses and that all his hard work had been for nothing. The word livid has four meanings: (1) discolored by bruising, (2) ashen or pallid, (3) reddish, or (4) very angry. Its not hard to guess that a gardener who has worked hard to grow roses only to see them destroyed would be upset. This is one clue to the meaning of livid. Another way to gure out the meaning of livid is to plug each of the four meanings of the word into the sentence above. You quickly see that the words very angry make the most sense in the sentence.

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Objective 1

To choose the correct meaning of a word, you can also consider the words part of speech and its context. When you use a glossary, a dictionary, or a thesaurus, you can look up all the meanings of a word to discover which meaning ts the context in which the word is used. Heres an example of the type of multiple-meaning question you might nd on the Grade 9 TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911 and review paragraph 12. Then answer the question below. Read the following dictionary entry. cast \kast\ v 1. to throw away or discard 2. to assign a role or part to an actor 3. to turn to glance in a certain direction 4. to shape by allowing liquid to harden in a form or mold

Which denition best matches the use of the word cast in paragraph 12? A Denition 1 B Denition 2 C Denition 3 D Denition 4 Notice that paragraph 12 is mostly about Granddad pointing out the ne blanket to his sons girlfriend. Next consider how each denition would t into the context of the sentence and the paragraph. Then choose the meaning that makes the most sense in the sentence. Choice A is incorrect because Granddads eyes are not thrown away in the paragraph. Choice B is also incorrect because Granddad is not assigning roles to anyone in the paragraph. Choice C makes the most sense because a glance is a movement of the eyes. Choice D is incorrect because it makes no sense in the context of the sentence. Therefore, the correct answer must be Choice C.

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Objective 1

Using Word Relationships

You can often gure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word by looking at its relationship with other words within the text. Words are often paired in context to illustrate similarities or differences. If you read carefully and know what to look for, comparisons can help you determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word. Here are some examples of different types of word relationships: Homonym The two men set sail on the course even though the weather report advised against it. Homonyms are words that sound alike but are not spelled alike. In this sentence, the word course may not have a meaning you are familiar with. From its usage, though, you can tell that it probably means a route chosen, rather than rough or crude. Synonym/Antonym Unlike the three constant-level lakes in the area, Stone Lakes level is variable. A synonym is a word that means the same thing or almost the same thing as another word. An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. Often synonyms or antonyms used in context with an unfamiliar word can give you clues to the words meaning. In the sentence above, the word constant appears to have a meaning opposite that of the word variable. Since you know that constant means unchanging, you can guess that variable has the opposite meaning: changing. Connotation/Denotation Minh described the hike up Black Rock as merely challenging, but it was the most difcult climb Ive ever attempted. Connotation refers to a feeling associated with a word, in addition to its dictionary meaning. The denotation of a word is its dictionary denition. In the sentence above, challenging and difcult have the same denotation, or dictionary meaning: hard to do. But would you rather take on a task that is challenging or one that is difcult? Difcult has a more negative connotation than challenging.

27

Objective 1

The story is about a woman who cuts her long hair and sells it to buy a watch chain for her husband. Meanwhile, the husband has sold his watch to buy an expensive set of combs for his wifes hair.

Summarizing
A summary captures the main points of a selection, boiling them down to a few sentences. A plot summary is a condensed description of the events of a ctional story, usually given in the order of occurrence. When you summarize, you use your own words to briey state the main ideas and key details of the text. Reading a summary is one way to get a sense of the important points of a selection or book without reading the whole text. Writing a summary helps you understand the key ideas. Heres an example of the type of summary question you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215. Review the story and answer the question below. Which of these is the best summary of the selection? A Glenn Plaskin lives alone in a New York City high-rise apartment building. After getting some advice from his neighbor Pearl, he bought a cocker spaniel he named Katie. Now Plaskin takes Katie to visit Pearl almost every day. B An older woman named Pearl lives in the same building as Glenn Plaskin. She is feisty and intelligent and has enjoyed going to the theater for many years. Although she was sad when her husband died, she has found many ways to make her life meaningful. C Glenn Plaskin met his neighbor Pearl in the hallway of their apartment building. Their friendship soon grew to include Pearls husband, Plaskins dog, and another neighbor and his son. Plaskin believes that their lives have been enriched by their family circle of friends. D A woman named Pearl befriended a little boy named Ryan in a New York City apartment building. They enjoy sharing meals together, and Pearl often picks Ryan up after school. In many ways Pearl and Ryans relationship is like that of a grandmother and grandson. The correct answer is Choice C. This summary gives, in order of occurrence, the most important points of the selection. Choices A, B, and D also contain important information from the article, but the facts and events included in these choices do not form the basis of the article. Some important information has been left out of each of these answer choices. When you are asked to choose the best summary of a selection, remember that a good summary includes all the most important points or events in a selection.

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Objective 1

Looking at the Big Picture

There are times in your reading when you will want a quick snapshot of a selections main point. The gist of a piece of writing is what it is mostly about. The gist will not include all the details of a summary, but it should be a big enough idea to cover the entire selection or part of the selection that you are reading.

Sometimes the gist is easy to identify because it is clearly stated. It answers the question What is this selection (or paragraph) mainly about? Read the paragraph below and identify its gist. Mexico is my favorite travel destination. The country has large, cosmopolitan cities and quaint villages. A variety of terrains, including deserts, mountains, beaches, and tropical jungles, provide opportunities for all kinds of outdoor activities. Perhaps most appealing, though, are the historical sites. Ancient Aztec cities and Mayan pyramids offer a glimpse into Mexicos distant past. The rst sentence, Mexico is my favorite travel destination, is the big idea that states the gist of the paragraph. The rest of the sentences support this main point by giving reasons why Mexico is a favorite destination. The gist may not always be stated in the rst sentence of the paragraph.

29

Objective 1

Sometimes the gist is not stated directly. In this case you have to read between the lines to gure out what a selection is mostly about. Pay careful attention to details. They can help you identify the gist when it is not stated. Read the following paragraph and identify what it is mainly about. The San Antonio River Walk buzzes with activity. People visit shops that offer colorful souvenirs and cool relief from the summer heat. They sample exotic foods and drinks at the inviting riverside restaurants. Happy tourists wave from tour boats at their counterparts on the sidewalks. The lively sound of mariachi music sets the rhythm for all these activities. Details in the paragraph about tourists, souvenirs, and attractions help you identify the gist, which is hinted at but not stated directly. You might state the main point in this way: San Antonios River Walk is a popular tourist attraction. Heres an example of the type of gist question you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Reread paragraphs 13 through 18. Then answer the question below. Paragraphs 13 through 18 are mostly about A the argument between Dad and his girlfriend B the beauty of Granddads new blanket C the embarrassment Petey feels when he goes inside D the importance of spending money wisely If you think about taking a picture of these six paragraphs, you know that the photo would mostly show Dad and his girlfriend having an argument. This makes Choice A the correct answer. You may notice the beauty of the blanket or Peteys going inside as details, but neither of these details captures the main focus of the paragraphs. For this reason Choices B and C are incorrect. Choice D sounds like a big idea, but it conveys only the girlfriends side of the argument.

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Objective 1

Identifying Supporting Details

Supporting details tell more about a selection. They add depth, color, and interest to a piece of writing. Supporting details might answer questions such as Who? What? When? Where? How? or Why? They might also appeal to your senses by describing how something feels, looks, sounds, smells, or tastes. Examples, descriptions, and facts or gures are forms of supporting details. Heres an example of the type of detail question you might nd on the Grade 9 TAKS reading test. Return to Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215. Review paragraph 5 and then answer the question below. What does Katie nd waiting for her each morning when she goes to Pearls apartment? A Another dog B Gourmet dog food C Her favorite pillow D A piece of toast The correct answer is Choice D. The author states that Katie always has a piece of toast waiting for her. This supports the main point that Pearl has established a routine of caring for Katie. Answers A, B, and C are not included as details in the paragraph.

TIP:

Dont rely on your memory. Go back and look at the selection.

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Objective 2
The student will demonstrate an understanding of the effects of literary elements and techniques in culturally diverse written texts.

The TEKS and the student expectations for Objective 2 describe what students should be able to do as they read to move beyond a basic understanding of the text. This objective focuses on questions such as What is the theme of this story? Why is the setting important in this story? What is the main problem that the character faces?

Understanding Literary Elements

You will nd the following literary elements most often in ction. Some narrative nonctionsuch as autobiographies, biographies, and essaysalso contains these elements.
G G G G

Themethe overall message of a literary work Settingthe time and place in which story events occur Charactersthe people or animals in a story Conictthe struggle between opposing characters or forces in a story Plotwhat happens in a story. Plot includes the problem or conict one or more characters face and how the problem or conict is resolved.

Understanding Literary Techniques

Authors bring to life the elements of stories by using special tools known as literary techniques. These techniques help shape your understanding of the stories. Open an authors toolbox, and youre likely to nd at least one of these among the pencils and pens and paper: literary language, foreshadowing, ashback, and symbolism. The skills for Objective 2 are analyzing skills. Youll need these skills to better appreciate and respond to stories.
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Objective 2

Using Text to Defend Responses

From time to timein and out of schoolyoure asked to justify a statement of fact or opinion with reasons. There are times when Because I said so just wont do. For instance, you might have to support a statement such as this one about a story you read: In this story Jason only pretends to admire Leos skill at playing the guitar. How would you justify, or defend, your statement? One effective way is to use text from the story as evidence. Who can argue with this kind of proof? Look for text evidencein black and whiteto back up your responses to a piece of writing. This will help you dig a little deeper to understand an authors message. It will also help you feel condent about your responses. Heres an example of a text-support question that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the story and answer the question below. Which quotation from the story shows how wrong Dad has been? A Yes, said Granddad, its doublea ne blanket for an old fellow to be going away with. B I wont be here when you leave in the morning, so I came over to say good-bye. C Hell be feeling young again with a pretty wife like that. D I mean, said the boy slowly, that Ill give it to you, Dadwhen youre old and Im sending youaway. One of the most powerful statements made by a character in this story, Choice D is the correct answer. It is only when Petey threatens to cut the blanket in half that Dad sees the error of his ways. Choices A and C are statements made by Granddad to try to justify Dads actions, not to show how wrong Dad has been. Choice B is the reason Dads girlfriend gives for coming to the house; it doesnt show how wrong Dad has been.

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Objective 2

Recognizing Theme
The theme of a literary work is its underlying message. A theme is a central insight about life or human nature that an author wants you to take away from a story.

A theme of the short story is that life is unpredictable.

The books message is that we all face hard questions.

Some themes are clearly stated in a selection. Others are not. You can often gure out a storys theme by looking closely at details about the characters, events, and setting of the story. Sometimes the title of a story is a good clue to a theme. A helpful question to ask when determining a theme is What message about life or human nature does the author want me to think about? When you think youve discovered a theme of a story, heres another good question to ask: Can I justify this theme with supporting evidence from the text? Heres an example of a theme-based question you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the story and answer the question below. A primary theme of this story is that A few options exist for people as they grow older B adults can learn lessons from children C family members do not get along when they all live together D most problems are only temporary Choice B is the correct answer because Petey is able to teach Dad a lesson about caring for others. Choice C may seem appealing early in the story, but by the end of the story, we see that the members of this family can get along together. Choices A and D are hinted at in the story, but both statements are too general to be primary themes of The Blanket.

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Objective 2

CORBIS

Analyzing Setting
The setting of a story is the place and time in which the events happen. Stories can be set in real or imaginary places. The events can happen in the past, present, or future.

When I was ten, growing up in Kansas in 1970, . . .

Back in the days when people traveled by car. . .

For most of the year, I live in a small apartment in New York City. . .

In a flat field along a country road. . .

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Objective 2

Setting can be an important part of the plot. It can help you understand why characters act as they do. Setting can inuence a storys overall meaning by creating a particular mood or atmosphere. As you read, notice whether the setting gives you clues to a characters background, beliefs, and motives. For example, imagine a story in which a 16-year-old boy and his family live in a remote setting deep in Alaska. The setting of the story may help you understand the boys independent nature. Heres an example of a setting question you might nd on the Grade 9 TAKS reading test. Return to Granny Down the Hall on page 12. Review the selection and answer the question below. The setting of the article is important because A it emphasizes current events B it shows the effects of the Great Depression C it demonstrates the conveniences of living in a large city D it helps communicate a sense of community Choice D is the correct answer. Living close to one another within the high-rise building provides the residents with an opportunity to form close relationships. Choice A is incorrect because the setting has nothing to do with current events. Choice B is incorrect because the story does not take place during the Great Depression. Choice C is incorrect. The conveniences of living in a large city are not discussed in the article.

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Objective 2

Analyzing Characters
At the beginning of a story, readers meet the character or characters in the story. Characters can be people or animals. The author of a story reveals the characters traits through what the characters say or do or through what other characters say about them. You can analyze a character by asking these questions as you read a story:
G G G G

What is this character feeling? Why does the character do certain things in the story? How does this character react to other characters in the story? How does this character change in the story?

A character in a story has certain traits, or qualities, that set him or her apart from other characters. As a reader, you discover a characters traits as the story unfolds. Heres an example of a question about character that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return again to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the text and answer the question below. Which word best describes Granddads attitude about going away? A Angry B Resigned C Indifferent D Confused Choice B is the correct answer. Through Granddads words and actions, the reader knows that Granddad has accepted his fate and understands there is nothing he can do about it. There is no suggestion in the story that Granddad is angry, indifferent, or confused.
Remember that you can always use your dictionary if you do not understand a word used on the Grade 9 reading test.

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Objective 2

Point of View
Every story is told from a certain point of view. A story that is narrated by one of its characters is in the rst-person point of view. In this case, the reader becomes very familiar with the narrator but can know only what the narrator sees and reports. A story told by a narrator who does not participate in the action is in the third-person point of view. In this case, the narrator can either make the reader aware of the feelings and actions of all the characters or simply report the thoughts of one or two characters. Heres an example of a point-of-view question that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the text and answer the question below. The storys point of view allows the reader to understand A the girlfriends thoughts about Granddad B Peteys loyalty to Granddad C Dads commitment to his girlfriend D Granddads love of music The correct choice is B. The Blanket is told from a third-person point of view, but the narrator seems to focus the readers attention more on Petey and Granddad than on Dad and the girlfriend. The narrator makes the reader aware of Peteys loyalty to Granddad through Peteys thoughts, feelings, and actions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect, since the narrator does not reveal similar details about the girlfriends thoughts regarding Granddad, Dads commitment to his girlfriend, or Granddads love of music.

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Objective 2

Understanding Plot (Rising Action, Climax, and Resolution)

Plot
The plot is simply what happens in the storythe events that occur from beginning to end. The plot is usually built around a conict, or problem, faced by one or more characters. The events in a story move toward the resolution, or solution, to the conict.

Conict
In most stories the main character faces a conict of some kind. This struggle is often between two characters. For example, an athlete may have a conict with her coach, or two neighbors may have a conict with each other. Conict can also happen within a character. A woman may struggle with the question of whether to change careers, or a young man may wrestle with the question of whether to accept a dare. Conict can also be between characters and a force of nature, such as a great storm, or between characters and the society in which they live. Heres an example of a conict question that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the text and answer the question below. Dads primary conict is that he is A forced to decide what is best for Granddad B unaware of Granddads real feelings C angry about Peteys attitude D torn between Granddad and his girlfriend Choice D is the correct answer. The words and actions of the characters as well as the events that unfold make it clear that Dad is making Granddad leave because of his girlfriends wishes. No evidence in the story supports the idea that going away is best for Granddad, so Choice A is not a logical response. We are not told what Dad thinks about Granddads real feelings or Peteys attitude, so Choices B and C cannot be correct.

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Objective 2

Rising Action
Once the characters have been introduced and the setting and conict are developed, a sequence of events called the rising action moves the plot forward. Heres an example of a question about rising action that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the text and answer the question below. Petey does not believe that Dad is sending Granddad away until A they visit the brick building B Dads girlfriend comes over C he sees the blanket D Granddad packs his clothing Choice C is the correct answer. When Petey sees the blanket and recognizes that Granddad is being sent away, the tension in the story begins to build. Choices A and D are not correct because these events are not discussed in the story. Choice B is not correct because Petey has already realized that Granddad is going away before the girlfriend arrives.

Climax
The climax is a storys turning point. All the events in the rising action build toward the climax. This is also the point at which the character or characters begin to move toward resolving the conict. Heres an example of a question about a storys climax that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the story and answer the question below. The climax of the story occurs when A Petey realizes that everyone is crying B Dads girlfriend becomes angry and leaves C Granddad puts his hand on Dads shoulder D Petey demands that the blanket be cut in half Choices A and C are incorrect because the story is winding down by the time these two events occur. Choice B is incorrect because after the girlfriend leaves, more meaningful and interesting events occur. Choice D is the correct answer. When Petey demands that the blanket be cut in half, the outcome of the conict must be decided, one way or another.

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Objective 2

Resolution
A story usually ends when the conict faced by the main character is resolved: the damsel is rescued from the tower . . . the bully apologizes and mends his ways . . . the lost cat is found. In the resolution of a story, the loose ends are tied up, whether or not the characters live happily ever after.
Climax (Turning Point)
The suspense reaches its peak, and the characters may change in some way.

Rising Action
The action rises, and the conflict heats up.

Falling Action
Loose ends are being tied up.

Exposition
Setting and characters are introduced.

Resolution
The conflict is resolved.

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Objective 2

Heres an example of a question about a storys resolution that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the story and answer the question below. What causes Petey, Dad, and Granddad to cry at the end of the story? A Their feelings of remorse and relief B Their embarrassment over the trouble caused by the blanket C Their feelings of isolation and loss D Their sadness that the girlfriend has gone away Choice A best explains the characters reasons for crying at the end of the story. Dad is probably feeling remorse because of his behavior, and Petey and Granddad are feeling relieved that Granddad will not have to leave. The remaining choices are all incorrect. There is nothing to indicate that the characters feel embarrassed, nor do they have reason at the end of the story to feel isolated or lost. Dad might be sad that his girlfriend has gone away, but this event probably does not cause Granddad or Petey to cry, since they dont seem to particularly like the girlfriend.

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Objective 2

Understanding Literary Language

. . . the dried leaves whispering in the wind . . .

. . . was an Everest of a man . . .

. . . a necklace of islands off the coast . . .

. . . the moon hid itself behind the clouds . . .

. . . tulips like red-hatted soldiers . . .

. . . the task was like herding cats . . .

When you read this sentenceFrom the plane window, the city lights below shimmered like jewelsyou know that the writer doesnt mean that the city lights are literally jewels. Shes making a comparison to catch the readers imagination. The two things being comparedcity lights and jewelsare fundamentally different, but the writer wants the reader to see that these things have something in common. This is an example of the use of literary language. Authors often use literary language to add liveliness and avor to descriptions. The chart below shows more examples of literary language.
Type of Literary Language Simile Metaphor Personication How Its Used Compares using like or as Hints at a comparison without using like or as Gives human qualities to an object, animal, or idea Example She had a will as strong as steel. The sky was an ocean of deep blue. Two magpies gossiped on a maple branch.

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Objective 2

Heres an example of a question about literary language that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the text and answer the question below. In paragraph 11, the simile whose bright face was like a dolls tells the reader that the girlfriend is A shy and modest B clever but cruel C happy and cheerful D pretty but articial Choice D is the correct answer. The simile is a comparison between the girlfriends face and the articial, painted face of a doll. This comparison is later supported by the girlfriends behavior during her argument with Dad. Choices A and C are too positive to describe Dads girlfriend as she appears in the story, and Choice B does not describe the qualities of a doll.

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Objective 2

Understanding Literary Terms

Remember the authors toolbox that we looked into earlier? Some of the tools authors use to communicate information about characters, events, and theme are discussed below.

Mood
The overall feeling or atmosphere that an author creates for a reader is called mood. For example, the mood of a story can be suspenseful. Or it can be peaceful, fearful, or comic. Specic words or phrasessuch as the mournful wail of the train whistle or a cyclone of mishaps can contribute to the mood of a work.

Foreshadowing
Through foreshadowing an author gives hints about what will happen later in a story. Foreshadowing can arouse your curiosity or build suspense. What do you think the author is foreshadowing in the following story excerpt? The rst time Dancer escaped from the corral, Rudy was lucky. He followed the horses hoofprints on the dirt path to a stand of trees by Amber Creek.

Raymond Gehman/CORBIS

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Objective 2

Irony
Irony involves a difference between how something seems and how it really is. In verbal irony a character says the opposite of what he or she means: How de-LICIOUS, Carolyn managed to say as she took another bite of the awful meat pie. In irony of situation an event or situation turns out to be different from what the reader expected. For example, a character who is portrayed as helpless ends up bravely rescuing his friends. In dramatic irony theres a difference between what a character says or thinks and what the reader knows is true. Through the use of irony, writers remind readers that life is unpredictable.
Another downpour! What a perfect day for a picnic.

Paul Edmondson/CORBIS

Flashback
A ashback interrupts a story to tell about an event that happened in the past. Through ashbacks, authors can explain why characters think or behave in certain ways. Once he had maneuvered the craft to a cruising altitude, Tremaine relaxed in his seat. He watched the clouds give way to the small plane and was suddenly reminded of that day with his father. . . . Tremaine! Come here! his father shouts from the backyard. Tremaine is barely ve. He is curious and alert, and he knows that his father would not call him so insistently if it werent for something important, maybe even something exciting. Notice how the author has used a series of dots (ellipses) to signal a break in the storys forward movement. The words suddenly reminded of that day with his father also tell you that you are being taken back in time. Perhaps if you read the rest of the ashback, you might see a connection between the event of that day long ago and Tremaines love of ying.

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Objective 2

Symbolism

A symbol is an object, a place, a person, an event, or an animal that stands for something other than itself. A symbol has its own meaning, but it can also represent an idea or a quality. Authors often use symbolism to make a point, create a certain feeling, or present a theme. The symbols shown above are familiar ones. Symbols in literature are more personal and can differ from author to author. For example, a ower could represent Earth, or a owing river could represent the passage of time. Careful readers look for deeper meaning by identifying and analyzing symbols in works of literature. In the story The Blanket, the blanket can be seen as symbolizing the warmth and protection provided by a family. In the story Dad gives the blanket to Granddad to replace the love and warmth of family when Granddad is to be sent away.

Dialogue
Conversation between two or more characters in a written work is known as dialogue. Writers use dialogue to bring characters to life and to give the reader a sense of the characters traits. The words a character speaks or thinks are usually set off with quotation marks. Open the hood of this car, Marian demanded. But why? Carlos asked, a smile beginning to form. Because, Marian said, putting her hands on her hips, Im going to learn everything there is to know about how a car works. And youre going to teach me.

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Objective 2

Protagonist/Antagonist
The main character in a work of ction is called the protagonist. Authors usually want readers to identify with, or feel sympathy for, the protagonist in a story. The antagonist is a character or force that opposes the protagonist in some way. Often, but not always, the antagonist is better known as the storys villain. Heres an example of a question about literary terms that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911. Review the story and answer the question below. Dads girlfriend can be considered the antagonist of this story in that A she seems to care more about herself than about those around her B she fusses over Petey and says that she wants to be a good mother to him C she seems to want the blanket for herself D she tells Granddad she wont be there when he leaves Choice A is the correct answer. The girlfriends self-centeredness puts her at odds with Petey and his desire to keep Granddad at home. Choices C and D describe the girlfriend, but they do not show her in opposition to Petey. Choice B does not support her role as the antagonist.

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Objective 3
The student will demonstrate the ability to analyze and critically evaluate culturally diverse written texts and visual representations.

The TEKS statements and the student expectations for Objective 3 tell what students should be able to do to think critically about what they read in order to gain a deeper understanding. This deeper understanding comes from reading between the lines. It also comes from looking at how an author has shaped a piece of writing and from making comparisons and connections.

Reading Between the Lines

The term reading between the lines is another way to describe the skill called making inferences. You may not realize it, but you make inferences all day long. Any time you connect bits of information to make a logical guess, youre making an inference. When you read, you make inferences by
G G G

drawing conclusions making generalizations making predictions

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Objective 3

Analyzing and Evaluating Text

Another way to examine a piece of writing more closely is to look at the word choices an author has made. You might ask, How has the author put together words to form sentences and paragraphs? Looking at a piece of writing in this way can tell you about the way an author thinks and possibly about the way the author wants you to think. Another way to analyze and evaluate text is to look at the way authors present themselves to readers. Does the author seem reliable? Can you trust the information the author is giving you? Are the authors ideas worthwhile?

Understanding and Evaluating Media Messages

Youre bombarded with media messages every dayfrom television, radio, magazines, newspapers, advertisements, photographs, billboards, posters, websites, and yers. The skills you use to look more closely at what you read can also be used to look at various forms of media. What is the main idea of the image? What is its purpose? How well does the image achieve its purpose? The skills described above are analyzing and evaluating skills. They are the skills that you need in order to respond at a deeper level to writing and visual messages.

Analyzing Text Structures

As authors plan their writing, they select organizational patterns, or text structures, to arrange and link their ideas. One way to better understand text is to look at how its organized. One common organizational pattern is chronological order, in which authors tell the events in the order in which they happen. Many stories and narratives are presented in chronological order. Other text structures include compare and contrast, cause and effect, and problem and solution. Authors use the pattern of compare and contrast to compare two or more people, objects, or ideas. Suppose an author wants to compare the benets of having siblings with the benets of being an only child. The author might begin by describing all the benets of having siblings and follow this with a description of all the benets of being an only child. In using the pattern of cause and effect, an author may describe either a single cause and its effect or a series of causes and effects. Suppose someone is writing a narrative about her younger sister. Within the narrative she writes a paragraph using the pattern of cause and effect to describe an incident in which her sister embarrassed her in front of a group of friends. This, in turn, causes the author to stop taking her sister on outings.

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Objective 3

Now suppose the same writer is working on a short article about sibling relationships and friendship. She begins the article by describing the challenges of making friends at schoola problem. In the next paragraph, she includes examples about practicing social skills with a siblinga solution. She has organized the article with a problem-and-solution pattern. Heres an example of a question about comparison and contrast that you might nd on the TAKS reading test. Return to Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215. Review the article and answer the question below. What is one technique the author uses to compare Pearl and Ryans relationship to that of a grandmother and grandson? A Writing about Ryans father B Explaining Pearls and Ryans differences C Listing Pearls and Ryans shared activities D Describing his own grandmother Choice C is the correct answer because the activities shared by Pearl and Ryan are similar to those shared by a grandmother and grandson. Choices A and D are incorrect because neither of these techniques helps the reader understand the relationship between Pearl and Ryan. Because the differences between Pearl and Ryan are not explained in the article, Choice B is incorrect.

Anthony Redpath/CORBIS

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Objective 3

s . nd proce s er a rom readi n g h t f n a o G mati or nf ou at y o w. h w e n Us ready k al

e generalizations. Dra Mak w co n cl u sio n s. Make predic ti o n s .

Making Inferences
When you make an inference while reading, you combine information you read with your own knowledge and experience to make an educated guess. Heres an example of an inference: Information: Alicias heart beat faster as she descended deeper into the cave by rope. She had never felt so alert in her life. Every ber in her body was tuned to the slightest sound or sight or touch. She gave a whoop of joy when she reached the cave oor. Inference: Alicia is excited about exploring the cave. Sometimes more than one inference is possible. In a question on the TAKS reading test that calls for making an inference, only one inference out of several possible ones will be correct. The selections you read will provide clues so that you can make the correct inference. Sometimes a question that focuses on making an inference will ask you to support the inference with information from the selection.

52

Objective 3

Lets use a sample question about The Blanket to explore making a correct inference. Review the story on pages 911 and answer the question below. In paragraph 6, the reader can infer that the government place is A a hospital B a military base C a home for the elderly D an apartment building Looking at the answer choices, you may notice that there is nothing in the text to support Choices A and B. Likewise, nothing in the text suggests that Granddad is moving to a place where he can live independently; therefore, you can also eliminate Choice D. You can see that Choice C is the correct answer because it is a place where Dad can send Granddad to be cared for. You can infer that Dad no longer wants Granddad to live at his house because his girlfriend prefers to have the house to herself.

Drawing Conclusions
Authors often guide readers to gure out some things on their own. They give you one or more pieces of evidence and expect you to use your reasoning powers to draw a conclusion. This is part of the continuing conversation between an author and a reader. Information: George opened his backpack to get his report. Where was it? Then he returned to his locker and searched every inch of space for the paper. As he grew more anxious, he mentally retraced his steps after he had printed out the nished report the night before. Conclusion: George has lost a report he wrote. A conclusion is a decision you make after you gather information and think about it. Most of the time you need more than one piece of information to reach a conclusion. In the example above, if you had only the information in the rst sentence, you could not have formed the same conclusion.

53

Objective 3

Making Predictions
When you make a prediction, you try to answer the question What will happen next? To make predictions, its helpful to notice
G G G

how characters react to problems important details about plot, setting, and character foreshadowing, or hints about what might happen later in the story Suppose two friends of yours are competing against each other in a race tomorrow. One friend has been running at the school track almost every day for two months. The other just started running last week. What prediction can you make about who will win the race? What did you base your prediction on?

On the TAKS test you may be asked to support conclusions or predictions with evidence from the text. Questions on the test may ask you to supply this evidence, or they may ask you to choose among ideas or sentences from the text.

Analyzing Across Texts

Sometimes you will need to use your analytical skills on more than one selection. When you play a video game that has been adapted from a television show you enjoy or you read two books featuring the same characters, you cannot help making mental comparisons between the two. The TAKS reading test will ask you to perform this type of analysis as well. But remember that evidence to support your analysis must be present in both selections. Heres an example of a cross-text item you might see on the TAKS reading test. Review The Blanket on pages 911 and Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215, thinking about ideas that the two selections have in common. Then answer the question below. Which idea is important in both The Blanket and Granny Down the Hall? A Deciding who owns family possessions B Bridging the gap between generations C Comforting one another when someone dies D Excluding others from family discussions The correct answer is Choice B. In both selections there are close relationships between members of different generations. Choice A is incorrect because ownership of family possessions is not discussed in either selection. Choice C is incorrect because comforting someone following a death relates only to Granny Down the Hall. Choice D is incorrect because it is not an idea that is addressed in either selection.

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Objective 3

Recognizing Historical Context

The time period in which a literary work is set is its historical context. Knowing this information can help you understand key points about a selections setting and background. It may also help you understand why characters act and feel as they do. The customs and attitudes of characters in a story set in the past may be very different from those of today.

Photo courtesy of NASA

For example, suppose youre reading a story about children who work in a factory. You may nd it hard to believe that the children are working long hours each day instead of going to school or playing. It helps to understand that at an earlier time in history, child labor was not uncommon, although it is outlawed in many parts of the world today. Its just as important to understand the contemporary context of some pieces of writing. If youre reading a newspaper article about yearround schooling, it may help your understanding to know that yearround schools are common in several states in the United States.

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Objective 3

Authors Purpose
Good writers have a purpose for writing. An author may have an idea he or she cares about and wants others to care about, toosuch as recycling. An author may want to express his or her ideas about a topic, such as whether students should be required to wear uniforms. Not all writing has a serious goal, though. Sometimes writers just want to share an idea that interests them. Or they may want to entertain readers with a funny story. Most purposes for writing fall into these categories:
Purpose To inform Characteristics Has mostly factual information Tries to inuence readers to think or act in a certain way Presents a point of view, shares personal feelings Tells a story, often using humor or suspense Examples Newspaper and magazine articles, encyclopedia and textbook passages Newspaper editorials, advertisements Personal essays, autobiographical stories Short stories, novels

To persuade

To express or describe To entertain

Recognizing an authors purpose can help you better understand what youre reading. For example, if youre reading an article titled The Best Backpack Money Can Buy! you might guess that the authors purpose is to sell you a backpack. Some clues to an authors purpose include the use of
G

lively descriptions, events presented in chronological order, and humor (to entertain) words such as must, should, best, and worst and the use of compare and contrast (to persuade) phrases such as I am, I think, and I feel and the use of cause and effect (to express or describe) bulleted or numbered items, illustrations, diagrams, maps, and the use of compare and contrast or cause and effect (to inform)

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Objective 3

Heres an example of a question about authors purpose that you might see on the TAKS reading test. Reread paragraph 16 of Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215. Then answer the question below. The purpose of paragraph 16 is to show A how friends can help one another B why the elderly have so many problems C why it is dangerous to live in a city D how Katie recovered from her illness Choice A is the correct answer because the author describes how he and Granny helped each other during times of trouble. The paragraph does not explain why elderly people have problems or the dangers of living in a city, so Choices B and C are incorrect. Katies illness is mentioned in paragraph 16 as an example of friends helping each other, but it is not the focus of the paragraph. This makes Choice D incorrect. Now think about the selection as a whole. What do you think the authors overall purpose is in this article?

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Objective 3

Authors Craft
Authors make deliberate choices in the words they use, the way they structure a piece of writing, and the tone they create in a selection. These choices are elements of the authors craft and lead the reader to feel and react in ways that the author intends.

Maya Angelou

Bettmann/CORBIS

Heres an example of a question about authors craft similar to one you might see on the Grade 9 TAKS reading test. Return to Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215 and review paragraphs 12 and 13. Then answer the question below. What is the tone of paragraphs 12 and 13? A Unemotional B Sad C Forceful D Bitter Choice B is correct because paragraphs 12 and 13 are about Arthurs illness and death. Choice A is wrong because the tone is emotional. Choices C and D are incorrect because neither forceful nor bitter can be used to describe the tone of the authors account of Arthurs illness and death.
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Objective 3

Credibility of Information Sources

Careful readers have their radar on as they read informational text. They monitor the text to see whether it is trustworthy, asking questions such as Is this source credible?

Ed Bock/CORBIS

The word credible means deserving belief. When you analyze the credibility of information sources, you judge whether the sources are believable. Here are some specic questions to ask as you evaluate the credibility of information sources:
G

Is the author a respected authority on the topic? What is his or her relationship to the topic? Does the author have something to gain by providing this information? Does the author support opinions with sound reasons? How current is the information?

G G

Information in well-known encyclopedias, almanacs, and atlases is usually reliable. Remember that although the Internet is a huge source of information, some of it is not so reliable. Sources whose Web addresses end in the following are often reliable sources of information:
G G G

.edu (education) .gov (government) .mil (military)

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Objective 3

Recognizing Logical Argument

John Feingersh/CORBIS

Logic is the science of correct reasoning based on experience. That sounds right to me, Thats probably true because . . ., and If ______ is true, then ______ must be true are examples of thoughts you have when you are engaged in the process of logical reasoning. Authors whose purpose is to persuade generally try to lead you in a way that makes you agree with their opinions. One way they do this is by using logical argument. By presenting reasons, facts, and expert testimony, authors aim to have readers say to themselves, Yes, that sounds right. ReasonsReasons tell why you should agree with the authors opinion. They cannot stand alone but must be supported by facts or gures. FactsBy denition, facts can be proved true. Expert testimonyInformation provided by experts provides support for any opinion.

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Objective 3

Faulty Reasoning
Often authors make statements that sound right but that on closer inspection are misleading. Some types of faulty reasoning include the following: Hasty generalizationscoming to a conclusion without sufcient evidence. My friends and I liked that book; therefore, it will surely be a best-seller. Personal attackattacking a person who holds an opposing position or opinion rather than attacking the position itself. Joe did not like the book, but with his record of library nes, Im not sure you should listen to him. Either/orpresenting a position as if it were one of only two choices available. Either you love taffy, or you truly do not appreciate good candy. False cause and effectsuggesting that merely because one event follows another, the rst event must be the cause or source of the second event. Since I got this new pencil, my math grade has improved by 10 points.

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Objective 3

Modes of Persuasion
You already know that persuasive text is writing in which the author tries to convince you to think or act in a certain way. In addition to newspaper editorials and advertisements, youll nd persuasive writing in speeches, books, and magazineseven movies. Modes of persuasion are the various tools authors use to persuade readers. Some of these modes, or forms, appeal to a readers powers of reason, or logic. Others appeal to the emotions. Persuasive writing that appeals to a readers powers of logic usually
G G G G

states the authors position on an issue gives opinions or claims that have supporting reasons or facts has a reasonable and respectful tone answers opposing views

Persuasive writing that appeals to a readers emotions can sometimes use these faulty or deceptive modes of persuasion:
G

Loaded language: Uses words and phrases that have a positive or a negative connotation. For example, Cloud Puff Cakes are out of this world. Youll love their heavenly taste. Bandwagon appeal: Urges readers to do or believe something because everyone else does. For example, Absolutely every shopper at FoodFest is buying Cloud Puff Cakes. Testimonials: Uses famous people to endorse a product or idea. For example, Famous singer Julia Ruiz loves our Cloud Puff Cakes.

Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress

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Objective 3

Understanding modes of persuasion can help you evaluate information and make informed decisions. Heres an example of a question analyzing bias and persuasive techniques that you might see on the TAKS reading test. Review the Web page on page 16 and answer the question below. Which words are used on this Web page to persuade people that the Homestead is a good place to visit? A kids, seniors, come B together, fun, enjoy C sponsored, social, select D games, services, donations Choice B is the correct answer because each of the words has a meaning that is positive and appealinga good place to visit might be one where people can be together, have fun, and enjoy themselves. Choices A, C, and D include words that are neutral and have no particular emotional appeal.

Viewing Media
The term media refers to a wide variety of communication forms television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet, for example. Except for radio, these forms all involve your sense of sight. When you read a short story, you take in ideas as words on a page. The author helps you see how the ideas relate to one another. A television ad, on the other hand, may dazzle you with colorful images, fast motion, pounding music, and hypnotic words spoken by a professional announcer. After the ad is over, its up to you to sort out the ideas and their meanings.

CORBIS

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Objective 3

Just as its important to evaluate what you read, it is also important to evaluate information you view for purpose, content, and quality. In other words, you must be a careful viewer as well as a careful reader. When you view media, be aware that you may be receiving several ideas at onceand quickly. Take time to identify each idea. See whether you can nd relationships among the ideas. Use your own good judgment and be a critical viewer.

Back

Forward

Reload

Home

Search

Stop

Print

Location http://www.goodfriends.org

The Homestead
Where friends and family come together

A fun place
for kids and seniors to enjoy one anothers company
Sponsored by city/county social services

Select a Category Below

After-school programs Nutritious meals Field trips Fun and games Volunteers Donations

Heres an example of a question that analyzes ideas in media that you might see on the TAKS Grade 9 reading test. Review the Web page on page 16 and answer the question below. The designers of the website appeal to the viewers emotions by A including warm, sentimental images B making the website easy to use C using lengthy descriptions D offering choices of specic interest Choice A is the correct answer because warm and sentimental images generally make the people who view them feel happy and content. On the other hand, Choices B and D are not features to which viewers would respond emotionally, even though they might appreciate the ease of use and choices for nding more information. Choice C is not correct because there are no lengthy descriptions on the Web page.

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Objective 3

Purposes of Media Forms

There are many different forms of media, and these forms can have a variety of purposes. For example, they can entertain, inform, or persuade. Its not always easy, though, to determine the purpose of a media message. Suppose youre channel surng through television programs. One program catches your attention, so you watch and listen. A woman in a white chefs coat describes the health benets of drinking freshly made smoothies and shakes. She shows how easy it is to make these healthful drinks by using the Blend-N-Smooth, an amazing new appliance. Audience members respond with enthusiasm as the host passes out samples for them to taste. What is the main purpose of the programto inform? Or to persuade? Here are some questions that can help you discover the purpose of a media message:
G

How is the message presented? Is it presented by an authority? What do your instincts tell you about the truth of the message? What kind of language does the message use? Does it use phrasing such as you should? Does it use words such as better or worst? Does the message present a balanced picture, or does it support only one side of an issue? What is the source of the information? Is it up-to-date?

Michael Keller/CORBIS

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Objective 3

As you analyze media messages for purpose, youll nd that many of the messages are designed to persuade. Heres an example of a question analyzing the purpose of media that you might see on the TAKS reading test. Review the Web page on page 16. Then answer the question below. The primary purpose of this website is to A share information about a community program B teach parents about city and county social services C prove that children and seniors like one another D convince other cities to build community centers Choice A is the correct answer. The description of the Homestead, the photographs, and the various category links appear designed to inform interested viewers about a community resource. A website designed to teach parents about social services would include more examples than just the Homestead, so Choice B is not correct. Choice C is incorrect because no argument is made to prove such an opinion, although the pictures indicate that it is true. Other communities might choose to build community centers, but there is no appeal for them to do so on the website, so Choice D is incorrect.

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Objective 3

Persuasion in Media
Many media messages are designed to persuade, but they may be disguised as entertainment or information. Just as authors use certain tools in persuasive writing, media writers use tools to persuade viewers. Some of these persuasive techniques include the use of loaded terms and symbols.

Loaded Terms
Media messages often contain words or statements that are chosen to draw an emotional response from the viewer. These loaded terms can cause a viewer to respond in a certain wayfor example, Waverider board shortsfor the coolest of the cool.
Im coolIll buy Waverider board shorts.

CORBIS

Symbols
A symbol is an object that stands for something beyond itself. Symbols are often used in persuasive media messages because they appeal to the emotions. For example, a mountain can symbolize strength, or a storm cloud can symbolize danger. Be alert for symbolsparticularly in advertisementsthat try to tap into your hopes, dreams, or fears. Heres an example of a question about persuasion in media that you might see on the TAKS reading test. Review the Web page on page 16. Then answer the question below. The websites designers probably included the photo of the house to show that A B C D most activities at the Homestead take place inside very few people visit the Homestead the Homestead receives donations from large corporations the Homestead is a comfortable place

Choice A is incorrect because the pictures and categories suggest many outdoor activities. There is nothing to suggest that Choices B or C are correct. Choice D is the correct answer. The rocking chairs and the lacy curtains make the place look warm and inviting.
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Objective 3

Finding the Main Point of a Media Message

Just like an essay, an article, or a short story, an advertisement or other media message contains a main point. Finding the gist of a media message, however, can sometimes be harder than nding the gist of a written selection. Visual messagessuch as those on television, billboards, and the Internetcan pack a lot of ideas into a small space. Youve heard the saying A picture is worth a thousand words. Media messages usually combine pictures and words. Thats a lot of information to sift through to nd a main idea. Here are some tips for analyzing a media message to nd its main idea.
G

Break the message into smaller parts: the visual image and the text (and music, if any). Ask yourself what point each part of the message makes. Are the key points in each part the same? Look at the details. Do they support one main idea? Try to summarize each part of the message. Do these summaries point to an overall message? Look for any symbols in the message. Recall that a symbol is an object that stands for another thing or idea. Is the symbol repeated in the message? What does the symbol stand for?

G G

Review the Web page on page 16. By looking at the pictures and reading the words, you can conclude that the overall message of the website is that seniors and children can play and learn together at the Homestead.

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Short-Answer Items
The Grade 9 TAKS reading test will ask you to respond to several short-answer questions. Short-answer questions differ from multiplechoice questions. They require you to write a short answer and support it with evidence from the selection rather than simply selecting from Choices A, B, C, or D. The short-answer questions on the Grade 9 TAKS reading test
G G G G

address Objectives 2 and 3 are based on the expository and literary selections may address one or both selections have many different possible answers

Each short-answer question on the TAKS reading test is followed by a number of lines on the answer page. If the question asks about one selection, ve lines are provided. This tells you that your answer will be only a few sentences long. If the question asks about both selections, eight lines are provided. These extra lines provide you a little more space to compare the selections and use text support from both of them.

Answering a Short-Answer Question

Short-answer questions on the Grade 9 TAKS reading test are much like those you have on classroom tests. You should use the same strategies that you would use for any question that requires a short written answer. Your answers should be clearly written and supported with evidence from the text. The support may include
G G G

a direct quotation a paraphrase a brief summary

Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./CORBIS

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Short-Answer Items

Answering short-answer questions on the TAKS reading test may feel different from answering the same types of questions during an ordinary day at school. You may feel extra pressure during this test. Here are some hints to help you relax and do your best on this part of the test. Many of these hints are useful for all parts of the TAKS reading test.
G

Take a deep breath and clear your mind. Then read the rst question slowly and carefully. Make sure you understand what information the question is asking for. Think about how to answer the question. Review the main points in your mind. You may want to make notes to use when writing your answer. Answer the question carefully. Do not write more information than the question calls for. Make sure that you support your answer with appropriate evidence from the selection or selections. Reread the question. Then review your answer. Make sure that your answer is complete and accurate.

Notice that the analysis in the responses is in color. The text support is in black.

Sample Short-Answer Items and Student Responses

Here are some examples of short-answer questions that you might nd on the Grade 9 TAKS reading test. Return to The Blanket on pages 911 and review the story. Then read the question and sample responses below. In The Blanket, how does the reader know that Petey is upset with Dad for planning to send Granddad away? Support your answer with evidence from the selection.

Score Point 0
This student repeats the plot of the story without adding any analysis or text support.

Well Petey stays home with Granddad to see if he was leaving because Dad told him to. When he saw the blanket, he knew it was true. So he stayed because he was leaving in the morning. And they talked all night.

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Short-Answer Items

Score Point 1 Throughout the selection it is apparent that Petey and Granddad are close. In paragraph 7, Petey almost cries and that helps the reader fully comprehend. Toward the end Petey shows his father how he feels and puts the final touch on his argument.

This student offers some text support but doesnt link it to the analysis that is offered. What does the reader comprehend? What is Peteys argument?

Score Point 2 You can detect that Petey is upset with his father when Petey angrily yelled at his father and said to cut the blanket in half, and save it for later. When the father asked why, Petey stated furiously, So I can give it to you when Im older and send you away. Then they all cried.

This student weaves analysis in with text quotations and paraphrases of the text.

Score Point 3
Petey is very upset with his father for planning to send Granddad away. In paragraph 25 Petey says, I mean, Ill give it to you, Dadwhen youre old and Im sending you away. Petey here makes a definite point to his father of how agreeable he is being to his girlfriends wishes without considering how irrational they may be. Petey proves to him the negative result of being passive, and his father realizes the choice he is making is wrong. By Petey making his father realize this, he proves his devotion to Granddad.

This student makes interesting, thoughtful points in his analysis and supports them with relevant text.

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Short-Answer Items

Now turn back to Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215. Review the article before reading the following question and sample responses. In Granny Down the Hall, why is the authors friendship with his neighbors so important to him? Support your answer with evidence from the selection.

Score Point 0
These are general ideas about friendship, but how do we know that they are related to Granny Down the Hall?

The authors friendship is important because he believes that you should always be a good friend and not let anyone down. He also thinks you should be there when someone needs you.

How does the text support relate to the analysis? Examples of kindness and sentimentality from the text are needed. How did the author and Pearl help each other?

Score Point 1 In the story the author says, shes a good old gal. You really know by reading this that he enjoys Pearl. He enjoys her kindness and she is sentimental. He helps her and she helps him. Also they make a family circle that makes them all feel loved because she is their Granny.

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Short-Answer Items

Score Point 2
In Granny Down the Hall, the authors friendship is important to him for a few reasons. He says, Each of us has joined together to form a family circlewe share a bond of love that brings us comfort, support, security, and fun. Friends are his family, and he needs them to survive.

An example from the text is clearly linked to the ideas in the analysis.

Score Point 3
Glenn Plaskins friendship with Pearl was deep and loving. First Plaskins dog Katie became part of Pearls household each day while he was at work. Once their friendship develops, Glenn nicknames Pearl Granny. She takes the place of his real grandmother who had died. Glenn and Granny share all the things family members sharegreat discussions, meals, bad times like illnesses and Arthurs death, and happy times like Grannys birthday. Plaskin says, We share a bond of love that brings us comfort, support, security, and fun.

In-depth analysis is paired with quotations and paraphrased text.

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Short-Answer Items

Now look at both The Blanket on pages 911 and Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215. Keep these selections in mind as you read the following question and sample responses.
Notice that you have more space on cross-text items to include text support from both selections.

What do Glenn Plaskin and Petey do to show that family relationships are important to them? Explain your answer and support it with evidence from both selections.

Score Point 0 They both show that family relationships are important by spending time with each other. Also helping each other out in rough times when they really need you the most.
Who? Petey and Glenn? What rough times? Where is the text support?

Score Point 1 Petey shows that his family relationship is important to him by convincing his dad not to send away Granddad. Glenn Plaskin shows how important his family relationship is by standing by Pearl through thick and thin.

This student attempts analysis but provides no text support.

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Short-Answer Items

Score Point 2 Petey shows that his relationship with his granddad is important to him by crying when he discovers that Granddad is being sent away even though he wasnt the kind to cry, and besides, he was too old for that. Petey loved Granddad so much that he found a way to keep dad from sending him away. Glenn Plaskin shows his family relationship is important to him when he writes that his relationship with Pearl is a loving friendship nurtured by proximity and mutual chemistry. The admiration with which he writes about her shows just how much he cares.

This student provides clear analysis and text support from both selections.

Score Point 3
Petey and Glenn Plaskin believe family relationships are important and enduring. In The Blanket, Petey tells his dad to cut the blanket in two and save the other half for when the dad is old and being sent away. Through Peteys actions, Dad realizes how cruel hes been acting. Petey teaches his dad that family is too valuable to be compromised. In Granny Down the Hall, Glenn Plaskin develops a family relationship with Pearl, who he calls Granny. No matter what, he is there to assist her. When Arthur dies, he mourns with her at the cemetery. When she is hit by a taxi, he picks her up from the ER. Though they arent blood kin, Glenn believes they share a bond of love and commitment that makes them a real family.

This students response shows thoughtful analysis and word choice as well as relevant direct quotations and paraphrasing.

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On Your Own
Now try these practice items. Then check your answers using the answer key and explanations beginning on page 84.

Use The Blanket on pages 911 to answer questions 113.

Question
A B Petey Peteys mother

Question
A B

Who gave the blanket to Granddad?

Dads girlfriend is upset because she was not invited to dinner Granddad is moving away

C Dads girlfriend
D Peteys father
Answer Key: page 84

C the blanket is so expensive

D she does not like ddle music
Answer Key: page 84

Question
A B

Question

Granddad is planning to leave after dinner next week

When Dads girlfriend comes to the house, she says that A B she will not be there when Granddad leaves she is excited about getting married

C in a few weeks
D the next morning
Answer Key: page 84

C she does not want Granddad to leave

D she plans to drive Granddad to his new home
Answer Key: page 84

Question
A B

At the beginning of the story, Dad is at the grocery store with his girlfriend

Question
A B

What is paragraph 10 mostly about? Granddad is happy that Dad is getting married. Granddad stops playing his ddle to talk to Petey. his son marries.

C washing the dishes

D packing for Granddad

C Granddad feels he will be in the way when

D Granddad is too ill to remain at home.
Answer Key: page 84 Answer Key: page 84

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On Your Own

Question

Question

10

The fact that Granddad pretends he wants to go away shows that he is A B angry about the decisions his son has made concerning him ready to make a change in his lifestyle

The authors descriptions of Dads girlfriend serve to A B highlight Peteys affection for her contrast her appearance with her actions

C disappointed in his sons behavior

D sensitive to the feelings of his son and grandson
Answer Key: page 84

C show that she is mature for her age

D contrast her youthfulness with Granddads age
Answer Key: page 84

Question Question

11

In paragraph 7, Petey goes into the house not only to get the ddle but also A B to wash up the dinner dishes to avoid talking to Granddad anymore

In paragraph 13, the girlfriend speaks to Dad coldly because she A B resents the fact that he gave Granddad such a nice gift is annoyed that Petey and Granddad are at home present, too

C to keep Granddad from seeing him cry

D to watch for his father from the window
Answer Key: page 84

C thinks that he should have bought her a

D knows that he is already angry with her
Answer Key: page 84

Question

The primary conicts in this story are developed through A B ashback humor

Question

12

What is one reason the author doesnt give Dads girlfriend a name in the story? A B To show that she is not an important character in the story To confuse the reader the family

C dialogue
D description

C To emphasize that she is not a true part of

D To create a sense of mystery
Answer Key: page 84 Answer Key: page 84

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On Your Own

Question
A B

13

Question

16

How does the author create tension in the story? By establishing a lighthearted mood By setting the story in Peteys home

The only time the author ever saw Pearl cry was when A B Arthur was buried Ryan moved away

C By foreshadowing Dads marriage

D By having the characters confront one another
Answer Key: page 85

C her dog died

D she retired from her job
Answer Key: page 85

Use Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215 to answer questions 1424.
Question

Question

17

14

Which sentence from the selection best reects the authors attitude about his friendship with his neighbors? A B Some of the best things that happen in life are purely accidental. Overall, shes just a great gal! around Grannys neck.

In paragraph 5, the word oblivious means A B unaware of charmed by

C It was touching to see him throw his arms

D We traded apartment-building gossip and shared major holidays.
Answer Key: page 85 Answer Key: page 85

C sensitive to
D angry about

Question

15

Question

18

The author and Pearl began their friendship by discussing A B dogs children

A primary message expressed in this selection is that A B people in big cities are often friendly animals are excellent companions for people who live in apartments

C work
D the theater

C cooking is an educational activity

D people can form families even though they are not related
Answer Key: page 85 Answer Key: page 85

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On Your Own

Question

19

Question

22

The author believes that one of the key elements in a friendship is A B having the same interests and lifelong goals supporting one another in good times and bad

When Pearl said, Dont do it again! in paragraph 18, she probably meant that A B she felt a little embarrassed by the attention she received at her party she would have preferred a larger birthday celebration small for 30 people

C being about the same age

D living in an apartment building
Answer Key: page 85

C she knew that Plaskins apartment was too

D she thought that her neighbors had spent too much money on the party
Answer Key: page 85

Question

20
Question

The selections point of view is important because A B the author can tell Pearls story better than she can all the neighbors are able to share their memories for his family

23

The subheading in the article that best describes the strength of the friendship between the author and Pearl is A B Getting to Know Her The Way She Is

C it reveals the depth of the authors feelings

D it shows that only a few of the neighbors belong to the family
Answer Key: page 85

C The Good Group

D Through Thick and Thin
Answer Key: page 85

Question

21

Question

24

One reason that Pearl is able to maintain friendships with younger people is that A B she enjoys large birthday parties she likes taking care of other peoples dogs younger

The author uses contradictions in paragraph 7 to show A B the challenges of a busy life his ability to use precise language

C she wanted to be an actress when she was

D she is interested in current events and modern topics
Answer Key: page 85

C the many aspects of Pearls personality

D his confusion about Pearls habits

Answer Key: page 86

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On Your Own

Use both The Blanket on pages 911 and Granny Down the Hall on pages 1215 to answer questions 25 and 26.
Question

Question

26

Both Petey and Glenn Plaskin understand that A everyone needs supportive parents friendships require a great deal of effort

25

What is one major difference between the family in The Blanket and the group of friends in Granny Down the Hall? A B No one is threatening the unity of the group of friends. The family includes members of three different generations. of the family.

C close relationships are valuable

D friends are as important as family members
Answer Key: page 86

C No common interests are shared by members

D The group of friends enjoys spending time together.

Use the Web page on page 16 to answer the following question.

Question

27

Which category could logically be included on the website? A B Employment Advice Easy Crafts to Make Together

C Foreign Travel Opportunities

D How to Choose the Right Pet
Answer Key: page 86 Answer Key: page 86

80

On Your Own

Question

28

Who do you think is the wisest character in The Blanket? Support your answer with evidence from the selection.

Answer Key: page 86

81

On Your Own

Question

29

How does the author of Granny Down the Hall show the development of his friendship with Pearl? Support your answer with evidence from the selection.

Answer Key: page 86

82

On Your Own

Question

30

What is one signicant difference between Granddad in The Blanket and Pearl in Granny Down the Hall? Explain your answer and support it with evidence from both selections.

Answer Key: page 86

83

Reading Answer Key

The Blanket
Question Question

(page 77)

(page 76)

Choice D is the correct answer. It is stated in paragraph 2 that the blanket was one that Dad had bought for Granddad, so Choices A, B, and C are incorrect.

Choice D is correct because the reader can tell through Granddads words and actions that he is kind and loving toward Petey and Dad. Choices A, B, and C are not supported by details in the story.

Question

(page 77)

Question

(page 76)

Choice D is the correct answer. In paragraph 2, it is stated that Granddad will be going away in the morning. Since Choice D is the correct answer, Choices A, B, and C are incorrect.

Choice C is correct because the reader can infer that the author is using irony with the statement He wasnt the kind to cry and, besides, he was too old for that. There is no evidence that Petey goes into the house to do anything other than fetch Granddads ddle, so Choices A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question

Question

(page 77)

(page 76)

Choice B is the correct answer. It is stated in paragraph 2 that Dad is off seeing that girl he was to marry. Since Choice B is the correct answer, Choices A, C, and D are incorrect.

Question

(page 76)

Choice C is the correct answer. In paragraph 17, the girlfriend scolds Dad because she realizes how much of Dads moneyher money, reallyhad gone for the blanket. Choice A is incorrect because there is no discussion of a dinner invitation. Choice B is incorrect because the girlfriend is seemingly happy that Granddad is leaving. Choice D is not correct because there is no mention of the girlfriend not liking Granddads ddle playing.

Choice C is correct. Dialogue among the characters reveals that Dad is probably choosing between his father and his girlfriend and that Petey is angry with his father for making such a decision. Choices A and B are incorrect because the author uses neither ashbacks nor humor in the story. Choice D is incorrect because descriptions do not develop the storys conict, even though they provide interesting details.

Question

10

(page 77)

Question

(page 76)

Choice B is the correct answer. While the girlfriend is described as being a pretty girl whose bright face was like a dolls, her behavior is selsh and mean. Choice A is incorrect because Petey seems to have little affection for the girlfriend. Choices C and D are incorrect because they are meaningless in terms of developing the plot.

Choice A is the correct answer. In paragraph 11, the girlfriend says, I wont be here when you leave in the morning, so I came over to say good-bye. Since Choice A is the correct answer, Choices B, C, and D are incorrect.

Question

11

(page 77)

Question

(page 76)

In paragraph 10, Granddad says, And what would an old fellow like me be doing around their house, getting in the way? An old nuisance, what with my talks of aches and pains. Since he feels that he will be in the way when his son marries, Choice C is the correct answer. Granddad seems happy for his son, but that is not the focus of the paragraph, so Choice A is not correct. Choice B is a detail and not the main idea of the paragraph. Choice D is not supported by any information in the story.

Choice A is the correct answer. The fact that the girlfriend is focusing on the cost of the blanket and that she spoke coldly to Dad about it reveal that she is unhappy about Dads spending so much money on Granddad. Choice B is incorrect because the girlfriend expects Granddad to be at home so that she can tell him good-bye. There is nothing in the story to support that either Choice C or D is correct.

Question

12

(page 77)

Choice C is correct. Dad, Granddad, and Petey are all identied by the names used within their family. By referring to this character as the girlfriend, the author emphasizes her position outside the family unit. Choice A is not correct because the girlfriends role is important in the plot development. Choices B and D are incorrect because neither reects the authors purpose in this story.

84

Reading Answer Key

Question

13

(page 78)

Choice D is the correct answer. Tension builds in the story once the girlfriend scolds Dad and Dad and Petey begin to argue. Choice A is incorrect because there is no lighthearted mood in the story. Choice B is incorrect because the setting has no inuence on the tension that builds in the story. Choice C is incorrect because Dads upcoming marriage is discussed directly and not foreshadowed.

educational activity, Choice C is not a message expressed in the selection.

Question

19

(page 79)

Granny Down the Hall

Question

14

(page 78)

Choice B is correct. In the sections The Good Group and Through Thick and Thin, the author describes all the ways friendships develop and strengthen among the neighbors. Choice A is incorrect because the members of the group have a variety of interests, and we do not know the lifelong goals of all the neighbors. Choice C is incorrect because the group members range in age from very young to very old. Choice D is incorrect because, while many people live in the apartment building, they are not all friends.

Choice A is the correct answer; paragraph 5 states that Katie always jumps up on the chair and ignores Pearls greeting in her excitement over nding the expected piece of toast. Choices B, C, and D do not make sense in the context of the paragraph.

Question

20

(page 79)

Question

15

(page 78)

Choice A is the correct answer. In paragraph 2, the author describes his rst encounter with Pearl. During this rst meeting, they discuss dogs. Choices B, C, and D are not correct because these topics are not discussed at the rst meeting. Rather, they are topics discussed later as the friendship develops.

Choice C is correct. The rst-person point of view allows the author to express his thoughts and feelings, as well as report on the events that have occurred among the group members. There is no evidence that Choices A and D are correct. Choice B is incorrect because only Pearls memories are described, and they are reported secondhand through the voice of the narrator.

Question

21

(page 79)

Question

16

(page 78)

Choice A is the correct answer. In paragraph 13, the author states: Saying goodbye to Arthur was the only time I ever saw Pearl cry. Since the author sees her cry only once and that one time is identied, Choices B, C, and D must be incorrect.

Choice D is the correct answer. In paragraph 8, the author says, Although 40 years separate us, I always feel that Granny is a contemporary. Choice A is incorrect because Granny has had only one birthday party in her life. Choices B and C may be true, but alone they are not good reasons for being able to maintain friendships with young people.

Question

22

(page 79)

Question

17

(page 78)

Choice A is correct. It is a general statement that might refer to all the neighbor friends, and it reects the overall message of the selection. Choices B and C are incorrect because they refer to only one neighbor. Choice D is incorrect because it provides details about the friendships rather than reecting the authors general attitude.

Choice A is the correct answer, since Granny is unused to the kind of attention bestowed on a person at a birthday party and since she seems to prefer paying attention to others. Choice B is incorrect since she asks the others not to throw her a party again. There are no details to indicate that she thinks the apartment is too small or that she thinks the others have spent too much money, so Choices C and D are incorrect.

Question

18

(page 78)

Question

23

(page 79)

Choice D is the correct answer because the author indicates in paragraph 17 that the neighbors have joined together to form a family circle. Choices A and B are faulty generalizations, since some city people are not friendly and since animals are not always excellent companions for apartment dwellers. While you might argue that cooking is an

Choice D is correct because it refers to the friendship surviving through both good times and bad times. Choices A and B refer to the period during which the author was getting to know Pearl. Choice C refers to the way the group of friends came together.

85

Reading Answer Key

Question

24

(page 79)

Choice C is correct because the contradicting details are all used to describe Grannys character. Choices A and D are incorrect because these purposes do not gure in the development of the selection. Choice B is incorrect because like most authors, Plaskin uses precise language to express ideas and not as a purpose for writing.

Short-Answer Questions
Question

28

(page 81)

The Blanket and Granny Down the Hall

Question

Sample response: I think that Petey is the wisest character in the story. He is wise enough to recognize that his grandfather doesnt really want to go away to the great brick building and wise enough to see that his fathers girlfriend is self-centered.

25

Question (page 80)

29

(page 82)

The correct choice is A. No one in the group of friends threatens the others in any way. Each person helps and supports the others. This is not true of the family in The Blanket. Petey and Granddad are threatened by the intentions of Dad and his girlfriend. Choices B and D are incorrect because both groups include people from three different generations and both include people who enjoy spending time together. Choice C is incorrect because the statement is false.

Sample response: By describing events in the order in which they happened, the author shows how his relationship with Pearl developed. By doing this, he shows how their brief encounter blossomed into a loving friendship nurtured by proximity and mutual chemistry.

Question

30

(page 83)

Question

26

(page 80)

Choice C is the correct answer. Both Petey and Glenn Plaskin recognize the importance of close relationships. Choice A is incorrect because Plaskin never discusses his parents. Choice B is incorrect because it is not the focus in either selection. Choice D is incorrect because even though Plaskin believes that friends are as important as family members, there is nothing to indicate that Petey would agree.

Sample response: One signicant difference between Granddad and Pearl is the kind of relationship they share with loved ones. Pearl created the family she never had: With no children of her own, [Pearl] simply adopted us all! Granddad has both a son and a grandson, but he accepts the fact that his son no longer wants to care for him: Its best that I go away, like Im doing.

The Homestead Web Page

Question

27

(page 80)

The correct choice is B. Making crafts would t in naturally with the other activities listed among the links. Choices A, C, and D do not seem appropriate for a place like the Homestead.

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